CC BY
13UDC 81'371
DOI: 10.17223/24109266/4/2
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PAGMATICALLY MEANINGS IN THE SHORT NOVEL OF IVAN SERGEYEVICH SHMELYOV "THE LETTER OF THE YOUNG COSSACK"
J.A. Murashova
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Rostov State University of Economics" (Taganrog, Russia).
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract. The comprehensive study of subject's explication in the field of the Cossack discourse on the whole and epistolary Cossack discourse in particular to meet the needs to preserve the national identity, the cultural and language self-identification of the Cossack ethnos at this conjuncture of the modern globalization. At the same time the problem of the detailed description of the representation of the pragmatically meanings of the speech instruments and the comprehensive interpretation their textual realization remains overt and consequently of current importance.
In the presented paper the attempt of the linguopragmatical interpretation of the different types of the pragmatically meanings, which are united of the unified textual area, is illustrated on the short novel of Ivan Sergeyevich Shmely-ov "The letter of the young Cossack".
The linguopragmatical interpretation of the novel "The letter of the young Cossack" have to help to solve a problem of the more precise and documentary evidence of the peculiarities of the substantial and semantic textual area as well as of the wide linguocultural context of his creation. Keywords: pragmatically meaning; linguopragmatical interpretation; the short novel of Ivan Sergeyevich Shmelyov "The letter of the young Cossack".
I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack" [1] it was for the first time published in 1925 in Berlin in the fourth issue of the magazine "Time". The lyrical hero formally acts as the subject sender. "Letter" is written on behalf of the Don Cossack I.N. Dumakov to parents, has a traditional epistolary form (the introduction, the main part, the conclusion, has a date and a place of writing - March, 1925, Paris), saturated Cossack lexicon and the Cossack realities.
The analyzed I.S. Shmelyov's story was segmented on the actualized syntactic unities. The actualized syntactic unity is a simple sentence, part of a compound or complex sentence, the isolated participial or verbal adverb phrase, the isolated infinitive group, the address. As the separate actualized syntactic groups we consider also homogeneous parts of the sentence and elliptic (incomplete) designs which can be restored to full simple sentences, parts of compound and complex sentences. In each of the allocated syntactic unities the existence / lack of markers of six actualized subject-marked references (i.e. the correlation of speech units initiated by the sender with objects and subjects of reality, their qualities, actions, etc.): deictic, estimated, emotive, contact, regulatory and interrogative was recorded.
In the beginning we will illustrate updating of each type of a reference separately. We will begin with a deictic reference.
So, in 417 "The letter of the young Cossack" actualized syntactic unities 540 markers of a deictic reference were recorded.
The greatest number of markers of a deictic reference 248 (45,93%) treats a personal type of a deictic reference and, respectively, points to the active subject interpreting reality (the sender of the letter), and objects of speech activity to which the active subject for the purpose of representation of this interpretation to recipients of the letter addresses. If to take for 100% the total of markers of a personal deictic reference (248), a ratio of the markers indicating the sender and recipients of the letter looks as follows: the sender of the letter - 177 markers (71,37%), recipients of the letter -71 markers (28,63%). Such distribution, from our point of view, is quite justified by specifics of a genre (letter) and the main characteristics of a communicative situation (distance position of communicants in time and in space initiates such situation when the sender is compelled to write about himself for the lack of information on recipients). The lyrical hero (I.N. Dumakov) so characterizes a communication situation:
Example 1
Девятое письмо гоню. Что ж от вас позыва не слышу, досыла не получаю? [1: 3].
I write the ninth letter. What from you I don't hear an answer, I don't receive a letter?
It is interesting that actualizing markers of a personal deictic reference, the sender regularly emphasizes own belonging to the Cossack community and positions the Cossacks as separate subethnos in structure of the Russian society (cf. positioning of the Cossacks as separate social group in structure of the Russian society: [2: 25; 3-5]). For example:
Example 2
Кланяемся вам, бесценные родители, от бела лица до сырой земли. И так что извещаем. Молитвами вашими и благословением, как оглушали на бранный бой, жив ваш сын Казацкий сокол Иван Николаевич Думаков [1: 1].
We bow to you, invaluable parents, from the white person to the crude earth. And so we inform. Your prayers and blessing as deafened on abusive fight, your son the Cossack falcon Ivan Nikolayevich Dumakov.
The quantity of the speech means (28) postulating belonging to the Cossack community makes 15,82% of total number of the speech means of a personal deictic reference indicating the sender.
The atmosphere of belonging of Cossack I.N. Dumakov to a community of Cossack fellow countrymen is emphasized with repeated updating of a personal pronoun of the first person of plural (we, to us) and a possessive pronoun of the first person of plural (ours, ours). We will give an example.
Example 3
Да встало мне: а кто ж за все, за кровь нашу, за Степь горевую нашу, за Коня, боевого друга, за ваши горя, родители мои, ответа стребует? [1: 2].
It rose to me: and who for everything, for our blood, for the Steppe cinder ours, for the Horse, the fighting friend, for yours burning, my parents, the answer will demand?
We will note that in ten actualized syntactic groups the sender of the letter directly or indirectly postulates own belonging to the Don Cossack community.
Example 4
Ворочусь на Родину, на Тихий Дон, на Казацкую Волю новую! [1: 2].
I am turned back home, on the Quiet Don, on the Cossack Will new!
Indicator of updating of a personal pronoun and possessive pronoun of the first person of plural is 20 (11,3% of total number of the speech means of a personal deictic reference indicating the sender). Such high rate confirms that fact that horizontal communications in the Cossack community are supported not only at the level of social and religious institutes [2], but also at the level conventional and individually caused speech behavior of his certain representatives. Designation of as parts of a community (by means of personal and possessive pronouns of the first person of plural) brought to automatism (11,3% of total number of the speech means of a personal deictic reference indicating the sender) corresponds to the high level of intra group Cossack solidarity, twinning, collective (community) destiny and responsibility, they become basic principles of formation and functioning of the Cossack communities in the XVIII-XIX centuries.
On such background the episode of tragic loss of the Cossack cap is indicative.
Example 5
Но не печальтесь. Я стою во весь рост, шапка только на мне чужая, шляпа мятая, а не шапка наша. Пропала моя Казацкая, утопил ее, в море скинул, как потчевал нас на чужом корабле красным вином французским. Не в чужом море кинул, в нашем Чёрном, как мое горе. Плыви - тони! [1: 2].
But don't mourn. I stand in all growth, a cap only on me others, a hat crumpled, but not our cap. I was gone my Cossack cap, I drowned it, in the sea I sent as treated us by others ship to French red wine. Not in others sea I threw, in our Black, as my grief. Float - sink!
For the Cossack the Cossack cap is a symbol of a communal share [2: 37]. It's to loss is a shame, violation of inviolable foundations of the Cossack community, loss of communication with it.
The identification the sender of with image of a falcon is so symbolical (see the Example 2). A falcon in the Cossack mythology a being is connected with "a
life tree", with a ship mast, with metal and the weapon, with blood and the world of the dead. The unrealized will of a falcon (here Cossack I.N. Dumakov) to seek to return to the general share of the sort left to them [2: 43].
On the second place by quantity of markers there is a temporal deictic reference (174 markers of a temporal deictic reference (32,22% of total number of markers of a deictic reference)). Thus 86 markers (49,42% of number of markers of a temporal deictic reference) indicate directly temporal positioning of the active communicating subject. For example, in the following fragments:
Example 6
Так что горюете по сыну вашему молодому Казаку Ивану Николаевичу Думакову, а я жив. Гляжу на вашу сторону. Как ветер на вас дует, гляжу - сторожу [1: 2].
So you will grieve on the son your young Cossack Ivan Nikolayevich Dumakov, and I am living. I look at your party. As the wind on you blows, I look - I guard.
Distribution of a deictic reference on a temporal axis looks as follows: the subject-subject temporary deictic reference: the present - 39, the future - 22, past tense - 25; the subject-object temporary deictic reference: the present - 42, the future - 9, past tense - 37, average values of a temporary deictic reference: the present - 81 (46,55%), the future - 31 (17,82%), past tense - 62 (35,63%). It means that communicative activity of the subject is directed, first of all, on judgment of a momentary state of affairs, in the second, - on experience of the past, and is rather rare - on understanding of the future.
By results of the frequency analysis the local deictic reference is on the third place (118 actualized markers of a local deictic reference (21,85% of total number of markers of a deictic reference)).
In the letter the author actualizes the deictic markers indicating his own real or desirable location concerning recipients of 38 times (32,2% of total number of markers of a local deictic reference). For example:
Example 7
Ворочусь на Родину, на Тихий Дон, на Казацкую Волю новую! [1: 2].
I am turned back home, on the Quiet Don, on the Cossack Will new!
Thus the lyrical hero approximately equally often positions the real location in the foreign land (20 (52,63%)) and wished on the homeland (18 (47,37%)).
Here I.N. Dumakov's destiny appears in the traditions of the Cossack legends of the primogenitors derelicts who were ("at fault"), torn off from the Homeland, wandering by the seas and overcoming series of tests to be cleared, surely to return and with honor to serve the Homeland [2: 42].
Further we analyzed updating of axiological estimated references. In total 213 markers of updating of axiological references were recorded.
Reactions of the sender were divided by us on their basis on: the all-estimated - 138 (64,79%), intellectual - 5 (2,35%), esthetic - 24 (11,27%), ethical - 19 (8,92%) and practical - 27 (12,67%).
We will give example of the all-estimated axiological references:
Example 8
И стою на посту-дозору, хочь и давно пику перворядную сломило не стыдным ветром, а безвинным горем [1: 1].
Also I stand on a post patrol, although and long ago to peak broke the guiltless not a shameful wind, but an innocent grief.
Esthetic references:
Example 9
Пал мой Голубенок серолобастый, шелкова шерстка, белы ножки, крапина на груди как перцем [1: 2].
My dove silver, silk hair fell, white legs, a spot on a breast as pepper.
From 213 (100%) the actualized markers of an axiological estimated reference 43 (20,19%) express the valuable attitude of the sender towards themselves (the subject-subject axiological reference) and 170 (79,81%) the sender's attitude towards other objects or the facts of reality. In this regard it is obviously possible to speak about a social (not egocentric) orientation of axiological estimation of reality by the author of the letter.
Subtype of an estimated reference is the estimated reference. Having analyzed updating of markers of this subtype in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack", we found out the following.
Subject the sender estimates the reality facts represented by it as reliable in 225 cases (75,76% of total number of markers of an estimated reference), as doubtful in 26 cases (8,75% of total number of markers of an estimated reference) and as problem reliable in 46 cases (15,49% of total number of markers of an estimated reference), including as allegedly reliable - in 31 cases, allegedly doubtful - in six cases, allegedly possible - in nine cases.
The estimated reference of reliability is realized in such fragments as:
Example 10
А никто не слышить. Никто не понимает нашего Казацкого языку [1: 2].
And nobody hears. Nobody understands our Cossack to language.
Thus expression of individual installations to degree of probability of various facts of reality directly connected with the subject (the subject-subject estimated reference), happens almost twice less than expression of installations of the sender to degree of probability of the reality facts not related directly (the subject-object estimated reference) (cf. updating indicators the subject-subject estimated reference - 110 (37,04%), updating indicators the subject-object estimated reference - 187 (62,96%)).
In the text we recorded also 123 markers of an emotive reference. We will give an example:
Example 11
И вот утирайте слезы, не попинайте, Коня вашего споминайте, а моего друга Голубенка! [1: 2].
And here wipe tears, do not remember, your Horse remember, and my friend Golubenk!
We will note that the emotional or mental condition of the subject of the sender (the subject-subject emotive reference) becomes apparent in 24 cases (19,51% of total number of markers of an emotive reference). An emotional or psychological state of partners of communication (the subject-object emotive reference) - in 99 cases (80,49% of total number of markers of an emotive reference). Thus in 25 cases (20,33% of total number of markers of an emotive reference) the sender sympathizes with about what reports, and in 98 cases (79,67% of total number of markers of an emotive reference) become apparent own antipathy in relation to the reported.
Contact references are actualized in "The letter of the young Cossack" of 87 times, thus the instruction on active subject contains in 18 syntactic groups, doesn't contain - in 69 syntactic groups. Respectively, the ratio the subject-subject and the subject-object the contact of references looks as follows: 20,69% and 79,31%.
We will give an example.
Example 12
Кланяемся вам, бесценные родители, от бела лица до сырой земли. И так что извещаем [1: 1].
We bow to you, invaluable parents; from the white person to the crude earth. And so we inform.
The sender calls for establishment of contact in 28 syntactic groups (32,18% of number of all actualized contractive). Such high percent is explained by long absence of letters from addressees and aspiration of the sender to initiate mutual communication (to receive news from parents).
Having investigated regulatory references, we found out that an indicator of their updating in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack" - 47 units. The updating percent the subject-subject regulatory references, that is references marking need of performance of action by the sender equals to three (6,38% of total number of markers of regulatory references). Respectively the subject-object regulatory references are actualized 44 times (93,63% of total number of markers of regulatory references). Most often regulatory references are actualized by means of verbs in the form of an incentive inclination - 36 times (76,6% of total number of markers of regulatory references). We will illustrate updating of regulatory references with example.
Example 13
Голос подайте мне - и вот и я!.. [1: 3].
Give a vote to me - and here and I!
Interrogative references are actualized 32 times, thus in seven cases replenishment of volume of the present information is initiated from the sender (an updating indicator the subject-subject interrogative reference - 7 (21,87% of total number of markers of an interrogative reference)), in 25 cases - from partners in communication (an updating indicator the subject-object interrogative reference - 25 (78,13% of total number of markers of an interrogative reference)). We will give example of updating of an interrogative reference.
Example 14
А я молодой Казак, какую песню спою, и где моя шапка, и где мой Конь? [1: 3].
And I am the young Cossack, what song I will sing, and where my cap, and where is my Horse?
Having illustrated updating of various types of a reference, we will present their average values in the summary table (table 1).
T a b l e 1
The subject marked references in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack"
The appearance Deictic Evaluative
xf subject marked references The N. actualizations index N^ personal local temporal axiological estimated emotive contact regulatory interrogative sum total
The subject-subject reference 177 38 86 43 110 24 18 3 7 506 (37,79%)
The subject-object reference 71 80 88 170 187 99 69 44 25 833 (62,21%)
248 118 174 213 297 123 87 47 32 1339
The subject-subject reference + the subject-object reference
The middle index 540 (40,33%) 510 (38,09%) 123 (9,19%) 87 (6,49%) 47 (3,51%) 32 (2,39%) 1339 (100%)
According to data of table 1, first place in hierarchy of updating is won by deictic references (40,33%), the second - estimated references (38,09%), the third - emotive references (9,19%), the fourth - contact references (6,49%), the fifth - regulatory references (3,51%) and the sixth - interrogative references (2,39%).
Indicator of updating it is subject the marked references in I.S. Shmelyov's story it is equal 3,21 (cf. 1339 marker of updating of references and 417 actualized syntactic groups).
It is interesting that unlike texts of nuclear part of an epistolary Cossack discourse in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack" an updating indicator the subject-subject references (37,79%) is much lower than an updating indicator the subject-object references (62,21%). It shows the low level of pragmatically activity of the sender, his aspiration to an ob-jectivization of the represented.
If to recognize that the subject-subject references are realized in the form of pragmatically values of units of the speech, the hierarchy of pragmatically meanings in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack" looks as follows (table 2).
T a b l e 2
The subject-subject reference in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack"
\ The appearance \ of subject \ marked references The actualizations index \ Deictic Evaluative emotive contact regulatory interrogative sum total
personal local temporal axiological estimated
The subject-subject reference 177 38 86 43 110 24 (4,74%) 18 (3,56%) 3 (0,59%) 7 (138%) 506 (100%)
301 (59,49%) 153 (30,24%)
If to compare data indicators to results of the expert analysis [6: 1421] it is possible to note coincidence of the main tendencies in updating of pragmatically meanings: on the first place there are deictic, on the sixth -interrogative. It confirms a success of mystification of I.S. Shmelyov who created the work answering to the general pragmatically tendencies of an epistolary Cossack discourse.
We will note that in updating of pragmatically values in "The letter of the young Cossack" there are also differences, so on the second place in the story there are evaluative (30,24%), on the third - emotive (4,74%), on the fourth - contact (3,56%), on the fifth - regulatory (0,59%). Thus percentage indicators of updating of emotive and contact are rather close. Differences in updating of pragmatically meanings in the Cossack letters analyzed above and in I.S. Shmelyov's story are explained, first, by the small volume of work, secondly, features of speech experience of the author (the author isn't Cossack, he only writes on behalf of the Cossack).
The coefficient of updating of pragmatically meanings is equal in I.S. Shmelyov's story 1,21 (506 actualized pragmatically meanings (ascending to the subject-subject references) are the share of 417 syntactic groups). It confirms the supervision stated earlier [Ibid] that pragmatically meanings of various types (but connected genetically and possessing functional similarity) can be expressed by the same speech means.
Having generalized these interpretations of the actualized pragmatically meanings, it is possible to draw also following conclusions.
The pragmatically background of the story of I.S. Shmelyov "The letter of the young Cossack" represents not homogeneous graduated education.
Addressing to recipients of the letter, the lyrical hero (I.N. Dumakov) positions himself as the active subject interpreting reality. Thus the speech means marking the intra group solidarity actualized by the sender, solidarity of the Cossack community are regularly actualized (a noun the Cossack, an adjective Cossack, the personal and possessive pronouns of the first person of plural actualized for designation of the sender).
Speech activity of the sender is characterized by regular judgment of the present and the frequent address to the past.
The lyrical hero (I.N. Dumakov) positions the present abroad, but the future doesn't think without the Homeland.
I.N. Dumakov characterizes a reality situation as reliable, but undesirable, defiant steady antipathy.
The subject sender seeks to initiate bilateral communication, induces recipients to reciprocal actions, as speech (to answer a question), and to not speech (to betray bows to relatives and acquaintances, etc.).
The conclusions of interpretation of pragmatically values given above in I.S. Shmelyov's story "The letter of the young Cossack" mean that use of lingvopragmatically approach promotes studying of mechanisms of functioning of pragmatically meaning in indissoluble unity with the bases of its updating (references bases), and also the extra linguistic phenomena caused by a situation of communication and features of informative and cogitative activity of communicants.
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