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13AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
THE PROTECTION OF WINTER WHEAT FROM PLANT-FEEDERS, PHYTOPATHOGENS AND
WEEDS
Illarionov A.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Professor,the Dept. of Soil Management, Crop Science and Plant Protection, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh
Lukin A.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Head the Dept. of Soil Management, Crop Science and Plant Protection, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great,
Voronezh
Melkumova E.
Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Professor, the Dept. of Soil Management, Crop Science and Plant Protection, Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh
Abstract
The paper describes the dominant types of plant-feeders, phytopathogens and weeds, detected in the study of agroecosystem of the winter wheat. The research identified the capacity of biological effect of the application of pesticides together with agrochemicals as well as the strategy of their application if the population density of such organisms is limited. The biological efficiency of the used compounds was found to be within 100% for plant-feeders, 89-97% for phytopathogens and 83-95% for weeds.
Keywords: winter wheat, pesticides, agrochemicals, plant-feeders, phytopathogens, weeds.
Introduction
Winter wheat is often affected by various species of plant-feeders, phytopathogens and weeds as well as a tough competition from different weeds. It deprives this culture of many vital factors. Hence, the necessity to improve the protection methods to ensure its viability. The harmful microorganisms affect winter wheat during different phases of its development. Some of them last for a short term, thus producing a small negative effect. By contrast, others affect the culture during the whole vegetation period, and also the part of the plant organogenesis.
The aim of the article is to describe the upgraded strategy of applying the combination of chemical crop protection agents and agrochemicals for integrated protection of winter wheat.
The experimental site is located in the private farming enterprise in the Usman' district, Lipetsk region. The experiments, aimed at studying the efficacy of spraying mixtures of pesticides combined with agro-chemicals, were conducted in the planting plots. The soil type is typical black earth, and the winter sort was Moskovskaya 56.
The study object and methodology
We used traditional methods to estimate the pest population, the development and spread of diseases [1, 1994].
The criterion for choosing a particular crop protection agent affecting the population of pests and harmful effect of plant-feeders on winter wheat was described in some previous articles [2, 3]. The pest application regulatory standards were presented in some early works [4, 5].
The biological efficacy of the spray mixtures aimed at protecting winter wheat from plant-feeders,
phytopathogens and weeds was estimated on the basis of formulas which are presented in a number papers [6].
We used a spraying machine Amazone UG with the 3000 litres capacity of its tank. The rate of application was 250 liters/ha. The yield was estimated with the method of overall evaluation.
The yield data were statistically evaluated with dispersion method [7].
Prophylaxis does not always work in regard to reducing the number and the harmful effect of particular species of plant-feeders, phytopathogens and weeds up to economically insignificant level. However, such measures are effective in regard to compensatory characteristics and plant resistant capacity [4].
The results and discussions
The results of the regular examination of the winter wheat crops during a three-year period demonstrated that its agroecosystem is constantly affected by a big variety of harmful microorganisms: wire worms -grubs of click beetles (Elateridae, Coleoptera), false wire worms - grubs of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera); cutworms Scotia (Agrotis) segetum Schiff. (Noctuidae, Lepidoptera) maggots of Phorbia secures Tiensuu, (Muscidae, Diptera), fruit fly Osci-nella frit L. and Oscinella pusilla Mg. (Chloropidae, Diptera), Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor Say (Ce-cidomylidae, Diptera); corn bug Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Scutelleridae, Hemiptera), barley flee beetle Phyllotreta vittula Redt. (Chrysomelidae Coleoptera), cereal leaf beetle Lema melanopus L. (Chrysomelidae Coleoptera), wheat thrips - Haplothrips tritici Kurd. (Phloeothripidae, Thysanoptera); green aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Arhididae, Homoptera) and wheat aphid Schiraphis graminum Rond. (Arhididae, Homoptera); cereal chafer Anisoplia austriaca Hrbst., Anisoplia agricola Poda (Scarabaeidae, Coleoptera); agents causing root rot: fusarial - Fusarium culmorum
(W.G.Sm.) Sacc; spot blotch - Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc), (Syn. Helminthosporium sativum Pam., King et Bakke, H. sorokiniana Sacc, Drechslera sorokiniana (Sacc, Subram); Septoria blight - Septoria tritici Rob-erge in Desmaz, Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) J. Schrot. In Cohn.; mildew - Erysiphe graminis Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici March; brown rust - Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm f. sp. tritici; loose smut - Ustilago tritici (Pers) C.N. Jensen, Kel-lerm. & Swingle. and head smut - Tilletia caries Tul. (=T. tritici Wint.) or else - Tilletia laevis Kuehn (= T. foetida Liro).
A number of weed species were also found in the agroecosystem of winter wheat. Those included: corn bindweed - Convolvulus arvensis L., sow thistle -Sonchus arvensis L., goose grass - Gallium aparine L.
The majority of the species found not only reached the economic threshold of harmfulness, but also exceeded it [8]. Thus, it was taken into consideration when a special plant protection strategy was developed. Instead of using separate chemical agents aimed at the reduction of population of pests and their harmful effect, we used spray mixtures which proved to be highly effective, eco-friendly and tolerating for other microorganisms. Their application allows broadening of the spectral capacity of particular agents, increases their biological effect due to additive and/or synergetic effects as well as reducing the number of treatments.
The spray mixture was prepared with account taken of phytopathogens found on the plant seed grains, after the seed analysis, and the soil used in the experiment. The latter was tested for detection of species causing root rot, Septoria blight, smut, maggots of corn flies and cutworms. The spray mixtures were aimed to protect the wheat plant from spread of the pests and their negative effect. The main ingredients of the spray mixture were triticonazole and prochloraz with volume-to-volume ratio of 20+60 ha/litre (the mixture called Kinto-Duo, KS) at the rate of 2.5 litre/ton. The two mentioned ingredients add to each other clearly demonstrating synergy. The second component of the spray mixture was the insecticide, Thiamethoxam, with system features. It went in the form of Tiara agent with the ratio of 350 ha/litre at the rate of 0.8 litre/ton to reduce the population and harmfulness of different pests, including maggots of corn flies, barley flee beetle, and cutworms affecting both the seed grains and the crops. The seed grains were treated with the pray mixture before sowing process. The amount of the spray mixture used was 10 litres/ton. It was enough to provide protection for the plants from plant-feeders and phytopathogens from the very seeding-down until the spring vegetation phase. The biological efficacy was within 92100%.
Within the period from the beginning of the spring vegetation phase up until the first crops of winter wheat, we could observe the threshold amount of the imago of the corn bug, barley leaf beetle, corn flee beetle. We could also observe active formation of weeds in the wheat agroecosystem. To reduce the number of plant-feeders, we used the insecticide agent alpha-cy-permethrin, which is contained in the compound called Fastak, emulsion concentrate (100 gr/l) at the rate of 0.1
l/ha. To reduce the number of weeds, we used a compound herbicide Prima, maximum emulsion concentrate (0.6 l/ha) based on 2.4-D and florasulam, with the component ratio of 300+6,25 gr/l, respectively. This herbicide inhibits not only annual, but also perennial dicotyledonous weeds. Another compound added to the spray mixture, Stimunol (the rate of 0.02 l/ha), was used as a plant growth stimulant and also chemical stress-removing agent. The amount of the used mixture was 200 l/ha. The application of the spray mixtures containing pesticides and agrochemicals proved to demonstrate a high biological efficacy (100%) in regard to plant-feeders, phytopathogens and weeds. This effect lasted for three weeks and did not decrease. In regard to weeds, the mixture's effect was observed a week later after the application and at the end of the third week reached the value of 83-95%. The spraying of the plants under experiment provided for the stability of phytosanitary conditions of the winter wheat at this of organogenesis.
The significant increase in the number of the corn bug imagoes, thrips, aphids as well as the intensive development of brown rust and Septoria disease, was observed during the «flag leaf» phase. Thus, it became necessary to start another set of plant protection activities. For this, we prepared a special spray mixture, including such agents as: the clothianidin-based insecticide, Klotiamet, which comes in water dispersible granules (500 gr/kg), at the rate of 0.04 kg/ha to reduce the number and harmfulness of plant-feeders. The second component was a pyraclostrobin- and epoxinazole-based compound fungicide, Abakus, with the component ratio of 62.5+62.5 gr/l emulsion concentration, respectively, to reduce the harmfulness of brown rust, Septoria disease of the leaves and corn. The third component was carbamide, applied at the rate 15 kg/ha6 and used as both nitrogen compensation and biological stimulant for the plants. The amount of the prepared mixture was 300 l/ha. The application of the spray mixtures demonstrated a high biological efficacy (89100%) against plant-feeders and phytopathogens.
During the final phase of the organogenesis, namely grain-filling period, it was necessary to protect the plants from the imagoes of the corn bug and wheat grain beetle, whose number was dangerous for the plants. For this, we used a compound lambda-cyhalo-thrin- and Thiamethoxam-based insecticide, Eforia, with the component ration of 106+141 gr/l, emulsion concentration at the rate of 0.2 l/ha. The second component was carbamide at the rate of 20 kg/ha, used as a nitrogen compensation and biological stimulant of the insecticide due to synergetic effect. The application of this spray mixture allowed the 100% decrease in the number of the imagoes of the corn bug and wheat grain beetle.
Conclusions
1. The application of spray mixtures of pesticides combined with agrochemicals lead to the decrease in the number of harmful organisms affecting the plant up to economically insignificant value and ensure the average yield of 46,1 centner/ha for the three-year period.
2. The obtained net profit was estimated to be 413 RUB, while the producing cost was 387,7
RUB/centner. The control variant values were 391,5 RUB of net profit and 406,9 RUB/centner.
REFERENCES:
1. Phytosanitary diagnostics /Edited by Chenkin, A.V. - Moscow, Kolos PublishinHouse, 1994. - 323 p.
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3. Illarionov, A.I. Resource efficiency as a criterion for selection of pesticide agent aimed at wheat plant protection from corn flies/ A.I. Illarionov // The Bulletin of Voronezh state agricultural university. - V. 3 (46). - 2015. - pp. 42-51.
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УДК: 630*228 (477.44)
STUDY OF THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF LESS-COMMON TREE-SHRUB PLANTATIONS CREATED IN CONDITIONS OF THE DENDROLOGICAL PARK OF LOCAL
SIGNIFICANCE «LADYZHYN GROVE»
Prokopchuk V.
PhD of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Forestry, Landscape Gardening,
Horticulture and Viticulture of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
Matusiak M.
PhD of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Forestry, Landscape Gardening,
Horticulture and Viticulture of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University
Abstract
A floristic analysis of the less-common ornamental species of the «Ladyzhyn grove» arboretum was carried out, according to which the taxonomic composition and description of the studied arboretum species were determined. According to the results of integrated numerical evaluation of the viability of trees and shrubs carried out on the basis of visual observations, an assessment of the prospects for the introduction of woody plants in the studied region was taken. Proceeding from these studies, a vegetation layout map was designed for the dendrolog-ical park of local significance «Ladyzhyn grove».
Keywords: arboretum, integrated assessment, taxonomic composition, decorative properties, systematic principle, exotics.
Problem statement. «Ladyzhyn grove» is a den-drological park of local significance, situated in the town of Ladyzhyn, Trostyanets district, Vinnytsia region, Ukraine. The total area of the arboretum is 10 hectares. It was created in accordance with the decision of the Vinnytsia Regional Council of June 27, 2012 and is administered by the Ladyzhyn City Council.
The arboretum was created in order to preserve and study various species of trees and shrubs and their compositions in specially created conditions with the aim of their effective scientific, cultural and recreational use.
Purpose. The research was aimed at studying natural processes at various species of trees and shrubs and their compositions, created in the den-drological park of local importance «Ladyzhyn grove», through constant monitoring of their changes.
Materials and methods of the research. During the study of botanical and geographical zoning of Ukraine, the Kokhno M.A. methodology was followed [1], according to which it was established that the studied region is located on the territory of the Forest-Steppe natural zone of Ukraine, in the area of Podillya Pobuzhya (Southern Buh riversides). The taxonomic composition was studied by route survey of plantations. Classification of life forms was carried out according to the K. Raunkier system [1].
Description of the studied species and forms was fulfiled using the results of Kolesnikov O.I. [2], Kali-nichenko O.A. [3] research results and own observations.
To assess the viability and prospects of the woody plants introduction in the region of study, which was conducted according to the Lapin P.I. and Sidneva S.V.
