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50Source text: "We are all gentler now because we are beaten. How would Our Lord have been if Peter had rescued Him in the Garden?"
Target text: - Biz yengilgach, nafasimiz ichimizga tushib ketdi. Agar Gefsiman bog'ida Petr Isbesoni qutqarib olganda, kim biladi, keyin Iso qanday zot bo'lardi?
The English use the word 'Lord' in place of 'God'. Therefore this word is euphemism of 'God'.
Used literature:
1. Crystal, D. An encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1992
2. Galperin. I. R. Stylistics. Moscow. " Higher School". 1977
3. Boboxonova. L.T. Ingliz tili stilistikasi.Toshkent.1995
4. Hojiyev A. Lingvistik terminlarining izohli lug'ati. b.109. - Toshkent: O'qituvchi,
1985.
THE PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF TABOO AND EUPHEMISM FROM
ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
Bakhodirova Feruza Bakhodirovna
Scientific researcher, Urgench State University,Urgench Kushmanov Jasur Bakhodirovich
Scientific researcher, Urgench State University,Urgench
There has been necessity in translating since the writing appeared. However, the translation being far from written text language and making precise the original text in translation language serves as a main criterion. There are some linguistic units and combinations that arouse difficulties in the original text translation. There must be peculiar principles, techniques, rules and criteria of translation to resolve these difficulties and translation problems. In this case, the topic of taboos and euphemisms in translation has been put on the agenda and made its contribution deservedly to develop the sciences such as translation studies, translation theory and practice, critical translation and translation history, because this issue is one of the themes that demand to be studied deeply. Besides, the study of these problems requires the usage of different transformations and principles of it in transition from one language into another. The thing that we want to say is that, the translation conformities that are found in one language cannot be met in another language, if it is found in the sphere of a work, cannot be found in the other.
In every society there are things which are believed to be not appropriate if spoken on public occasions. A large number of words are therefore taken as impolite, vulgar when used in communication. These words are "taboos". In order to avoid embarrassment or ease the sting of harsh words, man has created euphemisms. Euphemisms can be used as substitutes so as to avoid embarrassment, anxiety and public shame caused by taboo words.
Taboos influence a person's everyday life in one way or another because of his/her natural use of language. Countless words are regarded taboos such as those related to religion, our bodies and their functions in addition to insulting ones and other related types. Many of such words are resulted from great events such as migration, urbanization, wars, and depressions.
Sigmund Freud posited that incest and patricide were the only two universal taboos and formed the basis of civilization. Taboos often extend to cover discussion of taboo topics, resulting in euphemisms and replacement of taboo words.
Taboo is universal and almost exists in different cultures. For avoiding taboos, speakers resort to 'euphemism' so as to help prevent frightening not mentioning unpleasant subjects which are offensive or rough in speech.
Generally speaking, humans try to avoid using words and expressions that are not interesting, inappropriate or embarrassing to them or to people around them although they are 102
mostly universal. Such consciously-avoided words and expressions can be considered taboos which were originally concerned with sacred matters that couldn't be discussed.
Crystal believes that taboo words mean words which people may not use without cursing offence, because they refer to acts, objects, or relationships which are widely felt to be embarrassing, distasteful, or harmful. Furthermore, the word taboo is generally related to something that is socially, culturally, and religiously forbidden and more and more frequently used in everyday speech.
Taboos can include:
• Restrictions on the things that may be eaten: halal and kosher diets, religious vegetarianism, and the prohibition of cannibalism
• Restrictions on sexual activities, gender roles and relationships with other people (examples include fornication, adultery, interreligious marriage, miscegenation, homosexuality, incest, bestiality, pedophilia, necrophilia and other paraphilias)
• Restrictions on state of genitalia (circumcision or sex reassignment)
• Restrictions on showing body parts: pornography and nudity
• Taboos on illegal drugs and addictions to legal drugs such as alcohol (alcoholism)
• Restrictions on the use of offensive language also known as obscenity and vulgarity restriction on gestures
• Taboo on any racial differences talk
• On the use of offensive language also known as obscenity and vulgarity
• Restriction on gestures
• Taboo on any racial differences talk
• Taboo on slavery
There have been two main groups of explanations why taboos exist:
• Taboos are the result of history and culture (called Anthropological approach)
• Taboos are the result of unconscious phenomena that are passed on (called Psychoanalytical approach)
One suggestion is that taboos are the result of history and certain cultural experiences (which is called Anthropological approach). Steven Pinker suggests that taboos have developed culturally from more basic instincts. For taboos regarding the dead, he proposes that the human brain may have developed a hard-wired repulsion to many carriers of disease - an "intuitive microbiology". Only with the modern development of scientific microbiology have humans been able to rationalize these taboos. Pinker suggests similar explanations for the incest taboo and other things that cause the reflex emotion of disgust.
The other proposal is that taboos are the result of unconscious phenomena that are passed on (and this is called Psychoanalytical approach). Sigmund Freud provided an analysis of taboo behaviors. He highlighted strong subconscious motivations behind such prohibitions. In this system, described in his collection of essays Totem and Taboo, Freud says there is a link between forbidden behaviors and the sanctification of objects to certain kinship groups. Freud also states that the only two "universal" taboos are that of incest and patricide, which formed the eventual basis of modern society.
In a group, a taboo is something that the group looks down upon. People usually will not talk about taboos. Doing something that is known as a taboo is usually seen as a bad thing by the community or society. Certain actions that are thought of as taboo are against the law in certain countries. Breaking the taboo may be punished hard by those states. Breaking other taboos can result in feeling embarrassed, or ashamed. Breaking a taboo is sometimes seen as rude.
However, some people find their use outside formal circumstances as offensive and shocking, e.g. when you criticize someone by saying, "Jesus Christ! You are so god-damned stupid!" in Uzbek " Jin ursin sen shunday xudo urgan axmoqsan"
Damn! She's borrowed my camera without telling me. In Uzbek: Jin ursin u menga ay-tmasdan kameramni olibdi.
Oh bloody hell! Just leave me alone, will you. Oh, jin ursin! meni yolg'iz qoldirasanmi?
Christ! Why didn't you tell us how much the new brakes were going to cost ?!
Lanati! Nega sen bizga yangi tormiz moslamasi qanchaga tushganini aytmaganding.
We sometimes use exclamatives with taboo words:
Why the hell is he driving so fast! Qaysi jin urib u shunchalik tez haydayapti
Euphemism is usually defined as "the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.
The origin of this word is from Greek, the prefix "eu" means "well" or "sounding good" and the stem "pheme" means "speech" or "speak" and the suffix "ism" means "action or results" The Oxford Advanced learner's dictionary has defined an euphemism as so: "an indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to something embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is".
Euphemism is a literary device that helps an individual sound politically and morally correct in the midst of others. Simply put it makes bad things sound relatively good.
The communicative function of euphemisms is to show politeness in the sense that using direct and definite languages to talk about unpleasantness may undoubtedly displease both sides interlocutors and possibly their relationships so, the use of euphemisms may be the best alternative. Euphemisms are believed to have been lubricating language and social communication since its invention. The communicative function of euphemisms in English and Uzbek are to avoid taboo, to show politeness and to replace more accurate or direct ones. Job titles are also euphemized so as to inflate the egos of those who do such jobs. So, people often make the humble occupation sound higher in rank and pleasant to ear, for example, jobs such as "shoe maker" is replaced by "shoe rebuild", "sanitation engineer" from "garbage man". All these practices are done due to the fact that interlocutors want to show politeness.
Examples of euphemisms used in everyday life: Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:
You are becoming a little thin on top (bald). Sochingiz ancha siyraklashayapti.
Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant). O'qituvchimiz bosh qorong'u bo'ldi.
He is always tired and emotional (drunk). U hamisha sarhusht.
We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people. Biz aqli noraso odamlarni ishga yollamaymiz.
He is a special child (disabled or retarded). U maxsus e'tiborga molik bola.
Words of euphemism were and still are extensively used in our daily life. For instance, instead of 'old people' we use 'elderly', 'senior citizens', or 'superior citizens'. Finally, euphemisms are now used in all fields of life. If euphemisms do not exist in language, our language will be terrible or spoilt.
Translating the artistic terms is not such an easy task. It needs separate study and a complete knowledge and exactness on the culture of both source and target languages. Since taboo is a public phenomenon, speakers have to avoid saying unrelated speech towards "God", prophets, or sacred things, places, people. One should not say such words in the office like 'God Damn !, or Oh Jesus!. Taboos avoid the use of plain language which means people in their daily communication and use mostly and always resort to euphemism. Taboos and euphemisms are the most important aspects of any language. The euphemism is the replacement of a taboo word by another is not coarse; euphemisms try to hide the reality that lies behind.
Used literature:
1. Crystal, D. An encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1992
2. Freud, Sigmund. Totem and Taboo. (Trans.) James Strachey. London: Routledge & Kagan Paul, First Published 1913. 1950
3. Galperin. I. R. Stylistics. Moscow. " Higher School". 1977
