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UDC 314
THE PROBLEMS OF MIGRATION DURING THE PERIOD OF URBANIZATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
E.K. Sklyarova
Rostov State Medical University. Rostov-on-Don, Russia affina [email protected]
The problems of migration during the period of urbanization in the first half of the XIX century in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland are considered in the context of its economic and demographic transformations. The migration was determined new socioeconomic, sanitary and national problems of the towns, and became the factor of Great Britain social policy rise. Thus, the social problems growth appeared to be the migration consequence in the urbanization period of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Migration, industrial revolution, urbanization, formation of United Kingdom, peculiarities of economic and religious development of Ireland raised a question in the government about tax assessment alteration and system of parish assistance. Poverty of rural districts, growth of the cities in the north of England conditioned rural population outflow (south of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales), necessity of parish assistance system alteration.
Key words: migration, urbanization, Great Britain, Ireland, pauperism, Napoleonic wars, United Kingdom, social
policy.
Research actuality of migration problem in the period of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland urbanization in the first part of XIX century is conditioned by scientifically-practical and political significancy of the subject. The problem, appearing a subject of anglists research, is not analyzed in the frameworks of whole Kingdom history in the context of economical and demographic transformations, peculiarities and consequences of these processes. Alteration of modern states social policy character, problems of migration, poverty, health service, cities communal problems conditioned the scientifically-practical demand of foreign social experience research. In the middle of XX century, a part of researches considered migration in the economy and industry development context. According to T. Makbridge "everyday life revolution" of England directly connected with industrial revolution and migration of the rural population biggest part began in the first decades of XIX century [12]. Demographic researches concentrated attention to cities social structure, including rural and urban migration, education of corresponding districts. Estimation revision of industrial revolution and migration consequences began in 1980-s in the foreign historiography. Migration began being analyzed with urban studies and social history positions, which was gradually detaching from "economical history and anthropology" [14].
Contemporaries determined factors and consequences of population migration in a different ways. In the course of debates according to the poor people laws of 1807 the deputy Erskin noted that only poverty makes people migrate from Scotland [4]. According to the press and enumeration data of 1851 the population number of respectable City for a long time stayed stable and closed for migrators. According to the enumeration of 1851 38,3% of London population, 55,9% of Glasgow, 57,5% of Liverpool, 54,6% of Manchester were not native [17]. In 1822 the parliament noted that "London mean streets" were turning into the centre of criminality concentration, migrators poor quarters, affecting on entrepreneurs commercial interests. In 1830-s in the state reports London figured as a city, having the largest number of population, and also as the centre of criminal world migration and poverty [18].
Besides, in the first half of XIX century Britain became the centre of emigration. In 1813 parliament discussed social expenditures necessity. One suggested to appropriate 3500 pounds for emigrants support from the Netherlands, 19000 - for emigrants from America, 4000 - for emigrants from France and Corsica [5]. Emigrants form Germany, getting into financial difficulties, induced a special disquietude [15]. Migration socioeconomic problems gradually grew, and in 1826 "Emigrational committee" was created for their solving. In 1827 the parliament was covering its
report, represented by U. Khorton. In 1836 the parliament contemplated a problem of women emigration from Britain to Australia, proper measures of "Emigrational committee" [6]. According to N. A. Erofeev the English workers mass departure from the country in 1825 - 1850-s was a reflection of class struggle, rebellion against socioeconomic oppression [22]. However, according to Whiggish party representative, Council president of Poor Law Ch. Buller emigrational policy appeared to be "rehandling of paupers". J. Khouvell emphasized that emigrants - are paupers and a "passive part" of Britain population [9]. The State developed strategy of their emigration, as pauperism problems solution method.
Consequence of urbanization and population migration appeared to be alteration of children and women position. They were not taxpayers, being on maintenance of men and parishes. According to E. Brandge, in accordance with old laws about poor people, if a woman was married, and her husband got parish allowance, then delivery of a child gave a possibility to get higher parish allowance. "If a woman was not married, then difficulties, appearing under the parentage testing, complicated a question about parish financial obligations... Parish inspectors bribed such "immoral women", forcing them to leave with their children, shifting responsibilities to the other parish" [1]. Under the conditions of urbanization women with children, widows, young unmarried women from villages migrated to the industrial cities, where their working day lasted till 14 hours. In House of Commons one could notice petty theft, especially of clothes, that became characteristic among children. Deputy Lokkhart emphasized the sharp growth of homeless. In 1828 Littleton raised a question about homeless children, beggarhood in the city streets, delinquency, especially, among the younger generation from 15 to 20 years. The report about Irish beggarhood marked that men, women and children worked in Irish families. The problem of juvenile delinquency and homeless children was not solved, became a topic for a new report of criminal and homeless children [8].
Interconnection of epidemics and cities social conditions ambiguously researched in relation to typhus and Irishmen migration, which coincided with epidemics spread. After the junction with Ireland in 1800 this led to stereotype perception of epidemics reasons. The researches emphasized negative influence of Irish migration to the growth of epidemics in England. B. Kheili, A. Khardi incorrectly used the term "Irish fever", characterizing spread of typhus in England, Wales and Scotland. But A. Khardi fairly stressed that Irishmen are not related to typhus in London in the middle of 1850, catching it in the mean streets [11].
Irish blocks after junction with Ireland in 1800 grew in the cities of England, Wales and Scotland. To 1841 about 17,6 % of London residents, 11,9% of Liverpool, 10,7 % of Glasgow, 8,3 % of Manchester were Irishmen. They also migrated to Bristol, Dundee, Edinburgh, Hull, Newcastle, and Cardiff [20]. In 1836 J. Lewis marked specificity of their migration, conditioned by cheapness of this labor category, profitable for entrepreneurs, and also by Catholicism, habits, dialect. He also emphasized the growth of children-beggars and lurchers, among which were "not only Irish", but also English children. The report confirmed the poverty of Irish migrators, their big families. "Lancet" subjectively marked that diseases and death rate in Scotland in Glasgow are conditioned by "Irish population influx" [16]. Irishmen migration increased after junction with Ireland and more over in the period of famine. Irishmen migrated there, where Irish populations had already been. G.E. Afanasiev noticed that famine in Ireland was not a rare thing, repeating in XIX century with the same frequency that in XVIII century. R. Bruk pointed that Irishmen migration to Huddersfield "began at the end of XVIII century". R. Svift considered that criminality of Irish migrators is exaggerated [21]. It is necessary to stress that national blocks were filled not only with Irishmen. They were called "little Ireland" in Manchester. S. Gann marked that insanitary blocks, which were called "little Scotland" existed in Liverpool [10].
The problems of migration were accompanied with a problem of insanitary conditions. Swines, dogs, horses were contained in the migrants houses from rural districts. Such houses were compared with pigsty. They were characterized for the North of England. Doctor Key in the report about Manchester noted that sources of diseases were accompanied with keeping of swines and other animals in the house [2]. The term "slums", according to K. Khoppen appeared in 1840-s, reflecting the life of approximately 1/10 of country population. However, to 1822 this term was
already used in the parliament under the discussion of London poor blocks enlargement, criminality growth and police necessity [3]. The word "mean streets" was used for city blocks, consisting of dwellings with high population density, differing by absence of canalization and water supply, plenty of garbage, growth of migrators, criminality and epidemics. They were formed in consequence of quick human migration with low level of life, especially rural one.
Commission on a poor people law in 1834 recorded "excessive population migration from parish to parish", conditioned by a wish to get a parish help. "The report of commission members for examination of poor people laws practice" noticed that the problem of excess expenditures appeared demoralizing effect with maintenance allowance of employable poor men. The document stressed that possibility decreasing of paupers financial assistance receiving, reduced not only society charges for their maintenance, but also "moral infamy resulting from their situation, which brought vice, criminality and deceases". It was suggested to create the new system for destiny relief of poor women, children, men, ill people, widows and orphans, to establish constant standard of social assistance. The special division of the report was dedicated to the new principles of legislation. They were developed by bentamists N. Senior and E. Chedvik, "considering the position in the country" and situation among the migrators, "for profit" of districts development, on the basis of parish inhabitants quiz. Employment supporting of people capable to work instead of parish assistance outdated system, prevention of pauperism, excessive migration from parish to parish were foreseen. One suggested the introduction of state control, inspection, uniformity of parish accounting statement and administration. Parish assistance, based on "devastative principles", considering the number of family members, was canceled. Swindlers, idlers, and also those who worked at the place of production were deprived of assistance. The new principles of social assistance presupposed the registration of those, who really were in need of it, and also introduction of social assistance standard, preservation of medical assistance for ill people, assistance in funeral for poor people, prevention of corruption [15].
"Migrational scheme" was produced by E.Chedvik in 1830-s on the basis of communication with factories owners. The idea about the high poverty level and over-population of the south rural districts, deficit of workers for industrial north of England was at the root. He emphasized that "there was no surplus of population, but on the contrary existed inactive population, especially in the rural districts in Britain", pointing to the "destructive effect of existing laws about settlements and assistance for poor people". "Migrational agency", attached to the committee on poor people law, which could coordinate rural paupers, wanting to migrate to the cities of the north England for work, was created in accordance with his offer. According to the "Act of amendments and better laws directing of poor people in England and Wales , 1834" special item obliged local authorities to pay carriage costs of paupers, wanting to migrate [7].
Creating of "medical police" foresaw insanitary problems prevention of cities, mean streets, work and national blocks of migrators, and also control under sanitary standards maintenance. "Act about work principles of the city police, 1847" contributed to creation of "medical police", preventing growth of social problems in the cities [19]. The law became a reflection of medicine role strengthening in the development of cities. Medical police should have controlled funerals, mean streets, sanitary standards. For the first time social functions of medicine and police were registered in one law for removal of urbanization and population migration negative consequences.
In 1830 - 1840s the centralized system, coordinating formation of social policy in Britain, affecting the interests of all population layers was created. Committee on the law of poor people provided corresponding social researches and reforms. Wide range of urbanization social problems entered into its competence: problems of poverty, criminality, epidemics, migrations, health service, and social support for women and children. In 1847 control centralization on laws of poor people was conducted. The new state institute on poor people charity, the president of which for the first time had a voice in the parliament was entered. Deputy Benks named these measures as "control from the state side" and "social policy". Administration was included into government structure, but its president, getting this post, entered into the body of House of Lords [7]. According to the
researches, "social policy provided centralization of management, intervention of the government to private spheres, having social significance", with the aim to prevent criminality, pauperism, epidemics, population death rate, regulation of social allowances and expenditures, birth and migration rate of population"[23]. It was marked that the concept formulation of social state and health service of cities was developed in Great Britain in the first part of XIX century" [24], ideas of system introduction of "medical-social problems prevention" were offered for the first time, "basis of Britain society social development" were established [25].
Thus, the social problems growth appeared to be the migration consequence in the urbanization period of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Migration, industrial revolution, urbanization, creating of United Kingdom, peculiarities of economical and religious development of Ireland raised a question in front of the government about tax assessment alteration and system of parish assistance. Poverty of rural districts, growth of the cities in the north of England conditioned rural population outflow of (the south of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales), necessity of parish assistance system alteration. Migration was not a reflection of class struggle, became the consequence of population growth, answer to the challenges of forming industrial market and urbanization, new method of employment problems solving, pauperism, the part of state migrational schemes. Job search and poverty under the conditions of urbanization made people to migrate from rural districts to the cities of kingdom and its borders. The development of industry, state migration policy according to the law of poor people in 1834 contributed to the growth of migration. The latest was developed by economists, E. Chedvik, the government of Whigs and coordinated with industrialists of the north of England. In 1830 migration process became regulated by government, process according to migration scheme aimed to problem solving of pauperism, rural district, Ireland for the north England industry development. Strategy of migration and emigration of paupers was developed as concerning passive and poor part of population. The flows of migrators (from Ireland and Scotland, south of England and Wales) the Netherlands, Corsica, France, America defined the city cosmopolitanism of London and industrial cities. After junction with Ireland in 1800 migration of Irishmen in England, Wales and Scotland increased. The growth of mean streets and Irish blocks, with which epidemics, poverty, crime wave were associated in a exaggerate way became consequence of this. "Little Ireland" and also "little Scotland" existed in England. Typhus, interestedly called as "Ireland fever", had contagious and social nature, but not national. The term "mean streets" appeared not in 1840-s, but was used in the parliament in 1822 according to the question of criminality, migrators, London police. Migrators introduced the elements of national and rural development, growth of demographic, religious and social problems, necessity of civil registration and social support. Migration conditioned the new socioeconomic, juridical, sanitary, administrative, transport, religious and national problems of the cities became the formation factor of Britain social policy.
References
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Литература
1. Brundage A. The English Poor Laws, 1700 - 1930. N.Y., 2002.
2. Burnett J. A Social History of Housing 1815 - 1970. Cambridge, 1978. P. 33; Kay J. The Moral and Physical Condition of Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufactures in Manchester. L., 1832.
3. Hoppen K.The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846 -1886. Oxford, 1998. P. 339; The Select Committee on the Police of the Metropolis // P.P. 1822. Vol. IV.
4. H.P.D. 1-st Series. 1807. Vol. IX P. 542.
5. H.P.D. 1-st Series. 1813. Vol XXVII P. 124.
6. H.P.D. 1-st Series. 1827. Vol XVII. P. 653-654; H.P.D. 3-rd Series.1836. Vol XXXV. P. 943-946.
7. H.P.D. 3-rd Series. 1847.Vol.LXXXXII.P.340-353.
8. H.P.D. 1-st Series. 1807. Vol. IX. P.539 - 543; 1815. Vol. XXXI. P. 624-627; The Select Committee on the Children's Employment // P.P. 1816. Vol. 3. P. 367; H.P.D. 2-nd Series. 1823. Vol. IX. P. 1447 - 1452; 1826. Vol. XIV. P. 1241 - 1242; The First and Second Reports of the H. M. Commissioners Appointed to Collect Information as to The Employment of Children in Factories // P.P. 1833. Vol. XX - XXI; H.P.D. 3-rd Series. 1842. Vol. LXI. P.140-151; The Select Committee on Criminal and Destitute Children // P.P.1853. Vol. XXIII; H.P.D. 2-nd Series. 1828. Vol. XVIII. P. 985-987.
9. Howell G. "For I was Tired of England, Sir": English Pauper Emigrant Strategies, 1834 -1860s // Social History. 1998. No 2.
10. Irish Migrants in Britain, 1815 - 1914: A Documentary History / Ed. by R. Swift. Cork, 2002. P. 41; Gunn S. Urbanization // In: A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain / Ed. by C. Williams. L., 2004.
11. Luckin B. Typhus and Typhoid in London / In: Urban Disease and Mortality in Nineteenth Century England / Ed. by R. Woods, J. Woodward. L., N. Y., 1984; Haley B. The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture. Cambridge, 1978; Hardy A. Urban Famine or Urban Crisis? Typhus in the Victorian City // Medical History. 1988. No 32.
12. McBridge T. The Domestic Revolution. The Modernization of Household Service in England and France, 1820 - 1920. L., 1976.
13. Moriarty E. M. The Great Famine - an Irish Tragedy and Its Impact on the English Town of Huddersfield from 1845 - 1861 // Doctoral thesis. Huddersfield, 2010; Pooley C. G. Welsh Migration in Great Britain, 1851 - 1871 // Journal of Historical Geography. 1983. No 9.
14. Pooley C. G. Migrants, Emigrants and Immigrants: A Social History of Migration. L., 1991; Rethinking Social History. English Society 1570 - 1920 / Ed. by A. Wilson. Manchester, 1993.
15. Report from Commissioners for Inquiry into the Administration and Practical Operation of the Poor Laws // P.P. 1834. Vol. XXVII.
16. Report on the State of the Irish Poor in Great Britain // P.P. 1836. Vol. XXXIV. P. IX -XXV, 429; The Lancet. 1874. Vol. XV. P.18.
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February, 26, 2016
