CC BY
66UDC 81
DOI: 10.34671/SCH.SVB.2019.0304.0017
THE PROBLEM OF POLYSEMY iN MODERN ENGiSH AND AZERBAiJANi LANGUAGE
© 2019
ORCiD: 0000-0003-4920-184
Mammadova Shalala Adishirin, Lecturer
University of Odlar Yurdu
(AZ1110, Azerbaijan, Baku, Koroglu Rahimov, 45, Narimanov, e-mail: [email protected])
Abstract. A number of factors play a role in enriching the vocabulary of each language. Language is constantly developing, innovating and enriching. This process takes place through the internal opportunities of the language, as well as at the account of words acquired from other languages. New words are formed for description of concepts existing around. But sometimes this process is completed at the expense of the words existing in the language itself. In other words, different concepts, events, and etc. in the language are expressed with the same sound complex. Although these words are the same phonetically, but their meanings are different. Homonymy is one of the most complex problems in linguistics. For a long time, homonymy was referred to the words and from this point of view homonymy was mentioned only in the lexicology section. Moreover, the great part of the research on this subject was directed to the homonymy of words. However, as a result of studies conducted over time, it became clear that the uniformity and variety in the meaning are not limited to words, but also referred to phoneme, morpheme, word combinations and sentences. For this reason, homonyms should also be discussed in grammar and phonetics sections. The issuse of investigation of polisemy is not limited to express in different properties of only one concept. All lexical units in language can take part in the expression of properties of several concepts. It is a linguistic identification of the limiting of words. The key feature for the meaning of the word is its understanding by everybody in the same form. If the meaning of the word is not understood exactly the same for all those who speak in this language, such words remain unused.
Keywords: meaning of the word, modification in language, frequency of polysemy, various factors, the acquisition of words
ПРОБЛЕМА ПОЛИСЕМИИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ АНГЛИЙСКОМ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
© 2019
Мамедова Шалала Адиширин, преподаватель
Университет Одлар Юрду (AZ1110, Азербайджан, Баку, Нариманов, Кероглу Рагимов, 45, e-mail: [email protected])
Абстракт. Ряд факторов играет большую роль в обогащении словарного запаса каждого языка. Язык постоянно развивается, обновляется и обогащается. Этот процесс происходит за счет внутренних возможностей языка, а также за счет слов, полученных из других языков. Формируются новые слова для описания понятий, существующих вокруг. Но иногда этот процесс завершается за счет слов, существующих в самом языке. Другими словами, различные понятия, события и т.д. в языке выражаются одним и тем же звуковым комплексом. Хотя эти слова фонетически одинаковы, но их значения разные. Омонимия - одна из самых сложных проблем в лингвистике. Долгое время омонимию называли словарным событием, и с этой точки зрения омонимия упоминалась только в разделе лексикологии. Более того, большая часть исследований по этому вопросу была направлена на омонимию слов. Однако в результате исследований, проведенных теперь, выяснилось, что единообразие и разнообразие значений не ограничиваются словами, но также относятся к фонеме, морфеме, словосочетаниям и предложениям. По этой причине омонимы также должны обсуждаться в разделах грамматики и фонетики. Предмет исследования полисемии не ограничивается выражением в разных свойствах только одного понятия. Все лексические единицы в языке могут принимать участие в выражении свойств нескольких понятий. Это лингвистическая идентификация ограничения слов. Ключевой особенностью значения слова является его понимание всеми в одной форме. Если значение слова не понимается одинаково для всех, кто говорит на этом языке, такие слова остаются неиспользованными.
Ключевые слова: значение слова, модификация в языке, частота многозначности, различные факторы, усвоение слов.
The meaning of each word existing in the language appears in a certain historical development process in terms of creative thinking. Every meaning needs a form, and every form needs a meaning. Therefore, it is impossible to form a word by putting the sounds used in the language randomly next to each other [14, p.77].
Changes that have taken place historically after the initial meaning of the word are called change of its meaning. Changing the meaning of each word does not arise by itself. This is, above all, an ongoing process connected with the socio-political structure of this or that society, the outlook of society and so on. That's why the meaning of the word is changed very often.
Homonyms are known from ancient times. The first homonyms were composed in China (III-IV centuries) [4, p.74] The initial linguistic problems associated with polysemantic words in teaching English are related to the homonyms.
As we know, polysemy is connected with other semantic processes, such as homonymy, synonymy and antonyms. The most common affinity and misconception occur among polysemantic words and homonyms.Polysemy research has always been associated with homonyms. The differences between these two semantic groups have not been fully sol-
ved. In a small text, the reader may not be able to notice the difference between the polysemantic words and homonyms [18, p.5]. The homonyms are a category of words that resemble polysemantic words in terms and expressions. This term is derived from a combination of two Greek words (homos-identical, onuma-name). Homonyms are two words that are spelled and pronounced the same but have different meanings. Homonymy occurs in expression of different concepts with the same word [8, p.49].
Cent - scent Cent (sent-0,01dollar) -scent (smell, odor)
A penny is one cent.
The soap has a nice scent.
Tear (tear drop) - tear (rip)
Row (polemic) - row (line)
Homonyms and polysemantic words are similar to each other within a sentence for their style and expression style. A word with the same sound composition, both in polysemantic words and homonyms, expresses different meanings. But these are totally different semantic events. In polysemantic words, all the meanings expressed by any word are assembled around one meaning and express same meanings in different ways. But homonym words express two or more different meanings, sometimes logically close, and in some
cases without any logical approximation [14, p.22]. Unlike polysemantic words, homonym words have only real meanings: l.bank - a financial institution with a deposit of money, 2. bank - a river coast. In both examples, the meanings are true and there is no metaphor. At the same time, the word bank also has a different meaning connected with the main meaning: 3. bank - to rely on, to recline on. This meaning is figurative and is bound by the original meaning. That is, one person conducts credit operations in a bank which he trusts.
To distinguish these kinds of meanings, it is necessary to refer to etymological factors.V.I.Abayev claimed that there are no common aspects between polysemy and homonymy. At a scientific conference held in Leningrad in December 1958, the dispute over this issue has been resolved to a certain extent, but this issue has not yet been resolved. Polysemy can never result in homonymy or vice versa. Thus, the author denies the examples arisen between homonymy and polysemy. His position was harshly criticized by other linguists.
According to P.P. Grigoryev, there is no clear boundary between homonymy and polysemy in the language. Other linguists, who did not accept Abayev's ideas, show that some of the homonyms are formed as the result of polysemy, that is, there is a certain relationship between homon-ymy and polysemy.But Budagov thinks differently: "There is a certain connection between homonymy and polysemy. These links and relationships are the result of the historical development of all words, not separate words" [].
YM Galkina-Fedoruk is based on semantic substitution for determining the existence of homonym meanings. According to her opinion, if the synonym of the word with a few meanings is same, this word is polysemantic. On the contrary, if the synonyms of such word are different, this word is homonym. Some of homonyms are derived from polysemantic words, some of which are actually different, and are derived from the words with different origin according to the consonance and phonetic composition during the historical development process .In linguistics, homonyms are words which sound alike or are spelled alike, but have different meanings [12, p.23].
The presence of homonyms in language has been explained for various reasons. According to Demirchizade, as a human consciousness changes and new concepts are formed, new tools must be created to express them. Formation of new words for each new concept needed long time, therefore existing expressions were used, and by this way firstly polysemantic words and then homonyms were emerged [15, p.l43]. Some linguists have approached to homonyms as a chance in a language, while others has assessed them as an event of internal language development. A.A.Reformatski called the homonyms as defective words of the language and considered them as a negative event. In his opinion, the homonyms do not play any role in the enrichment of the vocabulary of a language [5, p.75].
Z.A.Tolmacheva considered the homonyms as a negative phenomenon too, and showed the ways for the loss of one of the meanings of homonyms or their replacement with synonym words [24, p. 28-33].V.V. Vinogradov considered the homonyms as a natural phenomenon of language. In his view, the existence of the homonyms does not cause difficulties in the language [26, p.120]. R.A. Budagov considered homonyms as an event formed from the development laws of language and noted: "The phonetic compatibility of totally different words is that the number of words in any language is relatively small, and the concepts are too many. Therefore it is necessary for different words to coincide with each other. [7. p.29].
It would be wrong to approach the homonyms as a casual event in language. At the moment, homonymy has been accepted as an event of the language's internal development laws. It is not enough to know the vocabulary meaning and the grammatical structure of words in order to understand the meaning of words in language. It is also important to explain the semantic relationship between words. That is, one of the meanings of any word used as homonym may be national 68
origin and the other one may be acquired. For specification of this, you need to know the semantics. It is possible to clarify this issue by studying the ways in which words are created and developed.Homonym words create homonym ranges in the language. We must understand at least two words under the homonym range. For example:
1) Cordial - A cordial greeting is an open, friendly greeting. A cordial person is a happy, affable person)
Cordial - A cordial is a drink made with fruit juice and water;
2) Carp - noun: A type of fish;
Carp - verb: To find fault or complain about small matters;
When we review the homonym words in different languages, we see that they are widespread among monosyllabic words. If there are many monosyllabic words in a language, then there will be many homonyms too. The number of homonym words among monosyllabic words in English language is about four times more than polysyllabic words.In general, there is no universal criteria for determining the homonyms. Some homonyms are the same for both, the sound composition and the writing, while others are the same for their writing and different in sounding. The same pronunciation, different meaning:
hair [hea] filament; hear [hea] rabbit
bow (to bend at the waist) / bow (a piece of archery equipment) ; entrance (to hold one's attention) entrance (a doorway); address (to speak to) / address (location) ; air (oxygen) / air (a lilting tune); band (a musical group) / band (a ring); bark (a tree's out layer) / bark (the sound made by dog)/ current (up to date) / current (flow of water)/ die (to cease living) / die (a cube marked with numbers one through six) fair (equitable) /fair (beautiful)/ kind (type) / kind (caring)
J.Vandriez noted that "the homonyms are disaster and knout of the language, as the language requires clearness: dualism is dangerous for it" [27, p.46]. Sometimes linguists say that homonymy in language is natural, like polysemy. In order to agree with this idea, speech activity should be taken into consideration: separation of polysemy and homonymy is carried out in lexicology and lexicography. But it does not give ground to the difference between polysemy and homonymy. Language carriers do not differentiate between these events, but this does not mean that there is no fundamental difference between them in the language systems.
The principal difference in language carriers is that, in polysemy and homonymy the meaning of the word is identified by context, but the context function is absolutely different in these cases. The meaning of homonym words excludes each other. The relationship between the meanings of polysemantic word is definitely existent; one meaning is derived from one another; there is no definite boundary between these meanings. Hence, polysemy is a distinctive feature of the lexical system of each language.
In learning and teaching English observation of the frequency of polysemy in different languages depends on various factors. The language where the acquisition of words and the complex word-processing process is used widely will tend to fill the gap in the dictionary by adding new meanings of existing terms [2, p.97] The polysemy occurs in common words rather than proper words .Studies on the plurality of words began in the 18th century and continued extensively in the 19th century. These studies are related to philologist Michelle Breal and the linguist John Lion. Polysemy was first used as a term by M.Breal in 1887 and was popularized. "Polysemy" was derived from the Greek word "poly" (many) and "sema" (meaning) [21, p.102].
Investigation of the problem of polysemy and mono-semy in the language system began in 18- 19 century. Distinguishing of words from each other as per meaning and different tinges of meaning depends on cohesion degree of meanings to the thing and event. The words in the language are not the same as the quantity and degree of meaning they express. So, some words express one meaning, while oth-Scientific Vector of the Balkans. 2019. T. 3. № 4(6)
ers express several meanings. Accordingly, monosemantic event happens in the lexical - semantic system of language. A part of the words does not fully reflect the item and the event, but expresses it only in one meaning. When the words express one meaning it is called monosemy (mono- single, sema-sign). Since the words in English are monosyllabic and there are mostly root words, polysemy is characteristic for the vocabulary of the language. The usage frequency of word affects its meaning. The Zipf's Law is used to describe the relationship between word frequency, length of speech, and polysemy: the shorter the word, the higher its usage frequency, the higher the usage frequency, so extensive the linking property of the word and it is possible to find more meanings in terms of contexts [21, p.8l]
When talking about the characteristics of homonyms it is necessary to mention the ways of their formation. According to the ways of formation, in some literature, homonyms are divided into two parts: thanks to the internal capabilities of the language and due to the words borrowed from other languages. H. Hasanov has connected the development of homonymy with a number of factors. He notes that homonyms are mainly formed due to the internal capabilities of the language, besides that, the process of polysemy occurs in the language due to the words borrowed from other languages. According to the ways of formation, homonyms are divided into three groups: 1. Lexical polysemy; 2. grammatical polysemy; 3. Syntactic polysemy.
Lexical polysemies do not have any grammatical or syntactic connections. Polysemies in this group are formed in the following ways: Homonyms derived from polysemantic words.
Formation of homonyms from polysemantic words is a gradual process. Such homonyms differ from the original words for their lexical and grammatical meanings. Different meanings in polysemantic words are directly associated with the main meaning of the word, but sometimes the difference between the new meaning and the main meaning is so big that the association is lost and homonyms are formed. Polysemantic words are broken up due to the archaicization and dropping of one of their meanings and other reasons.
In the dictionaries of V.K. Muller, Hornby and V.D. Arakin, the word 'spring' is reviewed from a different viewpoint. Such as, Muller and Hornby indicated two different meanings: 1. A season of the year; 2.a) The act of springing, a leap b) a place where a stream of water comes up, while Arakin used the three mentioned meanings separately [11, p.34]. Homonyms derived from borrowings. Some part of the content of the language vocabulary consists of borrowed words. Some of these words together with the national words form a series of homonyms. In these series, either all words are borrowings or combinations of borrowed and national words. For example:
Boil -1) verb. To boil water, making it bubble and steam. Has been taken from the words boillir, builir of French origin. 2) noun (native) An unpleasant and painful swelling on the skin.
Curtain -1) noun - differentiating sounds in stringed musical instruments (Persian)
Curtain -2) noun - cover (Persian)
Curtain -3) noun - act in a play, action (Persian)
Squash -1) Noun.
An edible fruit of the gourd family which is served as a vegetable. It was first used in 1643.
2) Noun. A ball game played by two players with racquets- English of XIX century 3) Noun. A type of drink made with fruit juice and water - English of XlX century. 4) Verb. Compress, crush, squeeze tight - has been taken from the word esquasser of French origin.
H. Hasanov noted that a word passes from one part of speech to another either through certain grammatical signs or without any grammatical indexes. The word which has no formal indication is defined by its lexical and grammatical meaning and syntactic functions [17, p.37] Noun - Verb: - Spring (noun) is the second season of the year_
- Write (verb) - The root of the infinitive 'to write'
- Talk (noun) - conversation or discussion; a lecture
- To talk (verb) - to have a conversation Verb - noun:
To move (verb) - to change position or go from one place to another
Move (noun) - an act of moving a piece Adjective - verb: Clean (adjective) - free from dirt To clean (verb) - to become free from dirt As you can see from the examples, words that are formed by conversion are identical for their sound content, but differ according to their lexical and grammatical meanings and their syntactic functions.
The term "polysemy" is used to express the existence of several meanings in the same word based on the primary meaning. This means that, while maintaining its previous meaning, the word may have several additional meanings. In addition to the basic meaning of the word, the use of additional meanings is of particular importance for the development of language. Thus, for the expression of this or any other meaning, we are not always looking for a new word, this meaning is expressed through the word with the particular meaning in the language.
In other words, the word is a monosemantic as a unit of speech, and polysemantic as a unit of language. The word is diverged from additional nuances in the speech and is understood in a basic meaning. This word, is strengthened and understood according to one sign of the item not for several signs. It shows only one version in the speech. Of course, monosemantic word in the speech doesn't interfere the expanding of contextual meaning and complexity [15, p.145.] On the contrary, it creates conditions for specifying and distinguishing it. Inclination of the word is monosemantic in the exchange of ideas, but in the speech reminds its first appearance.
Every single word was monosemantic during its formation and polysemantic words have been emerged subsequently as a result of a certain historical process. The polysemy of words is related to the internal development of language. The polysemy of words in language is closely connected with its figurative meaning. Thus, when the word is used in figurative meaning, a new, specific meaning is formed from its basic meaning. Each word can be repeatedly used in different meanings, in this case its meanings are multiplied and, finally, the word becomes polysemantic. When the word is polysemantic, one meaning is its basic meaning and the other meanings are additional [10, p.89].
For example, in modern English, the word "table" has 9 meanings: 1.a piece of furniture; 2. people sitting around the table; 3. dishes on the table; 4.a piece of fine flat stone (metal, wooden); 5. Stone boards; 6. Plaque with words on it (Plaque -Bible); 7. Regular design of facts and figures; 8. Operating table; 9. Sammer pasture.
The meaning of the word depends on the context. Contextual meaning expresses only one of the lexical-semantic variants. Thus, polysemy does not interfere with the communicative function of the language, as the situation and context cancels other in appropriate meanings, for example, the following examples: The steak is tough - This is a tough problem. Holborn is a tough examiner. As can be seen from the examples, due to the word of steak, tough means solid, and the word problem means difficult [21, p.22].
There are several types of context: linguistic and ex-linguistic (non-verbal). The linguistic context is divided into two groups: lexical and grammatical context.
In the context of the lexicon, polysemantic words appear as lexical groups. The word heavy as an adjective means "heavy weight", but when it is combined with the words of wind and storm, it creates a lexical unit and means "extraordinary, plenty, abundant": heavy rain, heavy wind, heavy storm. In the grammatical context, mainly the grammatical structure of polysemantic word defines its meaning. For example: 1) I made Peter study; He made every laugh 2) My
friend made a good teacher; He made a good husband. In the first examples, the "to make-N (Pr) + V" structure means to encourage, but in the second example, "to make + A + N" structure means to be [4, p.59]
Another linguistic problem is double meaning. According to Harford and Heasley, the word has two or more closely related meanings in polysemy [16, p.120]. For example, the word guard means "protector, guardian" or "solid shield". Both mean the protection against danger. Polysemy and homonym are distinguished not only by its meaning, but also from etymology point of view. If several words have the same form of origin and are different for their meanings, are they called homonym or polysemantic words? For example, the word "pupil" expresses the meaning of "schooler" as well as "small part in the middle of the eye" and has the same origins in terms of history. That's why they can be called polysemantic words. But today meanings of these words are different in our language, and they do not have a connection. Therefore, they are considered as homonyms.It should be noted that homonyms are formed by coincidence. Because of the grammatical, phonetic and semantic changes that occur in linguistic rules, the forms of words vary, and during a certain period of time words get identical in terms of form.
Just for this reason, it is impossible to say definitely that the homonyms are always formed around the same meaning. This synchronic approach helps to distinguish polysemy from homonymy [20, p.129] A factor that contributes to the elimination of linguistic problems is the context. By definition of context it is possible to say the meaning of the words. According to D.A.Cruze, "a single meaning can vary widely in different contexts, and these contexts prevent other meanings". "Polisemy" is understood as the area of speech in the minimal level defining each individual meaning of a word. For example, when the word yellow is used separately, it means color, but in lexical contexts, this word expresses the meanings "infuriated, suspicious, sensual, morally perverted" [6, p.145]. Or for description of the meaning of the word handsome it would be better to use it in the same context with the words 1) man, person; 2) size reward, sum. Accordingly, the meanings of the words "goodlooking" and "considerable, ample" will be explained through these contexts
In grammatical context, words are expressed in different meanings [5, p.54].
For example:1.The horse stopped drinking 2.The horse stopped to drink
In the first example, the combination of "stop + ing" means "to stop doing something", and in the second example, the combination of "stop + to + infinitive" means "to stop doing something temporarily". According to this, the verbs like go, growth, get, fall, run, take, turn from the class "do, make and move and change" which are used in the meaning of "to force" can be exposed to the change of sence in the grammatical context. [5, p.112].
But the context does not always help to comprehend the context. For example, I need a socks that will wear. I need to wear socks that will not wear. In these examples, context does not help to understand the meaning of wear. In this case, it is directly referred to possible meanings of the word. Obviously, no one wants a quickly torn socks. In this sense, in the first sentence wear means suitable for continuous use and the second example refers to worn out of use [19, p.161].
The emergence of new words in grammatical ways plays an important role in the enrichment of the vocabulary of the language. As a result, new words are formed. Homonyms of this group consist of words the roots of which are homonyms or are derived from non-homonymous words. Homonyms can express homonymy both for their roots and affixes.
Tutma (in the meaning of pickled vegetables) - §oraba; tutma (in the meaning of disease) - xastalik
Danaba§ (in the meaning of worm) - qurd, danaba§ (in the meaning of stupid) - sarsaq
Complex abbreviations can also play a basic role in the formation of syntactical homonyms. For example: UN -
United Nations_
70
Shortening of words plays an important role in the formation of new words in English and is one of the ways to increase the number of homonyms. For example: story - the study of events - is a specialized form of the word 'history'. This word is also used in the meanings of news, report, and lie.
Ad - advertisement Add - verb, to add
Division of homonyms by origin. In many linguistic sources, they are divided into two main groups by origin:
1) Homonyms varying by origin
2) Homonyms of the same origin, formed from polysemy One or two of the words that belong to a group of
homonyms differing for their origins are referred to borrowings. In order to arrive at a correct conclusion there are made comparative analyses of the origin of homonyms. Let us take a look at some of the homonyms in the Azerbaijani language that are originally identical:
For example: Let's look at the meaning of below words:
1) To build (tikmak) - from stone, brick, wood and etc.
2) To sew (tikmak) - to sew a dress; to sew in the sewing machine; to sew with a needle
In English:1) Loan -lone - to allow someone to borrow Can you loan me your bicycle until tomorrow? Lone - adjective - the only one She is the lone person who dances Tango in this club.
2) Heal- heel
Heal -verb - to cure a disease, to become healthy Today doctors can heal a lot of diseases which was impossible once.
Heel -noun -the back part of the foot or shoe He hurt his heel playing football.
3) Rain- reign
Rain -noun- water falling from the clouds in liquid drops I think it will rain today,
Reign - noun- the time during which a king or queen rules
During his reign taxes were increased greatly,
4) Write -right
She was struck by the simple truth that something the most ordinary things could be made extraordinary, simply by doing them with the right people ... (The Notebook, Nichols Sparks)
When two cultures crash, the loser is obliterated, and the winner writes the history books-books which glorify their own cause and disparage the conquered foe. As Napoleon once said "What is history, but a fable agreed upon?" (The Da Vinci Code, Dan Brown).
Even though homographs are the same in writing, they differ in sounding and meaning. While comparing homographs and homonyms A. Akhundov came to a conclusion that the homonyms are phonetically unified lexical units unlike the homographs [3, p.82].
In English: 1) Wind [wind] - current of air moving as a result of natural forces. Wind [waind] - to move in a curling twisting manner.
2) Tear [tia(r)] -drop of salty liquid coming from the eye when one cries.
And when I come in with tears in my eyes, you always knew whether I needed you to hold me or just let me (The Notebook, Nichols Sparks) Tear [tea(r)] - pull apart or pieces.
"When two people are meant, for each other, no time is too long, no distance is too far, and no one can ever tear them apart".
Full homonyms differ from each other for their sounding and writing unlike homographs.
For example, in Azerbaijani language:
1)Tam - (full) - whole, undivided
2)Tam - (taste)-flavor In English:
Flag [flsg] 1) noun: a piece of cloth with colours and designs to represent a country or an organization. 2) noun: another name for iris (a type of flower).
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3) verb: to grow weak, to become tired However, this classification is not considered strictly accurate. Because some features of the words have not been reflected here. When talking about homophones or homographs, we do not mention which parts of speech they refer to. At the same time, paradigms of homonyms should also be taken into account; in some of them certain parts are adjusted.
Professor A.I. Smirnitsky classified homonyms into two large groups:
1) Full homonyms
2) Partial homonyms
When analyzing some words, we see that they are homonyms in all forms. In other words, full homonymy is observed in the paradigm of two or more words. Most of the full homonyms refer to the same part of speech. For example, page - 1) noun: a sheet of paper, or one side of it, in a book. (This is old English word which is originated from French Language Latin-origin word "pagina" in the 15 th century), 2) noun: a boy who acts as a servant, sometimes wearing a uniform. (the word was passed into English from the word "paggio" of Italian origin in the 13 th century) In both meanings, the paradigms of the word "page" are the same: page, page's, pages'. But in some cases, full homonyms can be observed among various parts of speech (the word "for" used both as a conjunction and preposition). And sometimes, although some word forms are homonyms, their paradigms are not the same. For instance, let us compare the above-mentioned page (n) and to page (v) (verb to page someone is to have their name called in order to find out where they are): Page (to) page Page's pages Pages paged Pages' paging
Accordingly, A.I. Smirnitsky classified partial homonyms into three groups: simple lexico-grammatical, complex lexico-grammatical and semi lexical [11.p.135.]. Although simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms belong to the same part of speech, they have only one coincidence in the paradigm. For example: to found-found (past indefinite and past part of to find). Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms belong to different parts of speech and there is one coincidence in their paradigm. Left - adjective
Left - verb (past indefinite and past part of to leave) They turn left instead of right and got lost. He left the party immediately.
Partial lexical homonyms refer to the same part of speech, which are identical in some corresponding forms. To lie (lay, lain) To lie (lied, lied)
As seen from the examples, partial homonyms are observed both in the same and different parts of speech. There are different views on lexico-grammatical polysemy in Russian and English literatures. The opinions expressed in some of these sources coincide with those of our linguists, but some are completely different.
According to N.M. Rayevskaya, words differing in meaning but having similar grammatical meaning can be called homophorms. In her opinion, the existence of homophorms in different languages is associated with the analytical and synthetic characteristics of their structure and research of homophorms is interesting from their grammatical point of view. [22, p.202].
1. Bound (to bound) - jump, run withjumping movements Bound - past and past participle of to bind - fasten together and put a cover on the pages of a (book) 2.Ground -low and low participle of grind - crush to powder
Professor Smirnitskiy included this group of verbs into a simple lexico-grammatical group of homonyms. As we have seen, the same formal words were referred to separate groups by different linguists. This is because different criteria are used in the classification of homonyms.
T.I. Arbekova has noted different samples of
homophorms. In her opinion, rose is a homophorm in the sentences 'a red rose' and 'the sun rose' [25.p.38].
These words refer to different parts of speech. Rose is a noun in the first sentence and is the past form of the verb 'to rise' in the second sentence. Some Azerbaijani linguists have explained homophorms as below:
1. Tide (noun) - regular rise and fall in the level of the sea
Tied - past and past participle of to tie - fasten or bind
with string
2. His burns will take a long time to heel.
Paper burns easily.
In the first sentence, the 'burn' is a noun and accepts the quantitative affix -s. And in the second sentence it is used as a verb and accepts the -s showing the single form of the third person. In addition, T.I. Arbekova included homonyms, which were formed by conversion of parts of speech, in the range of the homophorms. For example:
Hope (noun) - desire and expectation that something good will happen.
You are every reason, every hope, every dream I have ever had. (Nicholas Sparks, The Notebook)
Hope (verb) - desire an expect
That's what I hope to give to you forever (Nicholas Sparks, The Notebook)
Some linguists include homonyms formed by conversion method in the group of grammatical homonyms. For example: Milk -to milk, water- to water, eye - to eye, taxi - to taxi, phone -to phone, work - to work, smile - to smile and etc.
She eyes me like a Pisces when I am weak (Nirvana).
But as he shook her hand and met those striking emerald eyes, he knew before he had taken his next breath and she was the one he could spend the rest of his life looking for but never find again (Nicholas Sparks, The Notebook).
Overall, polysemy can sometimes lead to misunderstandings, and double meaning. As we know, "funny" means comic, amazing. However, if the phrase "Funny! is used alone without any explanation, this expression may cause double meaning. In America, people will ask, "Do you mean funny" ha ha "or funny peculiar?". It means that funny has the meanings of strange, surprising, unusual too: "A. Did you get my letter yet? B. No, I did not. A. Hmm, that's funny. I sent it last week". From this example, it is seen that the expession that is funny means "it is strange".In such cases, there is a misunderstanding between the participants of the communication and it is likely to be explained in the course of the situation: "A. I would like a book, please. B. Something light? A. No matter. I've got my car with me". As you can see from this conversation, the buyer thinks that the literal meaning of the word light is used and replies as No matter. I've got my car with me, but in this example the seller has meant the figurative meaning of this word "not serious, entertaining". One of the linguistic problems that may arise in the teaching of multilingual words is that learners can not ring into line the meaning of the word into context. Even though he knows one or two meanings of the word, if he does not know what the context requires, then he will not be inclined to solve the problem. Studies conducted by Bensussan and Lofer in 1984 prove that the learners are experiencing the problems in learning polysemantic words rather than monosemantic words. In addition to this fact, we can say that multilingual expressions also appear in some subjects. So, the words we use in our everyday life, like table, mean, power, even, volume and root mean other meanings in the context of mathematical science. This creates a problem in understanding the meaning [8, p.190].
Some of the words in the language are formed as a result of the occasional sound compatibility of words. Words undergo certain changes in the history of the development of languages, as a result of which differently pronounced words are almost pronounced the same. A. Gurbanov noted that the words formed in this way were mainly created due to historical alteration of the sounds with similar-articulation
[13, p.31]._
Mammadova Shalala Adishirin THE PROBLEM OF POLYSEMY .
To knead (O.E.cnedan) - to press together and work with the fingers
To need (O.E. neodian) - to require
The polysemy of words is also expressed in idiomatic expressions along with the context. Thus, these expressions, which are reminiscent of the original meaning, are used in a figurative sense.[14.p.129.] Expressions that contain polysemantic words are called idiomatic polysemy. These types of idioms serve to expansion of the meaning based on the figurative construction. Burger calls this kind of semantic change "sekundäre Metaphorisierung", second-grade metaphorisation .
Motivation has a special role for the connection of inter-language meaning in the language. Lakof notes that there are motivations between multilingual words and idioms, because these expressions are based on existing forms of molds. If we accept the idea of Lakof, it is important to note that language learners need to be aware of motivation in language so that they understand the meaning of polysemantic idioms .[1.p.72.]
Conclusion. Monosyllabic words must not be mixed. Because two meaningful words give not only the linguistic problems but also give the arising of the other problems. The grammatical meaning of partially poly semantic words are words are help us to find the different meaning of words reality. The vocabulary meanings of words cannot be changed according to the universal peculiarities of words. The vocabulary meanings are closely connected with semantic meanings. When we mean the word to cry we mean to weep or weep bitterly, to cry ones heart out, to cry/ to weep for with joy or to cry for with sorrow. The meanings show the expressions the create and reveal the inner meanings of words. The phrase formed with each headword are treated and explained in its nest. For example: ba§ vermak, ba§ aparmaq, ba§ ag-maq etc. are given and explained in the nest of the headword ba§, phrases like ba§gi olmaq in the nest of the headword basgi, phrases like ba§giliq etmak in the nest of the headword ba§Qiliq.
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