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- nearness qk = q(V, V) connections with adjacent (on relations) objects Ok;
- value of association aj = maxk(0,a/-1 - c,qk-ak + rj), (c<<l), defining significance of the association trace.
Concept forming is based on proportional association values increasing weights of objects belong to the associations’ traces. Concepts are built as often occurring substructures consisting of significant objects.
Consequently in this paper, the basics of formal grammar designs in the context of the structural approach with pattern recognition are considered. The system structure of the syntax pattern recognition, which includes the pre-processing module, the description module, and the syntax analysis module, is proposed. The two-dimensional grammar of M. I. Shlezinger for recognizing the simplest binary graphical primitives in static scenes has been studied in detail. It has shown that for the recognition of complex scenes with multi-level motion objects we can apply a three-level grammar including the main vocabulary of objects, temporal events, scene genres, additional vocabulary of structural elements, local features of motion and global features of motion, predicates of regions building, predicates of objects building, and predicates of temporal events. Procedures of object recognition, based on the possible transformations, and recurrent procedure of statistical approximation, depending on the number of possible video object projections on the frontal plane, have been proposed. The association procedure,
calculating the nearness of the vector features for scene objects, has been designed for the interpretation of complex scenes with a multi-level motion.
References
1. Favorskaya M. N. To the problem of applying formal grammars in indentifying objects in complex scenes // In the materials of the XIII international science conference “Reshetnev Conference”. Part. 2. Krasnoyarsk, 2009. P. 540-541.
2. Shlezinger M. I. The syntactic analysis of twodimensional visual signals in interference conditions // Cybernetics. № 4. 1976. P. 76-82.
3. Favorskaya M. N. Possible methods of video-flow segmentation as a problem lwith missing data // Vestnik. Scientific Journal of the Siberian State Aerospace University named after M. F. Reshetnev. 2010. Ed. 3 (16). 2009. P. 4-8.
4. Video Event Classification using Bag of Words and String Kernels / L. Ballan [et al.] // ICIAP09. 2009. P. 170-178.
5. Favorskaya M. N. Local time-space signs of events in video sequences // In the materials of the X inte rnational science conference “Theoretical and practical problems of modern information technologies”, Part. II. Ulan-Ude, 2009. P. 461-466.
© Favorskaya M. N., Popov A. M., 2010
E. A. Furmanova, O. G. Boiko, L. G. Shaimardanov Siberian State Aerospace University named after academician M. F. Reshetnev, Russia, Krasnoyarsk
THE POSSIBILITIES FOR OPTIMIZING THE FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE
OF CIVIL AVIATION AIRCRAFT
This is an analysis of the traditional approach to systems with individual reserving reliability calculation usage. An alternative calculation method for these systems with an individual reserve system has been developed. Its application is demonstrated.
Keywords: functional systems, analysis of the complicated systems, system structure optimization.
The airplanes functional systems execute many important functions: make the planer’s steering surfaces drive by mechanization means, provide the aviation engines fuel supply, provide the cabin air pressure and air conditioning in them, provide all the consumers with electricity, protect the airplane from ice, provide fire extinguishing functions, provide automatic piloting, and air navigation.
The functional systems of the same type on all the route airplanes execute the same functions. At the same time, systems with the same name from different developers, or one developer, which is seen more often, on different types of aircraft, may have a different functional systems structure. With the same development in machine building, which provides a similar level of aggregate systems reliability, the reservation level is
different in individual and typical aircraft system types with the same name.
Such a position is connected with the absence of research in the field of the system’s optimization structure.
The proposed study shows the possibilities of common and individual reserving in the reliability securing systems.
Let’s look through the individual reserving system, which contains n units that are successively linked. Each of the units includes m = 2 aggregates connected parallel. The structural scheme of such system is shown in the fig. 1.
Let’s think that all the aggregates have the same breakdown stream parameters ra .
Let’s consider for a mathematical model of the aggregate’s breakdown probabilities the distribution with
an even density probability. Then, the aggregate breakdown probability integral function will be:
q (t) = ra ■ t.
4
8
Fig. 1. The individual reserving system structural scheme
If t = 1, then we can find the breakdown probability for 1 flight hour:
q = ra.
In the traditional approach of the reliability calculation, the first thing we had to do was defining the breakdown probability for parallel switched units at the aggregates:
q5 =ra2.
Their working probability without breakdown [1; 2]:
P&= 1 -ra2.
So, the initial system, exchanges with the system with successively connected elements, and their without breakdown work probabilities equal P5. And then we define the initial system breakdown probability:
QT = l-(l-ю2).
(l)
Q (n) =
2n -1
(2)
Such an expression defines the most probable breakdown. Other possible scenarios of breakdown
development in the system define essentially less breakdown probabilities due to:
q: (n )=■
П( - j -l)
j =2
(З)
where i - is the quantity of broken aggregates, which lead the system to breakdown during the observed breakdown development scenario.
It’s important to highlight the fact that during the increase of quantity n for successively connected units, breakdown probability according to (2) and (3) decreases, not increases, as the traditional approach shows (1).
The developed technique for systems with reserving reliability calculation allows changing the opinion of the system’s reliability possibility increase; changes in the approach allow the usage the combination of common and individual reserving.
Let’s view a system, consisting of two parallel working undersystems. The undersystems each contain 16 successively connected aggregates (fig. 2).
boomooomoooood
Fig. 2. The common reserving system
The breakdown probability of such a system may be defined as:
Breakdown probability of the system with successively connected units increases with increasing of unit’s quantity n.
In reality it is not so. The initial system (fig. 1) will break down only if in one of the units (any) both aggregates will fail. Because the aggregate’s breakdown probabilities in 1 hour are identical and equal to ra, various scenarios of the aggregate’s breakdown are possible, which will not lead the system to breakdown. For example, aggregates 1, 2, 6, 7 will fail (it doesn’t matter in what succession order). The more n is, the less will be the breakdown probability of 2 aggregates in one unit. Any aggregate of the system may fail first with a probability of ra . The probability of the fact that the aggregate, based in one unit with the first, will fail equals to:
1
-------ra.
2n -1
Then the studied system breakdown probability during the proposed alternative approach to systems with individual reserving calculations will be:
е;бщ =[l -(l -ю)2 J
(4)
where n = 16 - is the number of successively connected aggregates; m = 2 - is the number of undersystems, connected in a parallel way; ra = 0.01 is breakdown flow parameter; the same is for all aggregates.
We shall not change the number of the aggregates in the system and its level of reserving. Let’s divide the system into z parts, which will be connected successively
(fig. 3).
Fig. 3. The initial system divided into z = 4 parts of the common reserving
Let’s account the reliability level for such a system. The probability of breakdown for each branch for any of the 4 parts will be:
Qb = 1 -(1 -ra)4. (5)
Then the system (fig. 3) shall be transformed into.
З
5
7
1
6
2
CO
In this system, the breakdown probability of each element equals to Qe and it is defined according to (5). The first and the largest system breakdown probability (fig. 4) is realized when 2 elements in one unit fail. It will be defined as:
2
Qa (z )=ra.
Fig. 4. The essential system, divided into z = 4 parts and transformed into the individual reserving scheme
We completed the breakdown probabilities calculations, during common reserving and after division into z parts, in accordance to the traditional and
Qo6m,
alternative method. The dependences of
q<
and
(z)
q:
,o6rn;
QT)
on z are shown in the fig. 5-8.
Fig. 5. The dependence of relation for the common reserving initial system breakdown probability and the breakdown probability of the system, divided into z parts from z, applying the standard technique n = 16, m = 2 and ra = 1 x 10~2
From fig. 5 we can conclude that the calculations, made according to the traditional approach, show us the common reserving system reliability increase, during its division into z parts. This will transfer the system into a system containing z units with individual reserving. However, this reliability increase is not much: at z = 2 it is 1,8 times, and at z = 4 it is 3,5 times greater.
The transference of a system with a common reserving to a system with z units of individual reserving is linked to some difficulties. We shall try to explain them further. A slight increase in reliability didn’t stimulate the system developers to overcome the stated difficulties.
Applying the alternative method for the same task of the reliability increasing solution dividing the system into z parts, the reliability is greater (fig. 6). With z = 4 achieving 100 and with z = 6 - (340-400) times.
Fig. 6. The dependence of breakdown relation probabilities for the initial system and the breakdown probability of the system, divided into z parts and calculated according to the alternative technique from z, with n = 16, m = 2;
1 - ra = 1 x 10-5 and 2 - ra = 10-2
Fig. 7. The dependence of the initial system relation breakdown probabilities from a system divided into z parts and calculated according to the traditional technique breakdown probability from z. With n = 20, m = 3, and ra = 1x10-2
Fig. 8. The dependence of initial system breakdown relation probabilities from the breakdown probability of a system, divided into z parts and calculated according to the alternative
technique from z, with n = 20, m = 3, ra = 1 x 10-2
For a system with common reserving, with 3 undersystems working parallel the effect is much greater. In the traditional approach the reliability calculation has a 12 time reliability increase during z = 4 (fig. 7), and for the alternative approach (fig. 8) the reliability increases by 2.800 times, for z = 5 by 9.000 times.
This may stimulate the developers to overcome the earlier highlighted difficulties, which are connected with the transference of systems with a common reserving to systems with z units of individual reserving.
Let’s shortly characterize these difficulties. In the hydraulic system, which consists of 2 identical undersystems, the pipe-line gap or one of the aggregate’s core gaps leads to the loss of the entire hydro-liquid undersystem. The second undersystem remains intact and will provide the entire hydro-system’s function execution. The changing of a systematical scheme, which would lead it to z units of individual reserving, deprives it of such protection. The undersystems are joined into one and the loss of liquid in one branch of the system’s z-part will result in the loss of liquid in the whole system; this is inadmissible. Here it is possible to apply some of the blocking measures. In each branch of the z-part of the system, an expenditure measuring unit should be installed; in the beginning of a system a shutdown valve should be installed, and at the end of the system a reverse
valve should be installed. During some flight time there is no liquid loss in the system. Such loss is displayed as pressure loss. The expenditure gauge sends a signal and the shutdown valve closes. The reverse valve eliminates the liquid expenditure. The shutdown valve blocks itself during the functioning of the usual consumers, which have some liquid expenditure during their functioning.
For electric systems the labor saving provisional system is much simpler. There are two kinds of malfunctions in the electric system: it is unnecessary to block the circuit in one of the z-part branches. It stops working and the entire load is transferred to a parallel branch of the z-part. In order to block the influence distribution of short-circuiting on one of the z-part branches on previous system parts, in the beginning of each z-part branch it is necessary to have a network protection device (a fuse).
References
1. Vorobiev V. G., Constantinov V. D. The reliability and effectiveness of aviation equipment. Moscow : Transportation, 1995.
2. Sugak E. V., Vasilienko N. V., Nazarov G. G. The reliability of technical systems. Krasnoyarsk : MPG “Rasko”, 2001. P. 608.
© Furmanova E. A., Boiko O. G., Shaimardanov L. G., 2010
E. N. Garin
Siberian Federal University, Russia, Krasnoyarsk
THE INFLUENCE OF CONDITIONS FOR PASSING GLONASS AND GPS SATELLITE RADIO NAVIGATION SIGNALS ON THE ERRORS OF DEFINING RELATIVE COORDINATES
The influence of the conditions for passing GLONASS and GPS satellite radio navigation signals on the errors of defining relative coordinates is overlooked.
Keywords: signal delay, multipath propagation, error, frequency, navigation spacecraft.
Preliminary analyses show that a significant source of error is the reason for differences in the conditions for the of GLONASS and GPS signals passed on to navigation spacecraft (NSC).
It results in the difference of signal delay that could lead to an additional systematic error in determining relative coordinates.
The differences in signal delays could be caused by several different reasons. The first reason is the influence of the ionosphere and the troposphere. The radio navigation equipment sometimes installed in places where a signal delay impact from the ionosphere and the troposphere can be distinguished. This difference is of random nature but if the distance between the antennas is increased, the error will also increase consequently because of the fact that the ionosphere and the troposphere properties will change. When the distance between radio navigation equipment antennas is more than 100 kilometers the difference in an atmospheric error
signal transmitted from a navigation spacecraft could reach several meters.
Another significant factor of measurement error is one caused by interference in the receiving end. This signal phase measurement error is caused by interference at the receiving antenna of the main signal or signals reflected from local items. This error component is often called a multipath error. Multipath errors depend on specific radio navigation equipment operation conditions, and typically can not be predicted. In most cases, this error could be considered as a random low-frequency component.
There is a difficulty in error measurement estimation of signal parameters caused by multipath transmission because of the instability of interfering signals. The presence of objects near the antennas with a large effective reflecting surface such as metallic constructions can generally make it impossible to calculate the results with abnormally large errors of phase measurement. When measuring the distance code delay the error could comprise tens of nanoseconds under difficult conditions.
