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86. Показано отсутствие влияния угла поворота зеркала отвечающего за создание полос конечной ширины на результаты эксперимента.
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THE PHYSICS OF THE SUN'S MAGNETISM AND ITS ACTIVITY IN NEW INTERPRETATIONS. (A NEW KINEMATIC
MODEL OF SOLAR ACTIVITY)
Rysbekov B.
A physics teacher and a lover of astronomy. He does not have the academic degrees. Now he is a pensioner.
ABSTRACT
The nature of solar magnetism has not yet been solved. There are several theories and hypotheses, but not one of them cannot explain the formation of many elements of the Solar magnetic field and its activity.
The given model proposed by the author has a goal, namely, to eliminate this gap and successfully solve the aimed task.
Keywords. Meridional current. The tidal forces of the planets. Differential rotation. Reverse polarity of the Solar magnetic field. A sun spot. A solar flare.
Despite of the many years of diligent research into all the processes of solar activity on our light, we still do not have a sufficient idea of their physics education.
There are still many unclear facts in solar cycles' and sunspots' nature. There is no consensus on the origin of poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields and their
change of poles. Why are the active zones of spots' forming in symmetrical parallels + (80 - 400) on both sides of the equator, why are they narrowed with time, what is the essence of the transience and bipolarity of these fields? There is also much confusion about the
formation of torch sites, outbursts and strong emissions, and about their connections with each other.
And the dynamical theory proposed by H. Bebkock, R. Leighton, J. Piddington is still not able to explain the unified nature of all these phenomena, occurring both in the surface and in the bowels of our luminary [1, p. 144-148]. And all the diligent research of recent years also does not give the desired answer. What's the matter? It seems to me that all this is due to the fact that the main thread connecting all the processes, occurring on the Sun lias not been found yet.
Therefore, in this small work I will try to prove the essence and nature of the whole thread that binds the miracle.
For what I propose my cyclonic model (vortex) about the dynamics of the Sun's atmosphere.
As we know, from scientific materials, the solar surface has a meridional current that is directed from the equator to the pole [11-12]. And, in our opinion, this established flow consists of the following four temperature and pressure changes in the layers of each hemisphere of the photosphere (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
1-2, - is the section of the accelerated ascending flow of convective cells in the equatorial region of the photosphere. As we know, the radius and rotational velocities of the equatorial region and poles (for example, in the region of + 750 latitude) strongly are differed from each other, which cause a large centrifugal acceleration of particles of substances in the equatorial region. Since the centrifugal force at the equator is approximately 2-3 times greater than that of the poles at the same depth, this force has overcome the forces of the gravity of the particles and the viscosity of the medium removes this layer from hydrostatic equilibrium.
Fcff > ^'gravity + ^viscosity
The rate of raising the convective cells in the upper layers of the convective zone of the equatorial region is accelerated, where the high temperature they bring from the depth is transferred to the lower layer of the photosphere. The temperature of these layers sharply rises, which leads to a rapid increase in the vertical temperature gradient in the middle layers of the photosphere. This will also sharply lead to an adiabatic expansion of the volumes of the ascending flows of the cells and their cooling.
However, as we know, because of the rotation, the Sun is not the right ball, but somewhat flattened at the poles. Therefore, the ascending convective cells of the equatorial region travel a long way to the surface of the photosphere, rather than at the poles. Consequently, this causes an even greater cooling of the ascending fluxes of the convective cells of the photosphere. As a result, the entire surface layer of the photosphere in the equatorial region becomes somewhat colder than at the poles.
2-3, - is a section of meridional circulation, where the surface layers of the photosphere of the equatorial region that slowly flows towards the pole. As we know, where the temperature is colder - there is a high density and pressure, and where hot - there is a low pressure on the contrary. Therefore, because of the difference in temperature between the equatorial and Polar Regions, the pressure gradient is formed, which forces the surface layer of the photosphere to flow from the equator
to the poles. (Where in the equation of motion are the following elements included: Dv
p-=-Vp + ]xB + F,
where p - is the mass density, p - is the plasma pressure (assumed as the scalar), and the substance as a whole is influenced by the plasma pressure's gradient Vp, the Lorentz force )xB per unit volume F = F'gravity + Fviscosity, which represents the total effect of
the gravity force F,
gravity
and the force viscosity
F,
viscosity.
3-4, - is a section of meridional circulation, where the colder masses of plasma coming from the equatorial region are immersed to the bottom of the photosphere.
4-1, - is also the region of formation of a pressure gradient between the polar and equatorial regions. As we described above, the acceleration of the velocity of convective cells on the upper layer of the convective zone will cause a sharp heating of the adjacent lower layers of the photosphere of the equatorial region. Consequently, the high temperature established here creates a relatively low pressure than at the poles. As a result, under the influence of the pressure gradient formed between these regions, the lower layers of the polar masses of the photosphere are slowly flowed to the equator.
Approximately, this is how the universal meridional circulation of the matter of the photosphere in both hemispheres of the Sun takes place.
Along with this, in considering the process of occurrence of solar activity, we must take into account the presence of another very important element in the dynamics of the Sun. This is most likely the effect of the tidal forces of the surrounding planets, which periodically brings the atmosphere of the Sun into a disturbed state. And this period of influence of tidal forces is 22 years. (See note No.1).
The first to the influence of tidal forces is the region of equatorial differential rotation moved, where previously the lifting action of centrifugal force triumphed. Especially, the equatorial region is much
closer to the planets than the Polar Regions. (R solar = 700000 km)
The tidal force of the planets, strengthening the centrifugal force and pulling it like a pump onto the top
of the photosphere substance, causes a universal rise in the layers of the equatorial region.
^cff + ^'flow ^ ^'gravity + ^viscosity
30' &0° JO" so' t,o' 30' ZO" 10° 0•
Fig-2a. - Polar mass, Equatorial mass, Frontal zone-3. Fig-2b - the first moment of the encounter of large waves of two meridional streams in latitude + 40-450. Fig-2c - The moment of meeting two currents (polar and equatorial - rotating around the Sun) in the Royal zone. Fig-2d - The onset of the polar layers of the photosphere at the time of the maximum of the tidal forces of the
planets.
Fig-2e - Retreat intensity of the polar mass of the photosphere with decreasing tidal forces of the planets.
The ascending flows of the equatorial masses are accelerating, where the vacant place occupies them from the middle latitudes, giving way to the denser polar masses of the lower layers. It means that the increase in the power of the tidal forces, a rapid movement of the mass of the photosphere along the circulating directions are occurred, where the mass approach of the colder equatorial layers rapidly cool the deep layers of the polar regions. And this chilled dense mass will also thrive back onto the equator downstream, as well as in the ground cyclone. (Fig. 2)
The tidal power of the planets as a trigger mechanism gives a new impetus to the circulating process of the meridional flow of the photosphere, accelerating the
universal movement of masses along the whole circulation channel, where this acceleration causes a variety of electromagnetic phenomena of solar activity.
2. As we mentioned above, the solar surface is rotated differentially, where the polar and equatorial currents that rotate around the sun have different velocities. In an era of minimum solar activity, while the tidal forces of the planets are still asleep, the increase in the velocity of these streams from the pole to the equator occurs smoothly (as a whole). (Fig. 3).
However, with the growth of the tidal forces of the planets, the circulation process of meridional currents accelerates, in which two streams of the lower layer of the photosphere (more dense - polar, less dense - equatorial) with great speed rush towards each other. Thus,
two large waves of these streams are first encountered in the + (450-550) degree latitude band into which the atmospheric front of the vortex processes is played out, where the rotation speeds of these flows are sharply slowed. Only in the area of exit from the atmospheric front, the velocity of the equatorial flow again increases with the skip (Fig. 3).
Thus, with the manifestation of the atmospheric front, a clear boundary is drawn between the polar and
equatorial flows. There are three huge streams of the photosphere that rotate from each other differently around the Sun, namely;
1. The flow of polar region of the Northern Hemisphere.
2. The flow of the equatorial mass of the photosphere.
3. The flow polar region of the Southern Hemisphere.
Fig. - 3
1. Smooth growth of the velocity of the streams of the photosphere from the pole to the equator of the Sun.
2. Formation of the atmospheric front and manifestation of even boundaries of the equatorial and polar flows of the photosphere.
3. Maximum narrowing of the area of the equatorial flow of the photosphere.
Though the free charges (electrons) are rotated along these circles, three huge contours with a current are formed in the layers of the photosphere (Fig. 3b, c and Fig. 4a.) See also the note No.2. As well as the dimensions of the volumes and the flow velocity, and the
current densities in circuits 1 and 3 are equal. And in the equatorial stream - 2, where the high speed, current density and magnetic field strength are much larger than in the contours of polar flows 1 and 3. Thus, the polar flows of the photosphere, which border on the atmospheric front and have a smaller rotational velocity, form a poloidal magnetic field of the poles. And the equatorial flow, which is beyond the atmospheric front and having a high speed of rotation, forms a toroidal magnetic field.
4. Although this name does not quite fit these currents and their magnetic fields, we will continue to call them so for convenience.
Fig. - 4.
4a - three parallel circuits with current, (view from the side). 46- - View with magnetic force lines (view from the top).
As we see from the Fig. -3, with the subsequent onset of the polar mass on the equator, the coverage of the equatorial rotation stream narrows. This will lead to a reduction in its volume and an increase in the electron density in it, which causes an increase in the strength of its toroidal field. Where its lines of force, now reach out for long distances.
As well as, all these three streams having a huge rotation speed, they are rotated in parallel in the same direction, form parallel currents with parallel circular contours not far from each other. Consequently, between these contours there is a magnetic coupling between each other, where the lines of force of the magnetic field of one contour penetrate the plane of the other contour (Fig. 4b). For example, the magnetic flux of circuit 1 with current I1 partially penetrates the area bounded by the contour 2, and the magnetic flux ®1,2 through the contour 2 is directly proportional to the current I1.
®12= M12 I1 Where M is the coefficient of mutual induction of the contours,
Similarly, the magnetic flux of circuit 2 with current I2 partially penetrates the area bounded by contour 1.
®21 = M21 I2 As a result, according to the law of electromagnetic induction, we obtain:
£2 = ■
d® dt
12 = - M^Il ; £ = -
dt
dt
21 = - ;
dt
£2,£1 - arising in EMF induction circuits. Therefore, exactly with such actions, the contours 2 and 3 are interacted. Where:
£3 = -
d®23 =- M £ = - d®2 = - M dh
dt
dt
£2 =
dt
dt
As well as, applicable to any contours
M12 = M21 M23 = M32
It can be seen from these formulas that a change in the current in one of the circuits causes the appearance of EMF induction in another circuit. And it is also clear that the interaction of magnetic forces is controlled not by the poloidal field of the contours 1 and 3, but the
toroidal magnetic field of the contour 2, formed by the equatorial mass with a high rotation speed, which accumulates a huge electron density, creates a strong current and a powerful magnetic flux.
>£ ds = - - — = - - — f H„ dS.
c dt c dt JS "
As we can see from the Figures 2 and 3, with the subsequent onset of the polar mass on the equator, the coverage of the equatorial flow of rotation narrows. This will lead to a reduction in its volume and an increase in the electron density in it, which causes a further increase in the strength of its toroidal field. As a consequence, the induction current increases further in the contours 1 and 3. Since the direction of the induction current is opposite to the direction of the primary current generating itself -2, it is also opposite to the current direction in the circuits 1 and 3, and they are weakened. The current and voltage of the magnetic field of these circuits are decreased.
Consequently, at the maximum of solar activity, when the equatorial region is maximally compressed, the toroidal magnetic field also has a maximum of energy, where its lines of force now penetrate the large areas bounded by the contours 1 and 3. The induction current in these circuits increases to the maximum, in which, having already completely extinguished the original current of the circuits, it remains even in the reserve. And from this moment the field of this induction current with the opposite direction is raised. That is, this is how the polarity of the pole fields reverses to the opposite sign (that is, positive).
3. Now consider how all the active formations that are occurred on the surface of the Sun are realized. Suppose, let this moment correspond to the minimum of tidal forces of surrounding planets to the Sun, and all active regions of the photosphere are in a state of complete rest. And the total magnetic field of the Sun is the field of the negatively charged poles of the photosphere, where the polarity of the North Pole is S (southern), and in Southern N (northern) (Fig-7).
Further, let the tidal forces of the planets gradually increase. And this growth of tidal forces for one, in two years, reaches a certain value. Because of this, part of the polar layers of the photosphere at the poles along the lower meridional current begins to flow faster to the equator (Fig-2). The speed and power of two masses (more dense and cold - polar and rarefied and warm -equatorial) are accelerating and moving towards meeting each other along the meridional direction. Since these are parallel flows that rotate differentially around the Sun (slower than the polar and fast equatorial currents), an excellent condition for the formation of an atmospheric front with vortex processes is formed in the boundary zone between them. Rotating together with
these vortices negative ions and electrons of the substances of the photosphere form a circular current and a corresponding magnetic field.
The Large waves of meridional currents (polar and equatorial) first meet in latitude + (450-550) degrees on both sides of the equator. An extensive frontal zone forms, which numerous vortex formations are excited in the layer of their encounter (Fig.-2a). Since the difference in velocities of these two flows (slow polar and fast equatorial) is still not very large, here there are mainly numerous small vortices. However, one should not forget that in rotating systems of a global scale like the Sun, Coriolis force is always of great importance (f k = 2modQsincp).
Fig. 5. Position of the differentially rotating equatorial flow.
a) Maximum expansion of the flux of the equatorial mass of the photosphere..
b) Maximum narrowing of the flux of the equatorial mass of the photosphere..
1. The region of unperturbed polar flows with a velocity close to 0.7 km/s.
2. Differentially rotating equatorial flow.
3. General poloidal magnetic field of the Sun formed by rotation of polar flows.
4. Power pines of the toroidal magnetic field.
As well as to the bodies moving in the Northern Hemisphere, Coriolis force acts directed to the right, and in the Southern Hemisphere to the left, a vortex is formed in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly rotating counter clockwise, and in the Southern Hemisphere it is on clockwise. That is, vortices having weak magnetic fields with polarity S (southern) in the Northern Hemisphere and N (northern) in the Southern Hemisphere. This gives rise to a region of small unipolar sunspots (Fig. 13).
Further, with the further growth of tidal forces, the polar masses of the photosphere (the lower current) are shifted even more towards the equator, and the zone of coverage of the equatorial differential current begins to narrow, drawing along the frontal line separating these two currents. The rapidly rotating electrons around the Sun of this differential current form a strong current and a toroidal magnetic field around this current. Where, with the compression of the equatorial mass of the photosphere, the toroidal field is amplified, forming a kind of trap for electrons in which they are no longer released beyond the field limits.
And after a while this zone of division enters into the "royal zone", causing a rapid growth of all active entities in these areas. And the difference in velocities of the equatorial and polar currents here becomes the largest, which determines the favorable condition for the formation of large photospheric vortices. (Fig.-6.)
Fig. 6. The course offormation of the bipolar group of spots (the leading spot on the right).
n- The speed of rotation of the equatorial flow.
V2- The rate of rotation of the polar flow.
a) Position in the first even cycle (in a pair of 22-years-old).
b) Position in the second odd cycle (in a pair of 22-years-old).
At the appropriate moment, one of the large waves of the polar mass flowing onto the equator falls avalanche into the region of the less dense rapid equatorial current. And this free-flowing polar currents penetrating deep into the region of equatorial currents, under the action of the Coriolis force, turns to the right, where a vortex that rotates clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere is formed.
This is the tail spot of a bipolar group with positive polarity (N north). And the subsequent flow of the equatorial current rapidly circling the coming wave of the polar flow stops it, forming a vortex that rotates counterclockwise with negative polarity (S southern).
A leading spot is formed, which will always be closer to the equator in the first even 11-year cycle (in a pair of 22-years-old). (Fig. b.a., Fig-7).
And, in the southern hemisphere, the same thing happens, but with opposite polarity (Fig. 6a Fig. 7). As the tidal forces continue to increase, the polar layers of the photosphere advance further to the equator. Differentially rotating equatorial region is narrowed even more. The speed of rotation of the flows inside this region and the intensity of its potential field increase. This will lead to further intensification of the vortex-forming processes. The areas of the torch areas are outraged and expanded. New vortex pits and new spots are appeared. Covered by the force fields of the toroidal magnetic field and the polar layers stretching toward the equator, these spots also slowly move toward the equator. Another year will pass. The tidal force becomes even stronger.
Fig.-7. The relationship of the polarity changes of sunspots with solar cycles.
1. Intensity of the magnitude of the influence of the tidal forces of the planets for the period of 19602010 years.
2. Solar cycles for the period of 1960-2010 years.
3. Polarity of leading and tail sunspots in the Northern Hemisphere. (leading spot on the right)
4. Polarity of the poloidal magnetic field of the Northern hemisphere.
5. 11-year cycles in the Zurich numbering.
With the further advance of the polar masses to the
equator, the frontal zone of vichro-formation is now moving to the middle band of the "royal zone" + 150, where the toroidal magnetic field has a maximum of tension. This will lead to a still rapid development of all active education in this area. More and more torch platforms will be stretched, new bipolar and unipolar groups of spots will be appeared. Solar flares are awakening. That is, the hour of maximum activity of solar activity of this cycle will come.
However, this hour corresponds to the maximum increase in the induction current in circuits 1 and 3, which completely extinguishes the previous intrinsic current of the circuits, will remain even with more. And from this point on, the polarity of the magnetic field of the poles changes to the opposite polarity, i.e. on N (northern) in the Northern and S (southern) in the Southern Hemispheres (Fig-7). And, the direction of the magnetic induction also changes to the opposite side.
Further, although more slowly, the tidal force continues to grow. Differentially the rotating equatorial region is narrowed even more, however this compression is difficult. The front zone - dividing the two currents now goes into the band + (80 -100) latitude. In this connection, the speed of the displacement of the spots towards the equator is slowed down. Activity of all operating processes is weakened. Gradually, the flaming torch areas become friable. The groups of spots are destroyed, which, reaching latitude + 60 are immersed in the bowels of the Sun. One by one, the vital activity of solar flares and prominences is faded. This is the end of the first 11-year cycle (in a pair of 22-years old) in the region of + (60 -80) latitude, with the onset of a minimum of activity.
However, the completion of this cycle coincides with the maximum increase in the induction current in circuits 1 and 3. Therefore, in the poles, the previous polarities are then retained; N (Northern) in the North and S (Southern) at the South Pole (Fig-7).
And at this moment the tidal force reaching its apogee stops its growth and after a while starts to decrease back. Squeezed to the limit, the equatorial region gradually is relaxed and expanded. And then there is a reverse course of the development of all active processes in this area. The maximum raised surface layers of the photosphere at the equator gradually begin to flow more rapidly toward the poles, where the meridional upper current of the equatorial layers is now more powerful than the lower polar one.
Years will pass. The atmosphere front also moving to the poles gradually enters the "Royal zone" of the photosphere. And with the weakening of the toroidal field is weakened, its and the force field, which will
lead to a decrease in the induction currents in circuits 1 and 3. However, the vortex processes in the frontal zone again will be increased. The formation of spots is increased. When the atmospheric front passes into the middle band +(150-300) of the "Royal zone", the large bipolar and unipolar groups of spots again begin to form. The solar flares will come alive again.
So the main spots of the bipolar group of the second 11-year cycle are formed (in a pair of 22-years olds). Where the leading spot of the Northern Hemisphere, now, has the Northern polarity sign "N", and in the Southern hemisphere the Southern sign of polarity is "S" (Fig. 6b, Fig.-7). In both the first and second cycles, the maximum of the action of active formations is manifested in latitudes + (150 -300).
With the rapid expansion of the equatorial mass of the photosphere, the toroidal magnetic field is greatly weakened, which will lead to the same attenuation of the induction current in circuits 1 and 3. With the induction current attenuated to zero, the former self-current of the circuits generated by the circular rotation of electrons around the Sun again is manifested itself. Again, the polarity of the poles changes to the opposite polarity. Those at the maximum of the second 11-year cycle (in a pair of 22-years-old), the polarity of the North Pole changes to S (Southern), and the South Pole to N (Northern) polarity (Fig-7)
And years will pass. The tidal forces of the planets are greatly weakened. With further expansion of the equatorial mass of the photosphere, the toroidal magnetic field is also greatly weakened. Torch sites are flared and destroyed. Remains of long-lived spots and prominences also are shifted to the poles. Again, in the frontal zone, the weak unipolar fields with polarity N (North) in the North Pole and S (South) in the South Pole are formed between the two streams. Solar flares are faded. However, because of the very large turbulence, this decline in activity lasts a very long time. Finally, the effect of tidal forces is reduced to a minimum, as a result of which the toroidal magnetic field generally ceases to be a field. All active regions of the lower and middle latitudes of the surface of the Sun completely cease to function. So another deep minimum of activity of the solar second cycle, in a pair of 22-years-old comes.
Notes.
1. It is possible that tidal force arises with a complex configuration of planets, when they are orbiting the Sun, taking into account the eccentricity of their orbits. Especially under the influence of the tidal forces of the planets of the terrestrial group and Jupiter. For example, the tide-generating force of the planets on the Sun; (From the books "The Rhythms of Our World" by A. Gangnus).
Jupiter 133,8 sm2/sec2 Earth 58,58 sm2/sec2 Venus 125,40 sm2/sec2 Mercury 935,00 sm2/sec2
2. As we know, although the solar plasma is electrically neutral (i.e., how many protons, as many electrons), during the formation of currents the main role is played by electrons - as light and mobile particles, and
not ions. And, as we know, the Sun rotates to the East, and with it the whole mass of the photosphere rotates with an angular velocity of 1000-1200 m/s on the average.
As well as the photosphere layer has a certain concentration of free charges, the entire photospheric layer can be regarded as a huge single conductor. Moreover, this conductor moves along the circumference around the Sun translationally, with acceleration. Consequently, when the Polar Regions are occupied by the electrons or positive ions (as in our case), these particles also moves forward and accelerated. If it were a fixed conductor, then the average velocity of randomly moving these particles would be zero. Since the velocity of these charges, whose directions after collision coincide with the direction of gas flows, the speed of gas flows is added every second to more than 1000 m/s. When in other directions they are not taken into account, and even taken away. And besides this, the thermal velocity of electrons in such rarefied atmosphere as the photosphere can reach tens of kilometers per second. So we get an orderly accelerated flow of a system of charges, which flows along a closed circle, i.e. a large constant or quasi-constant current is formed with an appropriate magnetic field.
/ = e^ , I =/s / ds.
For the field in the substance J = yE.
Where y - is the specific electrical conductivity of the substance. Since the conductivity of the plasma is very high, with respect to dielectrics
v = 0.
Integrating the continuity equation
- ?=div;, dt 1'
Conclude that div J = 0.
Therefore, the decrease in the magnitude of the charge in any volume of space per unit time is equal to the current flowing through the surface bounding the volume. Where the mathematical formula of the conservation law has the form;
- £Iv QdV = £ J~ds
which is equivalent to differential equality
- ? = div J .
dt 1
This equation is the continuity of the charge current, indicating the conservation of charge at each point of space. The charge density varies only due to their arrival and departure from the volume V. And Maxwell's equation with respect to the direct current looks like this.
1 {rot E = 0 2[rot H =} {div £ = 0 Idiv B = 0.
3. During the period of the deep minimum of the tidal forces of the planets (this is at the beginning and at the end of the 22-year solar cycle), the photosphere behaves like a single mass stream rotating around the Sun with an appropriate current and magnetic field, and after dividing into three parts the atmospheric front as three separate independent flows.
4. A sunspot is a gas vortex that appears on the boundary of parallel flows with different velocities in the photosphere. The dimensions of these spots are very large, reaching in diameter from a few tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of kilometers [3, p. 634]. The free electrons that participate in this vortex flow with high density form a circular high current whose magnetic field strength sometimes reaches up to 4x105 A/m (5000 oersteds).
I = = q0 nvSH = //2r
These are the conditions for the closed lines of the direct current in the circuit. As well as the total current of the system can be regarded as a collection of currents flowing luminary by individual tubes. And integrating this over the surface of the current tube, we have
£ / ^ = Js1 / ^ + Js2 / ^ = /2 - /1.
Since, by the Gauss theorem, the left-hand side of the equation reduces to the volume integral of the divergence J , it is equal to zero, where J1 = J2. I.e. the current is constant in any section of the current tube. Using Ohm's law ( J = yE) and the conditions for the closure of the lines of electric field strength, which causes a current in the conductor, we find div E = 0.
Equation indicating the absence of space charges in a conductor with a constant current. e = 0
In an isolated system, the electric charge is conserved. And in insulated system, charge changes are determined only by the current of charges flowing from the system or into the system.
The direction of the magnetic induction in these spots depends on the direction of rotation of the vortex (Fig. 8). And the lifetime of these vortex spots is the greater, the greater the difference in the rates and temperatures of the parallel flows. When these speeds and temperatures are equal, the spots break up.
5. Depending on the speed of parallel flows in the photosphere, the resulting vortex flows are rotated in different directions. In some sunspots, they are rotated clockwise, while in others they are counterclockwise. Consequently, the general processes occurring on a sunspot look like this;
Rotating counter-clockwise plasma streams (negative ions and electrons) of a sunspot form a current and a magnetic field, the induction of the field that is directed downward from the surface in the center of the spot, and vice versa, from the depth to the surface (Fig. 8.a) .
A clockwise rotating sunspot stream also forms a current and a magnetic field, but the induction of this field at the center of the spot is directed from the bottom up, and in the periphery, on the contrary, in the opposite direction (Fig. 8.b).
Figure - 8. a) Solar spot-rotating counter-clockwise. b) Solar spot-rotating on clockwise.
1. The layer of the photosphere. 2. Current generated by electron-beam-rotating electrons.
3. Units of accumulation of positive and negative charges. 4. Magnetic field due to the electron current. 5. Direction of the vector of induction in the center of the spot.
It is also known that in rotating systems, the heavy particles under the action of centripetal forces always contract to the center of the system. This is in the photosphere the protons and neutrons. In the clockwise rotating streams, these particles under the onset of a powerful induction force field rise to the top and accumulate in the upper node of the sunspot. (Fig. 8.b) And the electrons of these spots under the action of weaker peripheral fields accumulate in the lower node of the sun-spot.
In sunspots where the streams are rotated counterclockwise, the protons are accumulated on the lower node along the center of the spot. And electrons under the action of peripheral fields will gather on the top node of the spot.
With the further development of the sunspot, on these upper and lower nodes the spots are accumulated as in the accumulator, the field strength is increased, the magnetic loops are raised far above the surface of the photosphere.
And this physical process plays an important role in many atmospheric formations of the Sun.
6. If you compare a series of sunspots and a tropical cyclone on Earth, then they can find many related signs of development. I.e. that a sunspot is a tropical cyclone on the Sun. Only in a sunny spot does the electromagnetic force manifest itself stronger.
For example, the shadow of a spot is a funnel that rotates the gas like the "storm eyes" in a tropical cyclone on Earth. Here, a gas rotating at a tremendous speed forms a very large and deep funnel where the gas inside the funnel is severely rarefied, so the upper, colder plasma mass down the channel drops down. Consequently, the temperature here is lower than in the surrounding layers of the spot. Therefore, we see it as a darkened core. Tropopause
Fig. 9.a. The structure of a tropical cyclone Fig. -9.b. The structure of the Sunspot. (in my opinion)
1. The polar sign of sunspots.
2. The area of the shadow of the spot.
3. The area of partial shade.
4. The area of the bright ring in the spots.
5. The funnel of the spot.
6. Thermal convection.
7. Circulation of the mass under the pressure of the magnetic field of the spot.
7. Penumbra is the area of the spot adjacent to the shadow (Fig. 9 b). Since the sunspot is related to a tropical cyclone, as in a tropical cyclone, the ascending convection currents adjacent to the shadow quickly cool
down and form radially divergent fast dark fibers at the level of the surface layers of the photosphere. And above it, in a) the upper layer radially converging, more heated light fibers slowly go towards the shadow of the spot, forming the internal light ring "Secchi" on the shadow-penumbra boundary [1, p. 26].
And the surrounding half-shadow bright ring is a region of hot gas rising from the depths of the photosphere under the onset of a dipole field force or spot. Directed directly upward force field accelerates them so much that they do not even have time to cool down
like other areas of the photosphere. Therefore, we can see how a brighter education (Fig. 9.b).
8. Potospheric torches - this is an area of many stain-forming small vortices with small magnetic fields, which could not lift their heads above the photosphere (Fig. 10). They are formed in the turbulent flow movement. The upper loops of the vortex magnetic field, in the upper layers of the photosphere, causing a variety of motion of mass flows with negative ions and electrons, form numerous small circular currents, as a result of which the magnetic field of this region is amplified by some amount.
Figure-10.
a) The magnetic field of the sunspot, formed by vortices rotating opposite the hour hand. b) Magnetic field of the Sunspot, formed by vortex flows rotating clockwise.
A torch platform is also a region of small stain-forming vortices, however, slightly more developed than torch, the magnetic field lines that can reach up to the chromosphere. Where the upper loops of a force field with different directions form the large in homogeneities of physical processes; and by the movement, and by the temperature, and by the intensity of the magnetic field, etc. (Fig. 10).
9. As it is well known, in a solar flare, a colossal energy is released within a few minutes, such as that emitted during the explosion of billions of atomic bombs [1, 6]. And it is also clear that this energy released in the flare, in the beginning, should be stored somewhere in the magnetic field of the Sun. We also know that sunspots are the main pathogens of a solar flare. But how?
In the proposed by me, in the vortex theory of solar activity, this is explained as follows. In well-developed spots, the lines of force reach the lower corona and a huge reserve of charges accumulates in the upper node of the spots (i.e., in the base of the lines of force), as we described in note No-5. At moments of maximum activity of the Sun, the field strength in the power loops of the spots increases, which will lead to the disturbed
state of the layers surrounding them in the corona atmosphere. I.e., a dense cross-over with each other of the magnetic loops of nearby several spots with different polarity with increasing field strength, large plasma turbulence in the surrounding media is invoked. The temperature of the environment's substance is rapidly increased to 107K. Particles are accelerated, in collisions, which soft X-rays are emitted.
This will lead to the formation of a region of small circular currents and reconstruction, i.e. to "reconnect" several lines of magnetic loop of spots with different polarity (Fig.-11.a). A huge arch-conductor is formed connecting two spots with opposite polarity. Move of accumulated charge is opened. Protons and electrons from two spots volley rush to each other. Having met each other at the top point (where the reconnection occurred) produces a big explosion with a flash, from which an avalanche of X-rays emanates. The ambient temperature rises to 40 million K. Instantly expanding gas, disrupting all nearby lines of force of the magnetic fields of the spots greatly inflates them. However, the bloated spot field with this is not measured, trying to restore its former position, it immediately responds with a sharp contraction of the gas, as a result of which the gas with a cannon shot is thrown upward onto the
upper crown. Obviously, after the ejection, the lines of force of the magnetic field of the spots return to their original place.
Perhaps, and further education of the gallery of arches the culprit is this explosion.
And powerful proton flares occur at the base of the arches of two sunspots with opposite polarity. Apparently, they will occur in the moments of reconnection of the lines of force of these spots lying near the surface of the photosphere (Fig.-11.b). The powerful accumulation of charges in spots with opposite polarity and
high field strength opens the way to a sudden breakdown (reconnection) of two adjacent lines of force. As a result, protons and electrons pounce to each other at an enormous speed. There will be a powerful flash, maybe an annihilation of two opposing charges in the neutral line of these fields, with the emission of accelerated protons and neutrons. Two flare strips are formed, extending along the neutral line, lying between these spots. A huge mass ejection is carried out into outer space.
Fig. - 11.
Here, approximately the solar flares are fulfilled in such way. It is also easy to answer the original task. The main causative agent of the energy source causing the activity of the Sun is the tidal forces of the planets. It as a trigger accelerates the flow of polar masses of photo-spheric gases towards the equator along the lower meridional current, periodically changing thereby the coverage regions of the differentially rotating equatorial mass of the photosphere. A large front zone is formed between the equatorial and polar masses of the photosphere revolving around the Sun at different rates, where vortex flows are generated-cyclones and anticyclones (i.e. a sunspot). And in a sunspot, rotating with
enormous speed (as in a whirlpool), electrons form a large current, which continuously accumulates charges in the upper and lower nodes of sunspots, as in a battery. So the accumulated energy of this battery goes into the energy of sunspots, which eventually turns into solar flares.
And prominences are the products of the ejection of the photosphere once again lowering to the surface. Dropping along the way, they linger in the saddle between the magnetic fields of the spots and sag for a long time.
Fig.-12
1-Solar cycles. 2-Tidal force of the planets. 3- Direction of movement of the streams of the photosphere. 4,5 - The sign ofpole's polarity. 6 - Direction of the force field of induction.
10. In most 11-year solar cycles, the length of the growth branch is always shorter than the length of the branch of decline. This is due to the coincidence and opposite of the directions of the moving masses of the photosphere and the force field of inductions, which affects the velocity of electrons in the photosphere layer. They coincide during the growth in the Northern Hemisphere, and the growth occurs faster than in the epoch of recession of the cycle in the opposite direction. And in the Southern Hemisphere, such a coincidence occurs during the cycle recession, so the maximum activity cycle in the southern hemisphere takes place 1-2 years later (Fig-12).
11. The law of the Shprer is explained by the fact that, gradually narrowing the differential-rotating equatorial region also pulls up the zone of separation of the
vortex-forming streams at different speeds behind it. Consequently, the spot-forming zone also moves with the same speed (Fig. 3).
12. At the extreme points (areas) of the most compressed and most expanded differential flow, i.e. in the band + (50- 100) h + (400 -450) latitudes, the difference in the speed of the equatorial and polar currents is not very large. Therefore, in these regions only numerous small vortices develop with weak magnetic fields, mostly unipolar ones. These fields, like the "magnetic carpet" without spots encompassing large areas of the Sun, constitute the sectorial structure of the solar weak field (Fig.-13).
Fig-13. Sectorial structure of weak magnetic fields of the Sun.
13. Now a few words about the longitude interval for the formation of the zone of spots. If we rotate the turbid water in a saucepan, the sediment cloud will gather in the middle of the pan. Similarly, these photo-spheric vortices at some depth leave their mark, forming both large and small sedimentary clusters, consisting mainly of a positive ion of the substance of the photosphere.
However, well-developed sunspots which streams are rotated counterclockwise on the bottom accumulate
very large sedimentary deposits with a large concentration of positive ions (protons and neutrons), as we described in Notes No. -5.
A huge mass of dense sedimentary deposits is accumulated on a par with mountains on a terrestrial scale, which can exist for two or three 11-year solar cycles.
These deposits, consisting mainly of positive ions together with the negative field of the photosphere, operate at any time as a dipole, protruding the magnetic loops over the surface of the photosphere, as separate "islands". And photospheric currents flowing around
these "islands" form very large eddies, i.e. large sun-spots.
Thus, sedimentary deposits with positive charges forming at the bottom of sunspots always serve as a reference point as a vortex-forming process in subsequent
15. The 22-year cycle always starts with an 11-year cycle with even numbering.
16. The surface meridional current reaches the poles only in odd cycles (in a pair of a 22-year cycle), i.e. at the time of the decay of the tidal forces of the planets, when the photospheric mass compressed to the limit by the toroidal field is dissolved. And in the even cycle (that is, at the time when tidal forces increase), this path is shortened to about 600 parallels. [11, Fig-2]
17. In the upper layers of the frontal zone of the photosphere, the atmospheric front is not formed, since the cold mass of the plasma coming down from the equator does not create large differences in temperature and density with the polar mass (intermittent line on Fig-2). The atmospheric front is formed only in the lower layer of the Photosphere, where there is a large temperature and density difference between the polar and equatorial masses of the photosphere.
18. The latest materials of American scientists from the «SOHO» Observatory also point to the clearly available meteorological processes on the Sun; the existence of a region of fast and slow fluxes on the surface of the Sun, solar tornados, and the observed descending vortex flows below the surface of the spots, and etc. [10, P. 25-28].
Conclusion
As we know, the Sun is a huge gas ball that rotates around its axis at a certain speed. Since, the radius of the rotating surfaces at the poles is an order of magnitude smaller than the radius of the surface in the equator, and the adjacent gas layers also rotate at different speeds in accordance with this radius of rotation. And this difference in the speed of rotation (and the difference of centrifugal force) leads to a difference in density and pressure in these regions, which ultimately determines the meridional circulation of the substance of the photosphere. And the tidal forces of the planets, as a trigger, periodically influence this process, increasing the speed of circulation, periodically changing the shape and power of the differential flow, which ultimately leads to vortex processes on the surface of the Sun, i.e. to the activation of solar activity.
Remember how on Earth the peaceful, innocuous flow of air masses in the circuit suddenly turns to the terrible all-destructive forces of tropical cyclones and typhoons. Similarly, in solar cyclones, by the movement of photospheric gases, the kinetic energy of these
cycles, and predetermines the "favorite" centers of longitude intervals.
14. In every 22-year cycle, a strict regularity of the alternation of signs of the polarity of magnetic fields is always observed in the following order.
gases transforms to electromagnetic forces of the nature that cause the strong magnetic fields, flares and emissions of solar masses in the form of different types of energies.
Thus, all the active processes taking place on the surface of the Sun originate from the tidal forces of the planets and the differential rotation of the layers of the photosphere, as we described above, up to the occurrence of the poloidal field of the Sun and the polarity reversal of their polarity, the formation of sunspots and magnetic forces, flares and emissions, etc.
The age-old variation of solar activity is also explained by secular fluctuations in the intensity of the tidal forces of the planets.
Consequently, as we described above, the generation of the magnetic field does not occur at depth, but at the surface of the Sun, i.e. in the layer of the photosphere.
References
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8. Materials from the series "SOLAR PHYSICS AND TERRESTRIAL EFFECTS" Space Environment Center. 2007.
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12. The Internet. The latest data, concerning the Solar magnetism.
Polarity 22-year cycle
Even 11 year cycle The odd 11-year cycle
The poloidal field of the Northern Hemisphere S N N S S
Sunspots (leading and tailing) on the North. hemisphere NS NS SN SN
Sunspots (leading and tail) on the South. hemisphere SN SN NS NS
The poloidal field of the Southern Hemisphere N S S N N
(In the bipolar group of spots, the leading spot on the right.)
