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3Трансформация экосистем Ecosystem Transformation
ISSN 2619-0931 Online www.ecosysttrans.com
DOI 10.23859/estr-230123 EDN AZTMRP UDC 581.192.2
Short communication
The phenolic compound content in plants of the family Ericaceae under cryolithozone conditions
Niklaida N Ivanova* , Nadezhda K. Chirikova
M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, ul. Kulakovskogo 46, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 677000 Russia
*niklaida@mail.ru
Abstract. The content of phenolic compounds in the fruits of various plant species of the family Ericaceae, collected on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) during the fruiting period in July-August, was studied. The study confirms that plants growing in permafrost conditions accumulate large amounts of phenolic compounds. As a result of phytochemical analysis, it was found that the most valuable plant raw material in terms of content of phenolic compounds is Vaccinium uliginosum.
Keywords: Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, arbutin, extractives, flavonoids, tannins, Yakutia
Funding. The results were obtained as part of the state assignment of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science (FSRG-2023-0027).
ORCID:
N.N. Ivanova, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-8110 N.K. Chirikova, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-3253
To cite this article: Ivanova, N.N., Chirikova, N.K., 2023. The phenolic compound content in plants of the family Ericaceae under cryolithozone conditions. Ecosystem Transformation 6 (5), 3-10. https://doi. org/10.23859/estr-230123
Received: 23.01.2023 Accepted: 15.02.2023 Published online: 01.12.2023
DOI 10.23859/estr-230123 EDN AZTMRP УДК 581.192.2
Краткое сообщение
Содержание фенольных соединений в растениях семейства Ericaceae в условиях криолитозоны
Н.Н. Иванова* , Н.К. Чирикова
Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова, Россия, 677000, республика Саха (Якутия), г. Якутск, ул. Кулаковского, д. 46
*niklaida@mail.ru
Аннотация. Изучено содержание фенольных соединений в плодах различных видов растений семейства Ericaceae, собранных на территории Республики Саха (Якутия) в период плодоношения в июле - августе. Исследование подтверждает, что растения, произрастающие в условиях криолитозоны, накапливают большое количество фенольных соединений. В результате фитохи-мического анализа установлено, что наиболее ценным растительным сырьем по содержанию фенольных соединений является Vaccinium uliginosum.
Ключевые слова: Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, арбутин, экстрактивные вещества, флавоноиды, дубильные вещества, Якутия
Финансирование. Результаты были получены в рамках выполнения государственного задания Минобрнауки России (FSRG-2023-0027).
ORCID:
Н.Н. Иванова, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-8110 Н.К. Чирикова, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1130-3253
Для цитирования: Иванова, Н.Н., Чирикова, Н.К., 2023. Содержание фенольных соединений в растениях семейства Ericaceae в условиях криолитозоны. Трансформация экосистем 6 (5), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-230123
Поступила в редакцию: 23.01.2023 Принята к печати: 15.02.2023 Опубликована онлайн:
Introduction
Representatives of the family Ericaceae and their processed products are successfully used as functional foods and nutraceuticals. To a certain extent, many of the medicinal properties of fruit and berry plants are due to the accumulation of phenolic compounds (Ershova, 2016). It is known that local climate and seasonal changes, as well as other external factors, affect the chemical composition of plants used in medicine (Borisov and Nogovitsyn, 2019), and the adaptation of plants to changing environmental environmental conditions leads to an increase in the accumulation of biologically active substances with antioxidant properties in their tissues (Popova et al., 2008). The use of plant resources as raw materials and the study of mechanisms of adaptation and use of phenolic compounds for medicinal purposes are of great interest due to the unique flora of Yakutia and its great introduction potential.
Common lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) grows in all floristic regions of Yakutia in light-coniferous or mixed forests and woodlands, dwarf birch thickets, and mountain tundra (Afanasieva, 2020).
Lingonberries contain polyphenols such as flavonoids, polyphenolic acids, organic acids, vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3 and C), potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus (Drozdz et al., 2018; Ek, 2006; Kowalska et al., 2019). Derivatives of ferulic and coumaric acids and caffeoylquinine from the group of phenolic acids were found in lingonberry fruits (Ek, 2006; Kowalska et al., 2019). In addition, flavonoids such as quercetin and its glycosylated derivatives, as well as two flavonols identified as catechin and epicatechin, were found in the berries (Kowalska et al., 2019).
Lingonberries are widely used in folk medicine as a diuretic, for scurvy, to strengthen the body during colds, gout, rheumatism, and gastritis, as well as to improve immunity in general. In official medicine, various forms of lingonberries are currently used: tinctures, syrups, extracts and powders, as well as dietary supplements (Lyutikova, 2013).
Common blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) is widely distributed throughout the Republic of Sakha. It is found in swampy coniferous forests and woodlands, in thickets of bushes, mountain and lowland tundra, on the outskirts of swamps, and ice glades (Afanasieva, 2020).
Blueberries contain benzoic, malic, citric, oxalic, tartaric, ascorbic, salicylic acids, tannins, and glycosides: malvidin, delphinidin, cyanidin. The composition of blueberry fruits is characterized by a high level of vitamins C, K, E (Kurlovich, 2014). Berries contain a large amount of water, carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose), proteins, fiber, pectin, organic acids and a significant amount of macro- and microelements (Cherkasov et al., 1999).
Blueberry fruits have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiscorbutic, diuretic, choleretic, cardiotonic, antifungal and anthelmintic effects. Berries normalize metabolism, reduce blood sugar levels, strengthen the walls of blood capillaries, and normalize the functioning of the intestines and pancreas (Dikorastushchie..., 2001).
The common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.) is found in all floristic regions of Yakutia, except for the Arctic and Kolyma. A. uva-ursi is a light-loving plant. It is found at the edges of dry pine, less often larch, forests (Afanasieva, 2020).
Bearberry contains tannins of the pyrogall group - ellagitannins and gallotannins, in particular the biologically active ellagitannin corilagin (Kurkin et al., 2015). The main active ingredients of bearberry are phenolic glycosides: arbutin, methylarbutin, pyrozide, caffeoylarbutin. In addition, the chemical profile of bearberry is characterized by the presence of ursolic, tannic, gallic, paracoumaric and syringic acids and galloylarbutin (Olennikov and Chekhirova, 2013; Stefanescu et al., 2019).
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi has a strong astringent effect, mainly due to the presence of glycosides. Bearberry is widely used in the treatment of kidney, bladder and urinary tract diseases (Radulovic, 2010).
The purpose of the work is to study the quantitative composition of phenolic compounds in the fruits of plants of the family Ericaceae growing in Yakutia.
Materials and methods
The objects of the study are the fruits of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. Samples of plant materials were collected in July-August in Central Yakutia: lingonberry and bearberry fruits - in the vicinity of the city of Yakutsk (N 62°3'40" E 129°31'20"), blueberries - in the vicinity of the village of Magaras, Mountain region (N 62°8'52" E 128°3'41") during fruiting. Permafrost rocks are developed on the territory of Yakutia. The place where plant samples were collected is characterized by a strongly continental climate with large seasonal temperature fluctuations. According to long-term data, the average annual air temperature in Yakutsk is -10.2 °C. The average temperature in January is -42.7 °C, in July - +18.7 °C. The absolute minimum in the Mountainous
Region is -65 °C, and the maximum is +37 °C. Mean January temperature: -36... -40 °C, July: +16... +17 °C (Prisyazhnyi, 2003).
Collection, drying and storage of plant materials were carried out in accordance with pharmacopoe-ial requirements (Gosuderstvennaya Farmakopeya RF, 2015).
Metabolomic analysis was carried out using spectrophotometric, titrimetric and gravimetric methods. Determination of the quantitative content of the total phenolic compounds in the studied objects was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (Singleton et al., 1999). The quantitative content of flavonoids was assessed in terms of the concentration of rutin in the fruits of the studied plants. The content of extractives and tannins was carried out according to standard methods (Gosuderstvennaya Farmakopeya RF, 2015).
Results and discussion
The indicator "content of extractive substances" characterizes the content of the entire amount of biologically active substances in medicinal plant raw materials. The fruits of Vaccinium vitis-idaea contain a high level of water-soluble extractives. Most likely, this is due to the content of water-soluble components in fruits (monosaccharides, soluble polysaccharides) (Yudina and Maksimova, 1993). The fruits of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Vaccinium uliginosum, on the contrary, are rich in lipophilic biologically active substances (fat-soluble vitamins, waxes, phospholipids) (Tarantul and Eliseeva, 2020), which leads to a decrease in the yield of extractives (Table 1).
The fruits of Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium uliginosum have the highest content of phenolic compounds; their content in the fruits of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is significantly lower (Table 1). This is presumably because lingonberries and blueberries have a much greater diversity of phenolic compounds than bearberries (Ek, 2006; Lin and Harnly, 2007). According to a study of the fruits of Vaccinium vi-tis-idaea and Vaccinium uliginosum growing on the territory of Yugra, the content of phenolic compounds is 16.3 ± 1.7 and 25.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, respectively (Belova et al., 2020), which is lower than our results.
The highest content of flavonoids was recorded in the berries of Vaccinium uliginosum, and the lowest in the fruits of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Table 1). According to phytochemical studies of the berries of plants growing in Nizhny Novgorod, the fruits of Vaccinium uliginosum accumulate less flavonoids -about 1.34 mg/g (Pavlova et al., 2012).\
Blueberry and lingonberry fruits release more tannins than bearberry (Table 2).
The arbutin content increases in the order Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Vaccinium vitis-idaea - Vaccinium uliginosum. High levels of arbutin in plants may be associated with adaptation to stressful conditions, such as Arctic low temperatures or drought stress (Panusa et al., 2015).
Thus, the study demonstrates that the fruits of plants from the family Ericaceae growing in Yakutia have a significant amount of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. Presumably this can be explained by the activation of oxidative stress under the influence of low temperatures.
Table 1. Extractivity and quantitative content of organic compounds in the studied plants (for absolutely dry raw materials).
Plant species Content of extractive substances, % Content of phenolic Flavonoid content, compounds, mg/g mg/g
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 94.51 ± 2.78 73.14 ± 0.41 0.91 ± 0.08
Vaccinium uliginosum 50.13 ± 0.87 62.38 ± 0.17 6.85 ± 0.19
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 44.00 ± 0.86 20.34 ± 0.28 0.32 ± 0.07
Table 2. Quantitative content of tannins and arbutin in the studied plants (for absolutely dry raw materials).
Plant species Tannins content, % Arbutin content, mg/g
Vaccinium vitis-idaea 8.31 ± 0.34 24.22 ± 0.18
Vaccinium uliginosum 8.87 ± 0.22 58.51 ± 0.31
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 3.33 ± 0.18 9.24 ± 0.08
Conclusions
The content of phenolic compounds in the fruits of various plant species of the family Ericaceae growing on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was studied.
The extractivity in the aqueous extract of the studied plants varied from 44.00 ± 0.86% in the fruits of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi to 94.51 ± 2.78% in Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
The highest content of phenolic compounds in aqueous extracts was observed in the fruits of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (73.14 ± 0.41 mg/g), the highest content of flavonoids (6.85 ± 0.19 mg/g) and tannins (8.87 ± 0.22%) was found in the berries of Vaccinium uliginosum. The quantitative content of arbutin in aqueous extracts of representatives of the family Ericaceae increases in the order Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (9.24 ± 0.08 mg/g) - Vaccinium vitis-idaea (24.22 ± 0.18 mg/g) - Vaccinium uliginosum (58.51 ± 0.31 mg/g). Thus, Vaccinium uliginosum can be considered the most valuable local plant raw material in terms of its content of phenolic compounds.
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