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46THE PENETRATION OF AUSTRALIAN WORDS INTO
ENGLISH AND VOCABULARY PECULIARITIES OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISHES Matyakubov Z.M.1, Petrosyants E.A.2
1Matyakubov Zohid Mominbayevich - Teacher; Petrosyants Ernst Ashotovich - Student, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FOREIGN PHILOLOGY FACULTY, URGENCH STA TE UNIVERSITY, URGENCH, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: australian English incorporates many words that Australians consider to be unique to their country. Historically Australian English and British English vocabulary did not have so much difference but anyway Australian English have a distinction from British and American English. Keywords: aborigines, computing, urban, recognition, slang, distinct, deadpan, extravagant, outrageous.
Introduction. The English language as used in Australia. It has a short history, reflecting some 200 years of European settlement, and an even shorter period of recognition as a national variety, the term being first recorded in 1940. It is only since then that features of AusE have been regarded as distinctively and respectably Australian, instead of as evidence of colonial decline from the norms of the Standard English of England.
Relations with the Aborigines were generally poor and after an initial intake of words from their languages (such as boomerang, dingo, kangaroo, koala, kookaburra, wombat) were not conducive to extensive borrowing.
In the late 20c, however, Australians are predominantly urban and increasingly multicultural. The major areas of lexical growth are international, as in computing and surfing. In the 19c, the situation was the reverse.
Creek (n)
Definition: is any stream or small river, whereas in England it is a small watercourse flowing into the sea[6]
Origin: mid-15c., creke "narrow inlet in a coastline," altered from kryk (early 13c.; in place names from 12c.), probably from Old Norse kriki "corner, nook," perhaps influenced by Anglo-French crique, itself from a Scandinavian source via Norman. Perhaps ultimately related to crook and with an original notion of "full of bends and turns" (compare dialectal Swedish krik "corner, bend; creek, cove").[4]
Extended to "inlet or short arm of a river" by 1570s, which probably led to use for "small stream, brook" in American English (1620s). In U.S. commonly pronounced and formerly sometimes spelled crick. Also used there and in Canada, Australia, New Zealand for "branch of a main river," possibly from explorers moving up main rivers and seeing and noting mouths of tributaries without knowing they often were extensive rivers of their own.
Slang phrase up the creek "in trouble" (often especially "pregnant") is attested by 1941, perhaps originally armed forces slang for "lost while on patrol."
This word was used in England as full of bends but it changed the structure and meaning when explores moved up main rivers in Canada, Australia and New Zealand and gave "creek" as a main river. Also in history of this word we have slang phrase of this word which meant in pregnant in trouble or another slang which meant lost while on patrol. nappy (n.)
Definition: a square of thick soft paper or cloth that is fastened around a baby's bottom and between its legs to absorb its urine and solid waste.
Origin: downy, having an abundance of nap on the surface, c. 1500, noppi, from nap (n.1) + -y (2). Earlier, of ale, "having a head, foamy" (mid-15c.), hence, in slang, "slightly intoxicated" (1721). Meaning "fuzzy, kinky," especially used in colloquial or derogatory reference to the hair of black people, is by 1840. It also was used of sheep. Related: Nappiness.[4]
British colloquial for "baby's diaper," 1927, from use of napkin in this sense.
The origin of this word is nap, the meaning is a sleep, but nappy means diaper, is not very different from the origin but anyway here cannot be seen any connection between these words. But we can see that there were different meanings of the same word and each meaning can be considered as colloquial or slang. Also, this word can be related to nappies or nappiness. holiday (n.)
Definition: vacation a time when you are away from home, and can relax, visit new places, etc.[6]
Origin: 1500s, earlier haliday (c. 1200), from Old English haligdwg "holy day, consecrated day, religious anniversary; Sabbath" from halig "holy" (see holy) + d&g "day" (see day); in 14c.meaning both " religious festival' and "day of exemption from labor and recreation," but pronunciation and sense diverged 16c. As an adjective mid-15c. Happy holidays is from mid-19c., in British English, with reference to summer vacation from school. As a Christmastime greeting, by 1937, American English, in Camel cigarette ads.
This word was used in American English as Christmas holiday but the meaning of vacation time was giving by the influence of Australian English. The main meaning can be considered as religious festival when people donot work and have a rest. Only in mid- 19 began to be appeared the phrase Happy Holidays. In 1937 this word gave another meaning as Christmastime greeting. dingo (n.)
Definition: a type of wild dog found in Australia[5] Origin: the Australian dog, of wolf-like appearance and very fierce, 1789, Native Australian name, from Dharruk (language formerly spoken in the area of Sydney) /din-go/ "tame dog," though the English used it to describe wild Australian dogs. Bushmen continue to call the animal by the Dharruk term /warrigal/ "wild dog." Plural dingoes.
Some elements of Aboriginal languages have been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for places, flora and fauna. This word used for wild dog but why they were not used as wild dog to this dog because of the influence of native Australian language, and exploders made this word as their own.
Additionally, this word was dharruk but comers changed the word according to their own language.
boot (n.)
Definition: trunk
Origin: "covering for the foot and lower leg," early 14c., from Old French bote "boot" (12c.), with corresponding words in Provençal, Spanish, and Medieval Latin, all of unknown origin, perhaps from a Germanic source. Originally of riding boots only.[4]
From c. 1600 as "fixed external step of a coach." This later was extended to "low outside compartment used for stowing luggage" (1781) and hence the transferred use, of motor vehicles, in Britain, where American English has trunk.
Boot-black "person who shines boots and shoes" is from 1817; boot-jack "implement to hold a boot by the heel while the foot is drawn from it" is from 1793. Boot Hill, U.S. frontier slang for "cemetery" (1893, in a Texas panhandle context) probably is an allusion to dying with one's boots on. An old Dorsetshire word for "half-boots" was skilty-boots [Halliwell, Wright].
This meaning like trunk used only in Australian English but in English it has another meaning like type of shoe covering the foot. The usage of this word should be correct when where it was used in England or in Australia. The American English and Australian English have the same meaning of this word. Also this word has slang meaning "cemetery " from 1893 which was introduced by American English.
Conclusion. Australian English arose from the intermingling of early settlers, who were from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles, and quickly developed into a distinct variety of English which differs considerably from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, grammar and spelling.
An important aspect of Australian English usage, inherited in large part from Britain and Ireland, is the use of deadpan humour, in which a person will make extravagant, outrageous or ridiculous statements in a neutral tone, and without explicitly indicating they are joking. Tourists seen to be gullible or lacking a sense of
humour may be subjected to tales of kangaroos hopping across
the Sydney Harbour Bridge, "drop bears" and similar tall tales.
References
1. Horvath B.M., 1985. Variation in Australian English: The sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Sussex R., 1989. T7. Turner, G.W., 1994. English in Australia. The Cambridge history of the English language. Pp. 277-327.
3. Taylor B.A., 2001. Australian English in interaction with other Englishes. English in Australia. Pp. 317-340.
4. Online Etymology Dictionary. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://www.etymonline.com/ (date of access: 19.06.2019).
5. Wikipedia. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://en.wikipediam.org/wiki/English_words_of_Australian_ origin/ (date of access: 19.06.2019).
6. Cambridge Dictionary. [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ (date of access: 19.06.2019).
