CC BY
16
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_195
THE PECULIARITIES OF MOTIVES, WHICH STIMULATE CHILDREN TO GO IN FOR
CYCLIC KINDS OF SPORT
Evgenia A. Raspopova — professor, doctor of pedagogics, Konstantin S. Lokhmatov — postgraduate, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, 2nd Agricultural proezd, 4, Moscow, 129226, Russia
E-mail: raspopova48@mail.ru
Annotation. The problem of motivation and behavior motives in a person's activity nowadays is very urgent. The opinions of sports psychologists are grouped around the points of view, which consider a motive as the need, intention, impulse, satisfaction with the activity, opportunity to achieve the aim and also personality's traits and states. In the essence and structure determination of the notion "motivation" there are a lot of opinions, however, regardless of great number of works concerning this problem, the problem of motivation is still not solved. Materials. The article is about the motives study, which stimulate children (9-12 year old) to go in for cyclic kinds of sport. Research methods: scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, the results of questionnaire analysis, statistical data handling. 85 sportsmen (54 boys and 31 girls), who go in for cyclic kinds of sport at sports schools of Moscow, took part in the research. Results. The article presents the main motives, which stimulate children (9-12 year old) to go in for cyclic kinds of sport (swimming and triathlon) and the differences of personal motives to a chosen kind of sport. The article also presents the statistics of the answers to the following question: "Does sport take the 1st place in your life?" which shows different priorities in sports activity of 9-12 year old children. The opinions of young sportsmen, who go in for cyclic kinds of sport in sports schools of Moscow, are presented, concerning the reasons, which stimulate other people go in for sports. Conclusion. The main reason, which stimulated children to start going in for sports, is the motive of health improvement (75%). More than half of children (65,5%) dream to become champions and take part in competitions (51,2%). It should be noted that children consider sport not only as the way of physical development, but also as the way to increase self-confidence (40,5%) and as the means of emotional relief (36,9%).
Keywords: sport, motivation, need, gender, swimming, triathlon.
Theory and methodology of physical upbringing and sport considers training sportsmen as a long-terms process, however, many young sportsmen stop going in for sports or change specialization at different stage s of training. The base for this phenomenon form motives, which stimulate to go in for a chosen kind of sport.
The problem of motivation and behavior motives in a person's activity nowadays is very urgent. The opinions of sports psychologists are grouped around the points of view, which consider a motive as the need, intention, impulse, satisfaction with the
activity, opportunity to achieve the aim and also personality's traits and states [1, 3, 6]. For example, E.P. Ilin [3] thinks that motive is an object-related need, A.T. Puni [6] says, that motives are personal impulses, owing to which a sportsman makes decisions whether to take part in competitions or not. R.A. Piloyan mentions, that a motive is a special state of a person, which stimulates him to act or be inactive. According to S.K. Bagadirov [1], in the essence and structure determination of the notion "motivation" there are a lot of opinions, however, regardless of great number
of works concerning this problem, the problem of motivation is still not solved.
Apart from general peculiarities of motives and motivation to sports activity, we shouldn't forget about gender peculiarities of motives and motivation. Sportsmen of different gender have different motives in sports activity. They have not many similar motives, one of them is that both men and women want fame and personal prestige [2].
Motivation is a psychological phenomenon, which nowadays is presented in different ways, it can be presented as the unity of factors, which condition behavior or as the impulse for activity of an organism and its orientation.
Taking into consideration all mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that the motives study, which cause "screening-out" of sportsmen at different stages of sports training, is very urgent and demands constant study, observation and analysis because of society informatization, technical progress and new kinds of sport appearance, which become popular in this country and abroad.
The aim of this research work is the motives study, which stimulate going in for sports. One of the main objectives of the research is the athletes' personal motives study, which stimulate to go in for the chosen kinds of sport and the role and place of sport estimation in the life of young sportsmen.
The object of the research - the process of going in for sports among junior school age children.
The subject of the research - motives, which stimulate boys and girls (9-12 year-old) to go in for swimming and triathlon.
Objectives of the research:
1. To determine the peculiarities of motivations to go in for sports among children of the initial stages of training.
2. to determine the motives, which stimulate children (9-12 year-old) to go in for swimming and triathlon.
Hypothesis of the research. We think that there are differences, which stimulate to go in for swimming and triathlon, differences in determining the place of sport in the lives
of young sportsmen and that taking into account the peculiarities of going in for sports motivations will provide interest in systematic sport.
85 athletes at the age of 9-12, who go in for swimming and triathlon at sports schools of Moscow, took part in the research (boys-54 and girls -31). A questionnaire was created for the survey.
Received during the survey results were handled by the methods of mathematic statistics with the help of a computer program SPSS with linear distributions construction.
The questionnaire was held among the sportsmen, 98,8% of whom go in for sports more than 3 years and 1,2% are at the initial stage of sports training.
Answering the question "Why do people go in for sports?" the sportsmen were given an opportunity to formulate own answer independently and write the main motives and reasons why people go in for sports.
In the methodology "Motives of going in for sports" by A.V. Shaboltas [4], 10 motives-categories are determined, which correspond with the definite statements, which reveal dominating aims of going in for sports:
• desire, which reflects joy of movement and physical efforts - the motive of emotional pleasure (EP);
• desire to show one's worth, seen in the fact that going in for sports and the achieved results are considered and experienced from the point of view of a personal prestige, respect of people, audience - the motive of social self-affirmation (SS);
• yearning for physical development, character formation - the motive of physical self-affirmation (PS);
• desire to take part in sports events because of their emotional atmosphere, informal communication, social and emotional relaxedness -social-emotional motive (SE);
• desire to provide success to the team, for the benefit of which a person should train, have good contact with
partners, a trainer - social-moral motive (SM);
desire to achieve success, personal sports results improvement - the motive of success achievement in sport (SA);
desire to study the questions of technical and tactical training, scientifically grounded principles of training - sports-cognitive motive (SC);
desire to go in for sports in order to compensate the deficiency of physical activity in case of intellectual (seated activity) work - rationally-volitional (recreational) motive (RV); desire to go in for sports in order to train for the demands of the chosen professional activity - the motive of training for professional activity (PA); yearning for sports improvement in order to be successful at the competitions, to support the prestige
The answers distribution is presented in
of the team, town, country - civic-patriotic motive (CP). The received results analysis helps to come to the following conclusion: mainly people go in for sports in order to have emotional pleasure and physical self-affirmation (64,7%), for the deficiency of physical activity (23,5%), for success at competitions (12,9%), for social and emotional relaxedness (25,9%).
The children's answers most often had the following words: "health", "strength development", "endurance", "activity increase", "physical fitness", "beauty", "will power upbringing" and "discipline". It should be noted that together with health children take care of physical state of their organism, they have the need for physical qualities upbringing and skills development.
Answering the question "Why did you decide to go in for sports?" children were given the list of answers, from which they could select no more than 6 reasons, which stimulated them to go in for sports. histogram 1.
Why did you decide to go in for sports?
(multiR»le)reip wswni fro
I want ot bicomi a champion In order to taki part in competitions In order to bi mori active In ordir to bi mori silf-confidint In ordir to git vivid imotions In order to go to training and sports...
Bicausi parints said to do so In ordir to bi togithir with friinds I saw compititions The place of training is not far from my. Physical culturi tiachir advisid mi A trainir invitid
75
0
10 20 30 40
50 60
70
80
Histogram 1 - The answers distribution (in %) concerning the question "Why did you decide to go in for sports?"
As the results of the histogram show, the main reason, which stimulated children to go in for sports, is the motive "of health improvement" (75%).
We can suppose, that for children, who are at the initial stages of training, the main motive, which stimulates that to go in for sports, is the desire to improve health state. For children and their parents going in for sports in childhood are considered as the source of health improvement.
However, more than a half of children (65,5%) dream to become champions and take part in competitions (51,2%). It proves that children go in for sports in order to develop not only physically, for great physical activity (47,6%), but also to develop psychologically , increasing self-confidence (40,5%) and having emotional relief (36,9%).
From the results, presented in histogram 1, it is seen that insignificant number of children came to a chosen kind of sport because a trainer or physical culture teacher advised them and it proves insufficient popularization of sport at educational establishments.
Speaking about self-determination of the place of sport in life, more than half of children give it the 1st place (63,5%), and 36,5% of children give another variants the 1st place.
According to the received results, 68,5% of children, who go in for swimming, gave sport the1st place and only 54,8% of children, who go in for triathlon, gave sport the 1st place (to 13,7% less). 36,5% of children consider, that the 1st place should be given to education, family and other things.
This research work helps to come to the following conclusion: in sports psychology among different reasons, which determine a person's activity, special place take the needs and motives of behavior and activity. They fulfill not only the role of the factors, which stimulate and determine behavior and activity of sportsmen, but also the role of the spare capacities, which help to increase or decrease activity, increase or decrease the level of working capacity, stop or
stimulate energetic potential of a sportsman or a sports team in general. That is why motives and the process of motivation formation analysis among children, concerning a chosen kind of sport, is an integral part of psychological training methodology creation.
This age category is characterized by the ability to change the attitude to the lessons easily under the influence of different emotions, both negative and positive ones.
During this age period perseverance is not developed enough and in case of any difficulties activity of children decreases. Suggestibility and thoughtless imitation are typical for this age period. Taking into consideration that junior school age children fulfill volitional acts, mainly with the help of a trainer, this peculiarity should be used in work with young sportsmen in order to form motivation to go in for a chosen kind of sport. Great importance for volition demonstration has self-judgement, which is formed during the lessons.
That is why overestimation or underestimation of own abilities has a negative influence on volitional qualities demonstration (courage, decisiveness and others) and can influence a child's need for sport [1].
Adolescence is favorable for courage, decisiveness, initiative upbringing and such kind of qualities as self-possession, self-control, discipline have a low level of development. A necessary condition for volitional qualities upbringing among teenagers is constant insistence on high standards in combination with approval, persuasion, importance of will explanation, theoretical knowledge in this sphere. In case of a strong emotional stimulation a teen-ager shows incontinence, abruptness, rudeness. Because of knowledge lack the process of self-upbringing among teen-agers should be controlled [1].
Taking into consideration all mentioned above, we can come to the following conclusion: owing to psychological peculiarities of children sport has effective instruments (such as trainings, competitions,
training camps and others) in order to form a steady motivation of children to go in for cyclic kinds of sport at different stages of training.
References
1. Aftimichuk O.E., Kuznetsova Z.M. The importance of rhythm in the system of professional pedagogical and sport training. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoi kul'tury i sporta, 2015, Vol. 10, No.2, pp. 28-38. Available at: http://journal-science.org/ru/article/157.html. DOI: 10.14526/01_1111_04.
2. Bagadirova S. K. Materialy k kursu "Sportivnaya psihologiya" [Materials to the course "Sports psychology"]. Maykop, Magarin O. G., 2014. 243 p.
3. Damadaeva A. S. Gender aspects of sports motivation. Uchenye zapiski universiteta Lesgafta, 2010, Vol. 12. Available at: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/gendernye-aspekty-sportivnoy-motivatsii (last accessed date: 02.11.2016) (in Russian).
Submitted: 18.01.2017 Received: 21.01.2017
4. Ilin E. P. Motivaciya i motivy [Motivation and motives]. Saint Petersburg, Piter, 2009. 512 p.
5. Ilinskiy S. V. Peculiarities of motivation of sportsmen in different kinds of sport. Vestnik Samarskoj gumanitarnoj akademii. Seriya: Psihologiya, 2013, Vol. 1. Available at: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-motivatsii-sportsmenov-v-razlichnyh-vidah-sporta (last accessed date: 20.11.2016). (in Russian).
6. Lopatina A. B. Plan of educational-training camps organization and adaptive processes. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoi kul'tury i sporta, 2013, Vol.8, No. 2, pp. 103-105. Available at: http://journal-science.org/ru/article/350. html.
7. Lubysheva L. I. Modern sport: problems and solutions. Chelovek, sport, medicina, 2014, Vol. 1. Available at: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennyy-sport-problemy-i-resheniya (last accessed date: 20.11.2016). (in Russian)
8. Puni A. T. The motives of taking part in competitions formation and actualization. Sportivnaya psihologiya v trudah otechestvennyh specialistov, Saint Petersburg, Piter, 2002, pp. 219-231. (in Russian).
Evgenia A. Raspopova - professor, doctor of pedagogics, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, 2nd Agricultural proezd, 4, Moscow, 129226, Russia, E-mail: raspopova48@mail.ru
Konstantin S. Lokhmatov - postgraduate, Moscow Municipal Pedagogical University, Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, 2nd Agricultural proezd, 4, Moscow, 129226, Russia, E-mail: kostyalokhmatov@mail.ru
For citations: Raspopova E.A., Lokhmatov K.S. The peculiarities of motives, which stimulate children to go in for cyclic kinds of sport, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (Pedagogical-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 112-116. DOI 10.14526/01_2017_195
