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THE OPERATING ALGORITHM OF THE DELAY DEVICE PROCESSING TIME OVERLAPPED PULSES IN A MATRIX RECEIVER
DOI: 10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-3-36-42
Alexey S. Podstrigaev,
Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", St. Petersburg, Russia, ap0d@ya.ru
Manuscript received 07 February 2022; Accepted 28 February 2022
Alexander S. Lukiyanov,
Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI",
St. Petersburg, Russia, alexanderlukiyanov@gmail.com
Keywords: matrix receiver, fiber-optic delay line, abnormal error, frequency ambiguity, wideband analysis, wideband receiver
Matrix receiver from about the 1960s is used for wideband analysis of the signal environment (SE). Its use provides simultaneously a wide instantaneous analysis bandwidth, relatively high sensitivity, no signal gaps and the possibility of narrow-band processing of the output signal. However, there is a high probability of time-overlapping for pulses from pulse streams created by various radio emission sources in modern SE. When processing time-overlapped pulses in a classical matrix receiver, measurement ambiguities and abnormal errors occur. Therefore, multiple approaches are used to improve its efficiency in a complex SE. One such approach is based on installing a delay device to the wideband receiver's input. The principle of operation of the delay device consists of multiple signal transfers from the microwave range to the optical one and vice versa with the passage through fiber segments of various lengths. However, the operation algorithm of such a device has not been developed in detail. That's why our purpose is to substantiate and develop the algorithm for operating the delay device installed at the input of the matrix receiver to ensure the processing of time-overlapped pulses. In addition to the main algorithm for adapting the delay value to the pulse duration, we developed a nested algorithm for choosing a segment of the adjustable delay line. To store the pulse for the duration of processing by the receiver of previously received pulses, we developed a nested algorithm for executing the delay cycle. The use of the delay device operating following the proposed algorithm makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of measurement ambiguity and abnormal errors during the operation of the matrix receiver in the complex SE.
Information about authors:
Alexey S. Podstrigaev, Cand. Sci. (Eng.), doctoral student and associate professor of the Department of Radio-Electronic Means, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", St. Petersburg, Russia
Alexander S. Lukiyanov, postgraduate student of the Department of Radio-Electronic Means, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University "LETI", St. Petersburg, Russia
Для цитирования:
Подстригаев А.С., Лукиянов А.С. Алгоритм работы устройства задержки, обеспечивающего обработку наложенных во времени импульсов в матричном приемнике // T-Comm: Телекоммуникации и транспорт. 2022. Том 16. №3. С. 36-42.
For citation:
Podstrigaev A.S., Lukiyanov A.S. (2022) The operating algorithm of the delay device processing time overlapped pulses in a matrix receiver. T-Comm, vol. 16, no.3, pр. 36-42. (in Russian)
Introduction
Matrix receiver from about the 1960s is used for wideband analysis of the signal environment (SE) [1, 2]. Its use provides simultaneously a wide instantaneous analysis bandwidth, relatively high sensitivity, no signal gaps and the possibility of narrow-band processing of the output signal [3-8].
However, modern SE, especially in areas of large transport hubs, mass events, military exercises, in the event of multipath propagation of radio waves and at industrial facilities with a high degree of automation, is characterized by high complexity [9-18]. At the same time, as an indicator of complexity (from the point of view of wideband analysis), it was proposed in [19, 20] to use the probability of time-overlapping for pulses from pulse streams created by various radio emission sources.
Unfortunately, measurement ambiguities and abnormal errors occur when processing time-overlapped pulses in a classical matrix receiver [5-7, 21-24]. Therefore, to improve its efficiency in a complex SE, various means are used: the adding of a frequency meter in each stage of the receiver [23, 25], parallel processing in the output path [26-30], the adding of a fixed delay line at an intermediate frequency and a control device [31]. The paper [32] shows that with the relative simplicity of modifying existing matrix receivers and maintaining high sensitivity, the method based on installing the wideband delay device at the receiver's input allows increasing the number of simultaneously processed pulses. However, the delay device's operation algorithm proposed in [32] requires additional elaboration.
The upper channel of the delay device (according to the scheme) contains fixed (FDL) and adjustable (ADL) delay lines, as well as a key K1 between them. The lower channel provides the passage of the pulse without introducing a delay. The channels are connected to the input of the matrix receiver by the K2 switch. The matrix receiver sends to the control device (CD) the current numbers tdef of channels in which there are pulses
(ldet = 1, NMR1 , where NMR1 is the number of frequency
channels of the first stage of the matrix receiver). Based on these data, the CD generates the control commands Con. 1 - Con. 5.
The delay device works as follows. The first pulse passes to the input of the matrix receiver through the lower channel without introducing a delay. Then the first pulse is detected in one of the Nmr1 frequency channels of the receiver's first stage.
The purpose of the work is to substantiate and develop the operation algorithm for the delay device installed at the input of a matrix receiver to ensure the processing of time-overlapped pulses.
Delay device
The delay device contains at least two channels. One of the channels provides a direct passage of the pulse to the receiver's input without introducing a delay. The remaining channels are designed to delay time-overlapped pulses - one in each channel. We give the following description for the two-channel delay device (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Scheme for connecting the delay device to a matrix receiver
If during the processing time in another channel of the receiver's first stage a pulse is detected, the key K1 sends the input spectrum to the ADL for recording. The time for detection, passing control commands and switching the key K1 is compensated with the help of the FDL. After receiving the pulse in the lower channel of the delay device, the switch K2 connects the ADL's output to the input of the matrix receiver. The delay device must not complete the recording of the second pulse before it is completed, even after overlapping.
Since the duration of the received pulse is a priori unknown, the ADL provides adaptive tuning of the delay time. Based on the requirements for the ability to control the insertion delay, wide bandwidth, low weight and overall dimensions, the ADL can be made according to the principle proposed in [32] (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the ADL
(i ■N
According to [32], the ADL is based on elements of RF photonics and works as follows. The input microwave signal enters the input 1 of the switch K1' (device input), which transmits the signal to the input of the optical modulator (OM). The OM transfers the useful microwave signal to an optical carrier and sends it to the optical splitter (OS) with a dimension of 1 xp. From the splitter's outputs, the signal enters the bank of fiber segments, which have insignificant losses. From the outputs of the fiber-optic segments, the signal arrives at the corresponding inputs of the photodetectors bank, which return the signal to the microwave range. From one of the outputs of the photodetectors bank, the signal enters the switch K2'. In one of the fiber segments, the excess of the delay time is minimal compared to the duration of the delayed pulse. The input that corresponds to this segment is connected to the output of the switch K2'. Switch K2' transmits a signal from its output to the input of switch K3'. Switch K3' sends a signal to the device's output or back to the input switch K1' to pass the required number of delay cycles. The commands Con. 2 - Con. 4 from the CD perform the necessary control of the switches (see Fig. 1). To compensate for the attenuation introduced during signal conversion from the optical range to the microwave range and
vice versa, amplifiers are installed in the delay device (not shown in the block diagram).
The delay introduced by the p-th fiber segment is defined as tp = ngLmjc , where ng is the refractive index of the optical
fiber core, Lp is the length of the p-th fiber segment ^p = j^p"^,
c is the speed of light in a vacuum.
Operation algorithm of the delay device
The above-described principles of the delay device operation and the ADL from its composition make it possible to substantiate the operation algorithm for the entire device (Fig. 3).
In the initial state, the switches are in the following positions: K1 - In position "1", K2 - in position "2", K1' - in position "1", K2' - in position "1", K3' - in position "1 ". At the starting point of the algorithm, the following values of the variables are set: counter of the duration of the received pulse tl = 0 , counter of
the duration of the pulse recorded in the ADL trec = 0 , and the
flag for exceeding the maximum delay time of the ADL
tmax = 0 .
Fig. 3. Flowchart of operation algorithm for delay device
I
T-Comm Tом 16. #3-2022
According to the presented algorithm, first, the number of
channels N
det,i
in which detection has occurred is checked.
Then, if Ndet i > 1 and the ADL does not contain a previously
recorded pulse, the following parallel processes are performed:
- the duration counter for the received pulse tt is turned on,
after which the algorithm for selecting the ADL's segment closest to the pulse duration is executed;
- key K1 opens (set to position "2"); the channel number idet of the first stage of the matrix receiver is recorded, in which the detection occurred last; then, the check is made for the completion of receiving the pulse in the channel idet and for
exceeding the maximum delay time t max in the ADL (if the pulse has ended or its duration has exceeded tmax , then we go
to the next part of the algorithm, marked "1").
When hitting point "1" of the algorithm, the pulse duration counter ti is turned off, and the key K1 opens (set to position
"1"). The receiver then checks to see if it can handle the delayed pulse. To do this, for example, we can analyze the pulses idet in
the absence of which the receiver can be considered ready to receive and process the next pulse. If the receiver is currently receiving a pulse, then the pulse delay cycle algorithm is executed, after which the availability of the receiver is rechecked. This process is performed cyclically. When the receiver becomes available, a delayed pulse is sent to it. For that, switch K2 is set to position "1". Then the duration counter for the recorded pulse trec is turned on. After that, it is continuously
checked whether the duration of the recorded pulse trec
exceeded the previously measured value of the pulse duration ti .
Until the condition trec < tt is met, we increment the value
trec . When this condition is met, the overlapped pulse is
considered to be sent to the receiver. All switches are set to original positions, the variables are set to zero, and the algorithm returns to the beginning.
The described algorithm for the operation of the delay device includes the algorithm for selecting the ADL segment (Fig. 4, a) and the algorithm for execution the delay loop (Fig. 4, b), described below.
Algorithm for selecting the ADL segment
We consider the algorithm for choosing a segment of the ADL in a general form - for P segments of the optical fiber. In practice, based on the optical signal multiplexers manufactured by the industry and economic indicators, for most tasks it is enough to choose P = 3...4. The length of the fiber segments increases with the growth of their serial number.
The algorithm works as follows. First, the initial setting of the variable corresponding to the number of the shortest fiber segment is performed: p = 1. Then, we continuously compare the duration of the received pulse with the delay time of the current p-th segment of the optical fiber.
When the condition tt < t^DL p ceases to be true for the
current p-th fiber segment, the same comparison is made for the next longest (p+1)-th fiber segment, and so on until the last P-th
segment with delay time tADL,P . The verification process occurs in parallel with the incrementation of the variable ti . If the pulse duration ti becomes equal to the delay time in the longest P-th fiber segment, then the variable tmax is set to "1".
Cl)
^ S ta it
KI' —> 2, K2* —f position "p" <p= 1 ...P\ K3' ->2
b)
Fig. 4. Flowcharts of algorithms for: a) selecting the ADL segment; b) execution the delay loop
Algorithm for execution the delay loop in the ADL
At the input of this algorithm (Fig. 4, b), the switches are changed to the following positions: K1' - to position "2", K2' - to position "p" (p = 1...P), K3' - to position "2".
7TT
This ensures the connection of the p-th segment of the optical fiber selected in the previous algorithm to the ADL input. In this case, the ADL input becomes unavailable for receiving a new pulse. Then, according to the algorithm, the delay time counter tdel is turned on, providing a fiber segment. The value tdel is then continuously compared with the duration of the received pulse tl . After the values of the variables tdel and tl are equal,
the switches K1' and K3' are set to their original positions, then the algorithm exits.
Conclusion
The developed algorithm describes in detail the operation process of the delay device installed at the input of the matrix receiver for processing time-overlapped pulses. We designed this algorithm to store a delayed pulse in the radar while the receiver is processing another pulse. The algorithm considers the adaptability of the delay time for the time-overlapped pulses due to the a priori uncertainty of the signal parameters. Adaptability reduces the number of missed pulses because the processing device connected to the output of the matrix receiver has one channel, while another pulse may arrive at the receiver input during the recording of the time-overlapped pulse.
However, the probability of pulse missing still remains. The main reason is the passage of pulses during the reading of the recorded pulse from the ADL. This disadvantage can be compensated by adding another channel, which, however, significantly complicates the design and operation algorithm, and in addition, increases the cost of the delay device by almost two times.
We should note that in practice, in the above algorithms, it is necessary to also consider corrections for the response time of the switches and the passage of control commands.
The use of the delay device operating following the proposed algorithm makes it possible to reduce the likelihood of measurement ambiguity and abnormal errors during the operation of the matrix receiver in the complex SE. When using one ADL in the delay device, the number of pulse signals simultaneously processed without errors will increase at least two times for SE formed by pulse radars [32].
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АЛГОРИТМ РАБОТЫ УСТРОЙСТВА ЗАДЕРЖКИ, ОБЕСПЕЧИВАЮЩЕГО ОБРАБОТКУ НАЛОЖЕННЫХ ВО ВРЕМЕНИ ИМПУЛЬСОВ В МАТРИЧНОМ ПРИЕМНИКЕ
Подстригаев Алексей Сергеевич, Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ"
им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина), г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия, ap0d@ya.ru Лукиянов Александр Сергеевич, Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ" им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина), г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия, alexanderlukiyanov@gmail.com
Аннотация
Матричный приемник приблизительно с 60-х гг. прошлого века используется для широкополосного анализа сигнальной обстановки (СО). Его применение обеспечивает одновременно широкую мгновенную полосу анализа, относительно высокую чувствительность, отсутствие пропусков сигналов и возможность узкополосной обработки выходного сигнала. Однако в современной СО высока вероятность наложения во времени импульсов из импульсных потоков, создаваемых различными источниками радиоизлучения. При обработке наложенных во времени импульсов в классическом матричном приемнике возникают неоднозначности измерений и аномальные ошибки. Поэтому для повышения его эффективности в сложной СО используются различные подходы. Один из таких подходов основан на установке широкополосного устройства задержки на вход приемника. Принцип действия устройства задержки заключается в многократных переносах сигнала из диапазона СВЧ в оптический и обратно с прохождением по отрезкам оптоволокна различной длины. Однако алгоритм работы такого устройства подробно не прорабатывался. Поэтому целью работы является обоснование и разработка алгоритма функционирования устройства задержки, устанавливаемого на вход матричного приемника для обеспечения обработки наложенных во времени импульсов. Помимо основного алгоритма для адаптации величины задержки к длительности импульса разработан вложенный алгоритм выбора отрезка регулируемой линии задержки. Для хранения импульса на время обработки приемником ранее принятых импульсов разработан вложенный алгоритм выполнения цикла задержки. Использование устройства задержки, работающего в соответствии с предложенным алгоритмом, позволяет уменьшить вероятности возникновения неоднозначности измерений и аномальных ошибок при работе матричного приемника в сложной сигнальной обстановке.
Ключевые слова: матричный приемник, оптоволоконная линия задержки, аномальная ошибка, неоднозначность определения частоты, широкополосный анализ, широкополосный приемник.
4I
( i л
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Инфомрация об авторах:
Подстригаев Алексей Сергеевич, докторант, доцент кафедры радиоэлектронных средств, к.т.н., доцент, Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ" им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина), г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия
Лукиянов Александр Сергеевич, аспирант кафедры радиоэлектронных средств, Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет "ЛЭТИ" им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина), г. Санкт-Петербург, Россия
