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Вестник Томского государственного университета. Культурология и искусствоведение.
2023. № 50. С. 308-318. Tomsk State University Journal of Cultural Studies and Art History. 2023. 50. pp. 308-318.
Original article УДК 351.853.1 doi: 10.17223/22220836/50/26
THE NATIONAL CULTURE OF AZERBAIJAN ON UNESCO LIST OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Zaur Mammadov
Lankaran State University, Lankaran, Azerbaijan, mammadovzaur@mail.ru
Abstract. This article sets forth the expansion of relations with UNESCO1, the development of cooperation, especially the inclusion of national culture and intangible heritage of Azerbaijan in UNESCO's uncommon works and its recognition issues among the Caucasus, the Turkic world and world cultures after the restoration of Azerbaijan's independence. Cooperation with international organizations is one of the main directions of Azerbaijan's foreign policy. Azerbaijan builds its foreign policy based on international legal norms and principles, as well as on the principles of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states and non-interference in internal affairs.
One of the main directions of Azerbaijan's foreign policy is cooperation with the international organizations. After the restoration of state independence, various cooperation projects were signed. The expansion of relations in the field of education, science and culture was very important for our state which has an ancient history both in the Caucasus and the Turkic world. Cooperation with the UNESCO was established in the Soviet times, but extensive and direct cooperation began after becoming a member of the organization on June 3, 1992.
In October 1993, Azerbaijan participated for the first time as an independent state at the 27th session of the UNESCO General Conference. According to Article 7 of the UNESCO Charter, Member State intends to take appropriate measures, first of all, by establishing National Commission to coordinate the activities of institutions engaged in education, science and culture with the work of UNESCO. According to the order of the President of Azerbaijan H. Aliyev dated February 21, 1994 the National Commission for UNESCO under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan was established. Since the beginning of the 21st century, long-term and short-term strategies for the safeguarding of cultural diversity have been implemented. This strategy provides the implementation of programs and projects that included the promotion of cultural pluralism and intercultural dialogue, protection of the world's tangible and intangible cultural heritage, preservation of language diversity and support of endangered languages, folk art, production of cultural products, development of cultural tourism, training of cultural personnel and etc. At present, Azerbaijan has acceded to all conventions related to the safeguarding of cultural diversity. In particular, holding of the 43rd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Baku on June 30 - July 10, 2019 was a successful step for promotion of the country's culture in the world.
Thanks to the foreign policy of Azerbaijan, the most developed state in the South Caucasus, the activities of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation and the National Commission, 14 samples of Azerbaijan's intangible cultural heritage have been included the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage (for 2021). UNESCO gave President Mehriban Aliyeva of Heydar Aliyev Foundation the title of "Goodwill Ambassador" in September 2004 in the field of oral and musical traditions of UNESCO for her services in the protection, study and research of the rich culture of Azerbaijan. In a short time, the charitable activities of the Goodwill Ambassador went beyond the borders of Azerbaijan. She selflessly promotes and glorifies Azerbaijan in the international arena, serves the Motherland, strives for its progress, thinks about its future. In accordance with the Order of the President of the Azerbaijan Ilham
1 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. © Z. Mammadov, 2023
Aliyev dated September 29, 2004, the Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan to UNESCO was established.
At the same time, the examples of Azerbaijani culture included in the World Cultural Heritage List have been studied. In the article the development of cultural cooperation, especially the inclusion of Azerbaijan's national culture among world cultures and its registration in international organizations are studied as one of the strategic goals. Keywords: culture, intangible, cultural heritage, historical, national, commission
For citation: Mammadov, Z. (2023) The national culture of Azerbaijan on UNESCO list of cultural heritage. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i is-kusstvovedenie - Tomsk State University Journal of Cultural Studies and Art History. 50. pp. 308-318. (In Russian). doi: 10.17223/22220836/50/26
Научная статья
НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ КУЛЬТУРА АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА В СПИСКЕ КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ЮНЕСКО
Заур Мамедов
Лянкяранский государственный университет, Лянкярань, Азербайджан, mammadovzaur@mail. ru
Аннотация. Одним из основных направлений государственной политики Азербайджанской Республики является активное участие в охране всемирного наследия на международном уровне, наряду с защитой и популяризацией национальных и нравственных и историко-культурных ценностей.
14 объектов нематериального культурного наследия Азербайджана включены в список нематериального культурного наследия ЮНЕСКО (на 2021 г.). Положение Азербайджана на Кавказе, в тюркском мире, в системе международных отношений в результате реформ и успешной внешней политики еще раз подтвердило принцип древности и наследственности азербайджанской культуры.
В статье в качестве одной из стратегических целей страны рассматривается развитие культурного сотрудничества, особенно включение национальной культуры Азербайджана в мировые культуры и ее регистрация в международных организациях. Ключевые слова: культура, нематериальное, культурное наследие, историческое, национальное, комиссия
Для цитирования: Mammadov Z. The national culture of Azerbaijan on UNESCO list of cultural heritage // Вестник Томского государственного университета. Культурология и искусствоведение. 2023. № 50. С. 308-318. doi: 10.17223/22220836/50/26
Introduction
One of the most important directions of modern world politics is the rapid growth of the number of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. Since the early 1980s, their number has increased from about 1,000 to about 5,000. This growth can be attributed, on the one hand, to the natural increase in the role of multilateral institutions, and, on the other hand, to the attempts of states to compensate for the reduction of their spheres of influence in a globalizing world through the creation of global governance mechanisms. Also, this contributes to the growing role of international organizations in cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue. Today, international organizations - the UNO, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the OIC, UNESCO, ISESCO and others play an important role in the development of dialogue between different cultures in the world [1. P. 14].
One of the main directions of Azerbaijan's foreign policy is cooperation with the international organizations. After the restoration of state independence, various cooperation projects were signed. The expansion of relations in the field of education, science and culture was very important for our state, which has an ancient history both in the Caucasus and the Turkic world. Cooperation with the UNESCO was established in the Soviet times, but extensive and direct cooperation began after becoming a member of the organization on June 3, 1992. In October 1993, Azerbaijan took part at the 27th session of the UNESCO General Conference for the first time as an independent state and a brief historical reference about Azerbaijan was presented. At the session, the 500th anniversary of the Azerbaijani poet Mahammad Fuzuli (1996) was inscribed on the UNESCO list of birthdays of geniuses [2. P. 2].
According to Article 7 of the UNESCO Charter, firstly, member states are required to take appropriate measures by establishing a National Commission to coordinate the activities of institutions involved in education, science and culture with the work of UNESCO. For this purpose, necessary steps were taken and according to the order of the President of Azerbaijan H. Aliyev dated February 21, 1994 the National Commission for UNESCO under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan (the National Commission) was established. As a result of the activities of the National Commission in the cultural and humanitarian spheres, various projects, seminars and international events have been implemented. As one of them, birthdays of famous people from our country and other important events have been celebrated at the international level every year within the framework of the UNESCO Anniversary Program.
For this purpose, the development of cultural cooperation, especially the inclusion of Azerbaijan's national culture among world cultures and its registration in international organizations has been one of the strategic goals.
1. The cultural heritage protection acts of UNESCO. In order to ensure the viability of these principles, UNESCO has developed the special recommendations since the mid-1950s. Up to now, more than 14 such recommendations have been adopted:
1. Concerning International Principles Applicable to Archaeological Excavations (15.12.1956).
2. On the Most Effective Means of Rendering Museums Accessible to Everyone (14.12.1960).
3. The Preservation of Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites (11.12.1962).
4. On the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Export, Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (19.11.1964).
5. On the Protection of Cultural Property Endangered by Public or Private works (19.11.1968).
6. On the Preservation, nationally, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage (16.11.1972).
7. Participation of the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to It (26.11.1976).
8. On the International Exchange of Cultural Property (26.11.1976).
9. On the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (26.11.1976).
10. Concerning the Protection of Movable Cultural Property (18.11.1978).
11. On the Status of the Artist (27.10.1980).
12. For the Protection of Moving Images (27.10.1980) [3. P. 26-85].
13. Convention on the Preservation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003).
14. Convention on the Preservation and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005) [4. P. 1161].
At present, Azerbaijan has acceded to all these conventions. In 1989, UNESCO adopted the Recommendation on the Preservation of Folklore. The recommendation states that folklore is an integral part of the common heritage of mankind; an important means of rapprochement of different peoples and social groups and approval their cultural identity. States are promoted to implement the principles and measures in their territories set out in these recommendations [5. P. 243].
Since the beginning of the 21st century, long-term and short-term strategies for the safeguarding of cultural diversity have been implemented. This strategy provides the implementation of programs and projects that included the promotion of cultural pluralism and intercultural dialogue, protection of the world's tangible and intangible cultural heritage, preservation of language diversity and support of endangered languages, folk art, production of cultural products, development of cultural tourism, training of cultural personnel and etc.
An important direction in the field of protection of world cultural heritage is the preparation and approval of normative acts on the protection of intangible cultural heritage. In the documents of UNESCO, this part of the cultural heritage includes national languages, oral traditions, types of performing arts and etc. The International Conference on "the Intangible Heritage", held in Turin, Italy in 2001, focused on unanimously the adoption of a special normative act on the protection of the intangible heritage, noting that both intangible and intangible heritage have been devastated by globalization [6. P. 7].
As one of the first large-scale events to be held in this direction, the State Commission has been created according to the decree of the national leader H.Aliyev dated April 20, 1997 on holding the 1300th anniversary of the "KitabiDada Gorgud" epos and in February 1999, an order was signed on the plan of the State Commission on the 1300th anniversary of the Kitabi Dada Gorgud epos. In accordance with the order, a solemn event dedicated to the 1300th anniversary of "Kitabi Dada Gorgud" epos was held on April 9, 2000 with participation of the Presidents of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey and the General Director of UNESCO [7. P. 198].
In accordance with the Order of the President of the Azerbaijan dated September 29, 2004, the Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan to UNESCO was established [8].
The work done by First Vice-President of the Azerbaijan Mehriban Aliyeva in the development of Azerbaijan-UNESCO relations is undeniable. M. Aliyeva has taken successful actions to introduce Azerbaijani culture to the world through the Friends of Azerbaijani Culture Foundation since 1995. Mehriban Aliyeva was given the title of "Goodwill Ambassador" by UNESCO in September 2004 in the field of oral and musical traditions of UNESCO for her services in the protection, study and research of the rich culture of Azerbaijan. As a result of Mehriban Aliyeva's efforts, the samples of Azerbaijan's tangible and intangible cultural heritage have been included in the relevant UNESCO lists [9. P. 17].
In connection with the 25th anniversary of Azerbaijan-UNESCO relations, an electronic project on "Azerbaijan-UNESCO Relations" was prepared in Azerbaijani and English and presented to users in the Presidential Library [10. P. 3].
Azerbaijan is also represented in a number of leading and auxiliary structures of UNESCO. One of them is the Intergovernmental Committee on Intangible Cultural Heritage that our country has joined it for 2010-2014. Azerbaijan was elected Vice-President of the Committee at the 6th session held in Indonesia in 2011 [1. P. 5].
In Azerbaijan, which hosted the 8th session of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013, the World Forum for Intercultural Dialogue is held every two years with the official partnership of UNESCO. The important event reflects the value of the most ancient monuments, the tangible and natural heritage that expressed the identity and historical memory of the world peoples. By hosting this event and also presiding over the World Heritage Committee, Azerbaijan has left its positive mark on the cultural history of the peoples of the world.
Azerbaijan was elected as the chair of the Committee at the 42nd session of the World Heritage Committee held in Manama, Bahrain from June 24 to July 4, 2018, and it was decided that in 2019 Azerbaijan would host the 43rd session of the Committee.
2. Azerbaijani culture on the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage.
The Convention for the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage was adopted by UNESCO in 2003 and came into force in 2006 after ratification by 30 States. At present, about a hundred states have joined the convention. In 2001, UNESCO opened its list of intangible heritage, which now included more than 150 examples of intangible heritage [11. P. 5]. The pearls of Azerbaijani culture have special importance on this list.
Thanks to the foreign policy of Azerbaijan, the most developed state in the South Caucasus, the activities of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation and the National Commission, 14 samples of Azerbaijan's intangible cultural heritage have been included the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage (for 2021). We consider that it has reaffirmed the principle of antiquity and inheritance of Azerbaijani culture both in the Caucasus and in the Turkic world. Armenians wanted to own a part of our approved intangible cultural heritage, and continue to do so today. However, as a result of Azerbaijan's position in the system of international relations, reforms and successful foreign policy, the pearls of Azerbaijani culture have been confirmed by UNESCO.
The following pearls of culture were inscribed on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO:
1. "Azerbaijani Mugam" was proclaimed as a masterpiece of the intangible heritage of humanity by UNESCO on November 7, 2003. In 2008, Azerbaijani mughams were inscribed on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO.
2. "The art of Azerbaijani Ashiqs" according to the decision made within the 4th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO, held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on September 28 - October 2, 2009.
3. "Novruz" as a multinational nomination (Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan) according to the decision made within the 4th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on September 28 - October 2, 2009.
4. "The traditional art of Azerbaijani carpet weaving art" in accordance with the decision adopted at the 5th Session of Intergovernmental Committee held in Nairobi, Kenya, from November 15 to 19, 2010.
5. "The art of tar performance" according to the decision of the 7th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee held in Paris on 3-7 December 2012.
6. "Traditional art and symbolism of Kelaghayi, making and wearing women's silk headscarf at the 9th session of the Intergovernmental Committee, held in Paris on 24-28 November 2014.
7. Copper craftsmanship of Lahij at the 10th Session of the Intergovernmental held in Namibia on 30 November - 4 December 2015.
8. Flatbread making and sharing culture: lavash, katyrma, jupka, yufkaas a multinational nomination at the 11th session of the Intergovernmental Committee held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 28 November-2 December 2016.
9. Dolma making and sharing tradition, a marker of cultural identity at the 12th session of the Intergovernmental Committee took place on Jeju Island, Korea on 4-9 December 2017.
10. The art of crafting and playing with Kamancha, a bowed string instrument as a multinational nomination (Iran and Azerbaijan) at the 12th session of the Intergovernmental Committee held on Jeju Island, Korea on December 7, 2017.
11. Heritage of Dede Qorqud/Korkyt Ata/Dede Korkut, epic culture, folk tales and music in accordance with the decision No 13.COM.10.B.3 of the Intergovernmental Committee of UNESCO upon the appeal of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkey in 2018 (No. 01399).
12. Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game in Azerbaijan was included in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding of UNESCO according to the decision made at the 8th Session of the Intergovernmental Committee held in Baku on December 2-8, 2013.
13. Traditional group dances of Nakhchivan (Yalli, Kochari, Tenzere) in the Azerbaijan was included in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding of UNESCO based on the decision No 13.COM.10.A.2 dated 28.11.2018 of the Intergovernmental Committee of UNESCO after application of the National Commission (No 01190, 2018) for this issue.
14. Nar Bayrami, traditional pomegranate festival and culture is included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity according to the decision No 15 com of Fifteenth session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage held on 14 - 18 December 2020 in Paris [12]
In addition, the Azerbaijani cultural events were included in the World Heritage List at the XXIV session of UNESCO in Cairns, Australia in November 2000, with the Icherisheher, the Shirvanshahs Palace and the Maiden Tower. This important step introduced the Shirvanshahs Palace and the Maiden Tower that are our rare pearls of art in the history of ancient, world culture and art to the world. A preliminary list of monuments to be restored has been identified in accordance with the "Master Plan for the Conservation of the Historical Center of Baku" prepared
with the participation of UNESCO experts. Restoration work on 31 monuments has been planned to be carried out in stages during 2010-2016, and this project has been implemented. Conservation and creation of a new museum exposition in the Maiden Tower, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, was completed in 2013 with continuous restoration work, which began in 2009 [9. P. 255].
Numerous projects have been implemented on the basis of a large-scale, global program of UNESCO in order to preserve, study and promote our intangible cultural heritage.
At the next meeting held on July 7, 2019 at the Baku Congress Center, the file on the inclusion of the historical center of Sheki with the Khan's Palace in the UNESCO List of World Heritage was considered. It should be noted that after the inclusion of Gobustan rock engravings in the UNESCO list in 2007, it is the third object of cultural heritage in the world treasury of Azerbaijan (IcheriSheher, Maiden Tower and Shirvanshahs Palace Complex - 27-02.12.2000; Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape - 23.06-02.07.2007; the historical center of Sheki with Khan's Palace - 30.06-10.07.2019)1 (Fig. 1-3).
Fig. 1. IcheriSheher, Maiden Tower and Shirvanshahs Palace Complex, Date of inscription: 27.11-02.12.2000, Cairns, Australian2
Fig. 2. Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape, Date of inscription: 23.06-02.07.2007, Christcurch, New
Zealand3
1 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/958/
2 https://whc .unesco.org/en/li st/1076/
3 https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1549/
Fig. 3. The historical center of Sheki with Khan's Palace, Date of inscription: 30.06-10.07.2019 Baku,
Azerbaijan.
Besides the above mentioned a number of projects have been developed periodically in accordance with the action plan. Thus, the international seminar on "Application of the "Historical Urban Landscape "approach" was held on June 19, 2009. This project that compiled on the initiative of Mehriban Aliyeva, UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, was attended by local experts as well as leading international experts from the UNESCO World Heritage Center representing the United States, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Great Britain, France, Poland, Austria and Australia.
Within the framework of the work done in this direction, the events dedicated to the promotion of the art of mugam in the Shirvanshahs Palace Complex can be as an example. Thus, mugham concerts were held at the Shirvanshahs Palace Complex within the project on "Eternal Mugham" implemented by the Azerbaijan National Committee of the International Music Council with the support of UNESCO, Governments of Azerbaijan and Japan in 2007-2008.
The Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan to UNESCO and other agencies of Azerbaijan organized a number of events at the UNESCO Headquarters in the frame of "The day of Azerbaijan at UNESCO" on November 17, 2009 [13. P. 167].
The historical significance of Azerbaijani culture among world cultures and its uniqueness in the Turkic world have been reaffirmed at these events.
Today, there are ongoing relations between Azerbaijan and UNESCO. The inclusion of Azerbaijan's tangible and spiritual heritage on the list of masterpieces of UNESCO is a key indicator of the international cooperation. The historicity and antiquity of our national culture and intangible cultural heritage in the Caucasus, as well as in the Turkic world, has been approved in the most prestigious cultural organization of the world. The inclusion of the art of mugam and Azerbaijani ashigs, Novruz holiday, IcheriSheher, the art of tar performing in the list of rare masterpieces of UNESCO highlights the continuity of cooperation between Azerbaijan and this organization. In addition, although the decisions No 13.COM.10.A.2 and 13.COM.10.B.3 of the UNESCO [14], as a result of the successful foreign policy of the National Commission and Azerbaijan, continuous work will be carried out in this direction, the mutual cooperation will be
established in order to realize our ideas of national and global importance and the decisions on approval of our national culture will be made.
Summary
As a result of the foreign policy of Azerbaijan, the Heydar Aliyev Foundation and the activities of National Commission, the inclusion of Azerbaijan's national culture and intangible heritage on the list of rare works of UNESCO is one of the main indicators of international cultural cooperation. The unique history and antiquity of our national culture in the Caucasus, as well as in the Turkic world, has been approved in the most prestigious cultural organization of the world. In particular, holding of the 43rd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Baku on June 30 - July 10, 2019 was a successful step for promotion of the country's culture in the world.
Following the inclusion of Gobustan rock engravings in the UNESCO list in 2007, at the meeting on July 7, 2019 held at the Baku Congress Center the file on the inclusion of the Sheki historical center in the UNESCO World Heritage List together with the Sheki Khan Palace was reviewed. It is the third object of cultural heritage in the world treasury of Azerbaijan (IcheriSheher, Maiden Tower and Shirvanshahs Palace Complex - 27-02.12.2000; Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape - 23.06-02.07. 2007; the historical center of Sheki with Khan's Palace -30.06-10.07.2019)
We believe that the measures taken till now are advisable, and as the continuation of a successful action program, a petition will be submitted to UNESCO on our intangible cultural heritage, which needs to be preserved in our liberated lands for the next years, and the necessary measures will be taken.
The inclusion of the art of mugam and Azerbaijani ashigs, Novruz holiday, IcheriSheher, the art of tar performing in the list of rare masterpieces of UNESCO, as well as the organization of a number of events at the UNESCO Headquarters in the frame of "The day of Azerbaijan at UNESCO" on November 17, 2009 by the Permanent Delegation of Azerbaijan to UNESCO and other agencies of Azerbaijan are indicators of more successful activity of cooperation between Azerbaijan and UNESCO.
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Information about the authors:
Mammadov Z.l. - Assoc.prof., ph.d. in history Lankaran State University, (Lankaran, Azerbaijan). E-mail: mammadovzaur@mail.ru
The author declares no conflicts of interests.
Сведения об авторе:
Мамедов З.И. - кандидат исторических наук, доцент Лянкяранского государственного университета (Лянкярань, Азербайджан). E-mail: mammadovzaur@mail.ru
Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
The article was submitted 08.06.2021; approved after reviewing 29.03.2022; accepted for publication 15.05.2023.
Статья поступила в редакцию 08.06.2021; одобрена после рецензирования 29.03.2022; принята к публикации 15.05.2023.
