CC BY
37
Tutova Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Medvedeva Ekaterina Sergeevna, Kupriyanova Anastasia Mikhailovna and others THE METHODS OF STUDYING THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC THEORY ...
philological sciences -linguistics
УДК 81:159.946.3
МЕТОДЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПСИХОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ БИЛИНГВАЛЬНОЙ РЕЧИ
© 2018
Тутова Екатерина Владимировна, кандидат филологических наук, ассистент преподавателя кафедры Иностранных языков филологического факультета Медведева Екатерина Сергеевна, преподаватель института переподготовки кадров кафедры Иностранных языков филологического факультета Куприянова Анастасия Михайловна, преподаватель института переподготовки кадров кафедры Иностранных языков филологического факультета Куприянчук Карина Викторовна, преподаватель института переподготовки кадров кафедры Иностранных языков филологического факультета Российский университет дружбы народов (117198, Россия, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6, e-mail: [email protected]) Аннотация. В статье описываются методы изучения психолингвистического подхода к переключению кода, который объясняет, какие аспекты языковой- способности билингвов позволяют им менять коды. Лингвисты интересуются психолингвистическим аспектом переключения кода, так как это явление до своего формального выражения в речи проходит через определенный алгоритм в сознании человека. Ученые обращаются к психолингвистическим моделям билингвальной речи для того, чтобы выявить точки соприкосновения между структурными параметрами, характеризующими ее с грамматической точки зрения. В данной статье мы постараемся изучить новые подходы к изучению психолингвистической теории билингвальной речи, которые применяются современными лингвистами, чтобы спрогнозировать реакцию участников разговора на иноязычные вкрапления в речи и публицистических текстах. Два человека могут получить одну и ту же информацию, воспринять ее как два совершенно разные сообщения, исходя из личных целей и интересов, что приведет к построению различных макроструктур одного и того же текста. Однако различия в интерпретации не следует относить к уровню представления текста, они скорее появляются на уровне ситуационных моделей. Мы часто слышим одно и то же сообщение, но мы понимаем его по-разному.
Ключевые слова: билингвизм, модель речепорождения, кодовое переключение, лингвисты, психологический подход, модель маркированности.
THE METHODS OF STUDYING THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC THEORY OF BILINGUAL SPEECH
© 2018
Tutova Ekaterina Vladimirovna, PHD in Linguistics, Ass. Professor,
Department of Languages, Philological faculty Medvedeva Ekaterina Sergeevna, Lecturer, Department of Languages, Philological faculty Kupriyanova Anastasia Mikhailovna, Lecturer, Department of Languages,
Philological faculty Kupriyanchuk Karina Victorovna, English teacher, Lecturer, Department of Languages, Philological faculty RUDN University
(117198, Russia, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklay, 6, e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The psycholinguistic approach to code switching explains which aspects of language ability of bilinguals allows them to change the codes. Linguists are interested in the psycholinguistic aspect of code switching, since this phenomenon, before its formal expression in speech, passes through a certain algorithm in the mind of a person. Scientists turn to psycholinguistic models of bilingual speech in order to reveal the points of contact between the structural parameters that separate them from the grammatical point of view. In this article, we will try to study new approaches to the psycholinguistic theory of bilingual speech, which are used by modern linguists to predict the reaction of participants in a conversation in foreign language in speech and journalistic texts. Two people can receive the same information, based on personal goals and interests, perceive it as two completely different messages, which will lead to the construction of different macrostructures of the same text. However, differences in interpretation should not be attributed to the level of representation of the text, they rather appear at the level of the situation models. We often hear the same message, but we understand it differently Keywords: bilingualism, model of repetition, code switching, linguists, psychological approach, model of marking.
Switching between language codes can be characterized as a phenomenon of transition from one language to another in a bilingual speech or an individual with sufficient language competence. The main indicator of the code-switching structure is the coherence of switchable segments with structural semantic and pragmatic features of the matrix language [1]. The matrix language creates a morphosyntactic frame into which foreign language elements can be included, both as individual lexemes and as several related lexical-grammatical forms.
Let's consider this example: Voltaire famously dismissed Canada as «quelques arpents de neige» - several acres of snow - but then, he'd never visited [2]. In this example, we can observe not a single lexical impregnation, but the use of a phrase unit consisting of the indefinite pronoun "quelques", the preposition "de" and two nouns "arpents" and "neige". In this example, "guest language" units are French lexical units. This example proves that foreign inclusions can be used in the receiving language in the form of connected lexical and
grammatical forms.
This method is still quite controversial, since it is initially used as a quantitative criterion - most of the language units come from the matrix language, and the rest of them is from the guest language.
The study of the psychological aspect of code switching is of great interest for linguists, since this phenomenon, before its formal expression in speech, passes through a certain algorithm in the human mind. As a rule, linguists turn to psycholinguistic models in the framework of bilingual speech in order to find points of contact between the structural parameters characterizing speech from a grammatical point of view. Thus, they are able to assess the degree of assimilation of code switching in the grammatical structure of the receiver language, that is, the language to which the bilinguals are switching in order to more clearly convey their communicative intentions. Y. Matras believes that during a monolingual conversation, a bilingual has to choose whether he can switch to another language or not [3-5].
филологические науки -
языкознание
Тутова Екатерина Владимировна, Медведева Екатерина Сергеевна, Куприянова Анастасия Михайловна и др.
МЕТОДЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПСИХОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ ...
The psycholinguistic approach to code switching is usually based on experimental methods in which research participants perform tasks on a computer and respond to linguistic tasks aimed at bilingual manipulation. Such studies usually do not reflect the spontaneity of the usual conversational situation. The disadvantage of such research methods is because the answers of the respondents can be predicted [6]. However, D. Green [7] believes that such an approach is taking place, since a conversational situation may not constitute a change of several linguistic codes. Interlanguage effects in this model are considered by scientists in the context of one or two languages, and the research reflects the result that interlanguage effects are more prevalent in a bilingual context [8]. The bilingual context can be considered as an experimental parallel to the situation of bilingual language contacts.
Scientists J. Kootstra and K. Hale identified the study of the socio-interactive aspects of code switching as one of the most promising in modern linguistics. In their studies, they use the technique of the combined scenario to find out how the participants in the dialogue apply their linguistic behavior towards each other. J. Kootstra explains the results of this research as a mechanism for interactive communication in the dialogue. The principal idea of such a connection is the reproduction of language means, which do not include the encoding of a message using articulation, but contributes to the creation of a common concept among the participants in the dialogue. The consequence of the general communicative intention is the process of modeling the linguistic behavior of the speakers during a conversation by repeating the elements of the linguistic choice of each of them. This process is based on the priming of linguistic representations between the heard and spoken speech elements in the dialogue. Proof of reuse of the linguistic elements of the interlocutor can be found at the lexical-semantic level, the syntactic level [9], the phonological level [10] and the articulative level [11]. Based on the research, Kutstra and other scholars have shown that interactive communication between dialogue partners also applies to the language choice in bilingual dialogue: Listening to the code-switched dialogue, a dialogue participant activates linguistic representations from two languages, which leads to residual activation of linguistic representations in both languages and the likelihood of using code switching increases.
The mechanism of interactive communication may relate to aspects of socio-interactive theory of language use, such as the spoken maximum and politeness [12]. These aspects of the language are used in the sociolinguistic study of code switching in the works of the scientist K. Myers-Scotton and her theory of marking, as well as in the works of P. Auer and his conversationally analytical approach to the pragmatic theory of code switching. An important difference between these two sociolinguistic studies is that J. Kootstra and his colleagues use interactive communication in code switching from the point of view of the sociolinguistic aspect to emphasize the strategic aspects of choosing language tools, comparing them with the social significance of choosing one or another language unit in conversation. J. Kootstra and his colleagues studied the auto-related processes which emphasize the connection between the sociolinguistic and psycho-linguistic aspects of code switching, future research should focus on the strategic processes of linking the two language systems. This becomes possible due to the use of the technique of varying aspects of a discursive situation, such as social identity, the perception of the interlocutor's relationship or his behavior.
J. Kootstra and K. Hale compared the code-shifting and non-grammatical code changes in monologue sentences and conversational situations. Let's consider the following examples: «Each culture has its preffered porte-bonheur, a talisman to invite luck and ward off misfortune [13]. In this example, the French phrase porte-bonheur is not subject to the grammatical norms of the English language. However, in the example: "Isn't it fantastique? [14], we see that the
French word is part of the English phrase to be fantastic.
Scientists concluded that in conversational situations the grammatical effects of code switching are stronger than in monologue.
In addition to the discourse-situational socio-interactive effects, code switching and the activation process of interlanguage communication are subject to change due to the high level of lexical and syntactic coincidences [15]. At the lexical level, language-to-language activation is usually explored in the process of studying related equivalent words in the host language with a similar lexical form.
Scientists have come to the conclusion that related words from another language are usually recalled by the individuals faster and more clearly than words comparable to them from their own language [8], since these words are much easier to associate with objects produced in a particular country. Due to this, switching between languages is simplified, which is reflected in the trigger hypothesis, that involves switching to another language at the expense of related trigger words. For example: In the space, afternoon tea (l'heure du thé) is accompanied by jazz trio, continuing a tradition that started in 1928 with the opening of the Peninsula Hong Kong [13]. In this example from the article the French phrase enters to emphasize the exquisite nature of the ritual.
Trigger words, according to M. Klein, are words that are equally easily related to both languages, they coincide in syntactic functions and sounds and can facilitate the process of switching from one language to another [16]. He has created the psycholinguistic theory of triggering, authored by M. Klein [16,17]. This theory considers the psycholinguistic motivated switching of codes, due to the specific conditions of speech production along with the speaker's intentions [18]. For this theory, the main thing is the mechanism that ensures the functioning of the systems of languages in the speaker's brain: identical lexical units act as triggers in the process of language switching.
Most often, the bilinguals do not seek to follow the rules of any language. The choice of language in each situation is not always easy. It can be influenced by various interdependent factors. Two main factors are the interlocutor and which language is preferred by the bilingual individual. Studies on the switching of code and social identity led to a better understanding of the place of language in the formation and transfer of social traditions and foundations.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Myers-Scotton, C. (1992) Codeswitching as socially motivated performance meets structurally motivated constraints // Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution / Piitz, Martin (ed.). - Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Pp. 417- 428.
2. Harper's Bazaar UK October 2015
3. Matras, Yaron. (2012) An activity oriented approach to contact-induced language change. In: Leglise, Isabelle; Chamoreau, Claudine, ed-itor(s). Dynamics of contact-induced change. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. 1-28.
4. Matras, Yaron. (2012) Loanwords in the world's languages: A comparative handbook (review).In: Language. Vol. Pp. 88-3.
5. Myers-Scotton, C., & Ury, W. (1997) "Bilingual Strategies: The Social Functions of Codeswitching." Journal of the Sociology ofLanguage № 13. Pp. 5-20.
6. Muysken, 2009
7. Green, D. W. (2011). Language control in different contexts: The behavioral ecology of bilingual speakers. Frontiers in Psychology 2: article, Pp. 103.
8. Christoffels, I. K., Firk, C. and Schiller, N. O. (2007). Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research 1147, Pp. 192-208.
9. Pickering, M. J. and Garrod, S. (2004). Toward a mechanistic psychology of dialogue. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27: 169-90; discussion, Pp. 190-226.
10. Bradlow, A. R. and Bent, T. (2008). Perceptual adaptation to non-native speech. Cognition 106, Pp. 707-729.
11. Pardo, J. S. (2006). On phonetic convergence during conversational interaction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Pp. 119: 2382-2393.
12. Brown, P. andLevinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.
13. Vogue Arabia, July / August 2018.
14. Vogue Arabia, November 2017.
15. De Bot, K.; Schreuder, R. (1992) Word production and the bilingual lexicon // The Bilingual Lexicon /Ed. Schreuder, R.; Weltens, B. - Q201, Applied Linguistics 13, pp. 1-24.
Балтийский гуманитарный журнал. 2018. Т. 7. № 4(25)
135
Tutova Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Medvedeva Ekaterina Sergeevna, Kupriyanova Anastasia Mikhailovna and others THE METHODS OF STUDYING THE PSYCHOLINGUISTIC THEORY ...
philological sciences -linguistics
16. Clyne, M. (2003) Dynamics of language contact. English and immigrant languages — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 282.
17. Clyne, M. (2003) Dynamics of language contact. English and immigrant languages — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 282.
18. Остапенко, Т. С. Становление понятия «Переключение кодов»: междисциплинарный подход. / Т. С. Остапенко // — Социо-и психолингвистические исследования — Вып. 2, 2014. — 171 с.
Статья поступила в редакцию 17.10.2018 Статья принята к публикации 27.11.2018
