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АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН МАРИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ПОВОЛЖСКАЯ АРХЕОЛОГИЯ
№ 2 (48) 2024
ПОВОЛЖСКАЯ АРХЕОЛОГИЯ
e-ISSN 2500-2856 № 2 (48) 2024
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академик АН РТ, доктор исторических наук А.Г. Ситдиков
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^ B. Nikitina - Doctor of Historical Sciences (Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature and History named after V. M. Vasilyev, Yoshkar-Ola, Russian Federation)
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ПОВОЛЖСКАЯ АРХЕОЛОГИЯ № 2 (48) 2024
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Исследования материальной культуры средневековых поселений Евразии
Енуков В. В. (Курск, Россия)
Браслеты населения роменской культуры.............................................................8
Куклина А.А. (Казань, Россия), Кольченко В.А. (Бишкек, Кыргызстан) Итоги исследования массовой керамики с раскопов 2022 г.
на средневековом городище Кен-Булун (Чуйская долина, Кыргызстан) ...26
Волгина Н.Д. (Москва, Россия)
Сельскохозяйственные орудия средневекового Новгорода:
систематизация, хронология............................................................................43
Винничек В.А., Винничек К.М. (Пенза, Россия)
Изучение чугунных котлов и шлаков с Саловского I селища ..........................61
Оруджов Э.И., Куклина А.А., Баранов В. С. (Казань, Россия) Особенности керамического комплекса XIII-XIV вв.
из раскопок средневековых отложений стоянки Сюкеевский Взвоз II........68
Байтанаев Б. А. (Шымкент, Республика Казахстан), Байтанаев Е.Б. (Алматы, Республика Казахстан)
«Храм» на городище Баба-ата - памятник заблуждений .................................84
Najafov Sh.N., Huseynov M.M., Jalilov B.M. (Baku, Azerbaijan Republic)
The medieval Dashbulag settlement......................................................................111
Железняков Б. А. (Алматы, Республика Казахстан)
К вопросу об исторической топографии Отрартобе.........................................126
КлёновМ.В. (Сыктывкар, Россия)
Укрепленные поселения XII-XIV вв. на Европейском северо-востоке.
Пожегское городище (опыт реконструкции)................................................141
Пигарёв Е.М., Ситдиков А.Г. (Казань, Россия) Архитектурный декор мавзолея 1 ханского некрополя
у пос. Лапас Астраханской области..............................................................154
Горохов С.В. (Новосибирск, Россия)
Городни в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке в конце XVI-XVII веках .............175
POVOLZHSKAYA ARKHEOLOGIYA №о 2 (48) 2024
Погребальный обряд населения степей Евразии
Ушаков С.В. (Симферополь, Россия) Могильник Карши-Баир в Юго-Западном Крыму
(итоги изучения и общая характеристика)...................................................191
Дмитриев Е.А. (Караганда, Казахстан), Касеналин А.Е. (Астана, Казахстан), Кукушкин А.И. (Караганда, Казахстан)
Средневековые захоронения могильника Талдинский-1 ................................205
Бабенко В.А. (Ставрополь, Россия)
Погребальный обряд населения золотоордынского города Маджара:
проблемы изучения и дискуссионные вопросы...........................................218
Харинский А.В. (Иркутск, Россия)
Захоронения ХШ-Х1У вв. долины реки Эгийн-гол (Северная Монголия):
особенности погребального ритуала............................................................232
Список сокращений.............................................................................................248
ПРАВИЛА ДЛЯ АВТОРОВ................................................................................250
nOBOA^CKAfl APXEOAOrafl № 2 (48) 2024
CONTENT
Studies of the medieval settlements material culture in Eurasia
Enukov V.V. (Kursk, Russian Federation)
Bracelets of the Romny culture population...............................................................8
Kuklina A.A. (Kazan, Russian Federation), Kolchenko V.A. (Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan)
The results of the study of mass ceramics from the excavations at the medieval fortified settlement of Ken-Bulun in 2022 (Chui Valley, Kyrgyzstan)...............26
Volgina N.D. (Moscow, Russian Federation) Agricultural implements of medieval Novgorod:
systematization, chronology...............................................................................43
Vinnichek V.A., Vinnichek K.M. (Penza, Russian Federation)
Study of cast iron pots and slags from Salovka I settlement...................................61
Orudzhov E.I., Kuklina A.A., Baranov VS. (Kazan, Russian Federation) Features of the pottery assemblage of the XIII-XIV centuries from excavations of the Syukeyevsky Vzvoz II Campsite medieval sediments.............................................................................................68
Baitanayev B.A. (Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan), Baitanayev E.B. (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan)
"Temple" at the Baba-ata fortified settlement, a monument of fallacies.................84
Najafov Sh.N., Huseynov M.M., Jalilov B.M. (Baku, Azerbaijan Republic)
The medieval Dashbulag settlement......................................................................111
Zheleznyakov B.A. (Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan)
To the issue of the historical topography of Otrartobe...........................................126
KlenovM.V. (Syktyvkar, Russian Federation)
Fortified settlements of the XII-XIV centuries in the European Northeast.
Pozheg hillfort (reconstruction experience)......................................................141
Pigarev E.M., Sitdikov A.G. (Kazan, Russian Federation) Architectural decoration of the mausoleum no. 1 of the khan necropolis
nearby the village of Lapas in the Astrakhan region .......................................154
Gorokhov S.V. (Novosibirsk, Russian Federation)
Gorodni in Siberia and the Far East in the late XVI-XVII centuries....................175
POVOLZHSKAYA ARKHEOLOGIYA №q 2 (48) 2024
Burial rite of the population of the Eurasian steppes
Ushakov S.V (Simferopol, Russian Federation) Karshi-Bair burial ground in Southwestern Crimea
(results of the study and general characteristics)..............................................191
Dmitriev Ye.A. (Karaganda, Kazakhstan), KasenalinA.Ye. (Astana, Kazakhstan), Kukushkin A.I. (Karaganda, Kazakhstan)
Medieval burials of Taldinskiy-1 burial ground....................................................205
Babenko V.A. (Stavropol, Russian Federation)
Burial rite of the population of the Golden Horde city of Madjar:
problems of study and debatable issues............................................................218
Kharinskii (Irkutsk, Russian Federation)
Burials of the XIII-XIV centuries in the Egiin-Gol river valley (Northern
Mongolia): burial rite features..........................................................................232
List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................248
Submissions..........................................................................................................250
YflK/UDC 902.2 (904) https://doi.org/10.24852/pa2024.2.48.111.125
THE MEDIEVAL DASHBULAG SETTLEMENT © 2024 Sh.N. Najafov, M.M. Huseynov, B.M. Jalilov
The article deals with the archaeological excavation of the Dashbulag settlement located in Shamkir district in the west of Azerbaijan. The step-by-step progress of the archaeological excavations conducted in the medieval settlement of Dashbulag, the discovered production and farm buildings, household devices, numerous and diverse examples of material culture are described in detail in the article. Archaeological excavations in the village-type settlement with a planned structure were carried out in three stages in 2004, 2005 and 2014 years. Based on the observation of the sediment of the cultural layer during the archaeological excavations carried out at the settlement, which consists of one cultural layer (the thickness of the layer is 1-1.5m depending on the relief), and the analysis of the actual materials uncovered, it was established that a village-type settlement with a free-plan structure existed here in the Middle Ages. Life in the medieval village of Dashbulag, built in the 9th century, was intense until the beginning of the 13 th century, gradually declined after the Mongol campaigns, and continued until the end of the 18th century with some intermittent breaks. Remains of civil and economic buildings, rich handicraft products discovered as a result of archaeological excavations in the medieval settlement of Dashbulag are evidence of the economic and farming life of the medieval inhabitants of the area, as well as pottery, metalworking, glassworking, bone-processing, etc. allows to follow the characteristics and development dynamics of art fields. The analysis of the artifacts gives reason to say that the art fields in the medieval village of Dashbulag did not lag behind, on the contrary, some regions went further than the village-type settlements.
Keywords: archaeology, Azerbaijan, Shamkir, Dashbulag, settlement, Middle Ages, tandoors (clay made oven), glazed ceramics
General description of the medieval Dashbulag settlement. The medieval Dashbulag settlement is located in western part of Azerbaijan Republic, between two villages in Shamkir district; 100-150m to the northeast is the village of Dashbulag and 200-250m south is the village of Dallar-Jayir (Fig. 1). The settlement is crossed by the road that branches off from the Baku-Gazakh highway and traverses Dashbulag village to the Shamkir hydroelectric power station. The excavations were carried out on both sides of the 13.5m wide road (Huseynov, Nacafov, 2006, p. 368; Najafov et al., 2008; Huseynov, Calilov, 2008, p. 226).
The location area of the site is slightly slanting flat ground. The area on the eastern side of the road is arable land extending for approximately 500m to the modern Muslim cemetery. Therefore, it was impossible to detect the eastern confines of the site. The area on the western side of the road is characterized by hilly terrain sloping down and up
for about 500-600m to the west until it reaches flat, irrigated arable land again. A river course draining toward the Kura River lies in this area. Based on the distribution of surface material it can be assumed that the total area of the site is about 2.5-3 hectares (Fig. 2). The site is located at approximately 220 m above sea level (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 6; Huseynov, Calilov, 2008, p. 226; Najafov, 2018, p. 3-4).
Results of archaeological excavations. The excavation of the site was carried out in three stages. During the first stage (November-December, 2004), the excavation site was divided into a total of 4m by 4m along eight squares, four squares to the west of the main road and four east of the road (Fig. 2, 2) (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 3).
During the second stage (July, 2005) the site was divided into sixteen squares of the same size along - eight squares on the west and eight east side of the main road (Fig. 2, 2) (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 3-4). During the third stage - February-
March 2014 a total of 10 squares were designated on the right-hand side of the highway and 20 more excavated squares were outlined on the left-hand side (Fig. 2, 3) (Najafov, 2018, p. 3-4).
The squares excavated on the first stage were termed as Excavation Site I (ES-1), the squares excavated on the second stage were termed as Excavation Site II (ES-2) while those excavated on the third stage were designated as Excavation Site III (ES-3) (Fig. 3).
There is a plain area on the right, which is used by local residents for sowing crops. On the left, there are valleys and hills. Most likely, in the ancient times, a river branch crossed the area, which consists of many hollows. There many gravel deposits in the area brought by the river in the past. A human habitat probably existed there in the past and after some time it was relocated to a nearby area to protect the population from the danger of torrential flooding. Villagers currently refer to this valley as "qobu yeri" (gorge area) and dump domestic waste there. Prior to tackling the excavations this polluted area was completely cleaned up with the aid of machinery and labourers while
Fig. 1. Location of the Dashbulaq settlement on the map of Azerbaijan. Рис. 1. Месторасположение поселение Дашбулаг на карте Азербайджана.
preserving the relief. The archaeological excavations were conducted in sequence based on the designated squares. First, the area located on the right-hand side of the highway was excavated, followed by excavations on the left-hand side.
A total area of 640sq/m of Dashbulag settlement was excavated. The settlement has a 1-1.5m thick (depending on the surface relief structure of the area) cultural layer, which includes the material culture of the medieval period.
Although the large-scale archaeological excavations were conducted in the mediaeval Dashbulag settlement with interruptions, this work allowed researchers to comprehensively study this rural residential area and clarify some unclear matters.
From the shape and style of the building remains, it appears that the residential houses in the Dashbulag area were built mainly in a rectangular plan. A limited number of walls and river stone foundations of the houses have survived. The walls above the foundation were built of baked bricks. Chaff mixed mud bricks were probably used as building material. The walls were built of two or three rows of stones and the space between was
Fig. 2. 1 - topographical plan of the medieval Dashbulag settlement; 2 - location plan of ES-1 & ES-2; 3 - relief location plan of ES-3.
Рис. 2. 1 - топографический план средневекового городища Дашбулаг; 2 - план расположения ES-1 и ES-2; 3 - план расположения ES-3.
filled with pebbles. This technique was spread almost everywhere in Azerbaijan in the Middle Ages (Dostiyev, 2007, p. 155-160). The "fish scale" technique used in construction and masonry in this region particularly draws attention. This technique, which ensures the strength of the walls, has been used for a long time in the construction art of Azerbaijan and is still used by builders in the Ganja-Kazakh zone.
Some of the interesting examples of the civil architecture of the Dashbulag settlement were discovered during the archaeological excavations in the excavation site III (Fig. 3, 1). The floor and partial wall remains of the building found in squares 9, 10 and 11 are the only remains of a building made of baked bricks in the medieval village of Dashbulag that has preserved its shape (Najafov, 2018, p. 6). In other squares
(squares 12, 13, 14, 18 and 20), stone arrangements reflecting the remains of foundations and walls of residential houses or other purpose-built buildings were revealed. The height of the remains of the residential house found in squares 9, 10 and 11 is 0.2-0.5m. For the foundation of the building, a small trench with a depth of about 30-50cm was dug and filled with unhewn river stones, and lime mortar was poured between the stones.
Total of nineteen tandoors were studied at the Dashbulag medieval settlement. The majority of these tandoors have survived intact to date. Fourteen were discovered in 2004, four tandoors were found in 2005 and one tandoor was found in 2014.
Despite differences in size and shape all the excavated tandoors have common and similar features. Almost all of them
Fig. 3. 1 - remains of the building and stone floor in quadrats 9, 10 & 11 (ES-3); 2 - tandoors (clay made oven). Рис. 3. 1 - остатки здания и каменный пол в квадратах 9, 10 и 11 (ES-3); 2 - тендиры (глиняная печь).
were built of medium thickness semicircular clay strips laid on one another (Huseynov, Nacafov, 2006, p. 370). In some instances, the clay was tempered with sand which was evidenced by small holes formed on these clay strips. It is evident that after being exposed to high temperature single grains of sand came off and the surface of the tandoor acquired uneven structure. The clay used for making tandoors also contained straw and goat wool (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 11-12). On the whole, the tandoors at the Dashbulag settlement were all clay made and well fired. Besides, some of the tandoors had ash holes to control temperature regime.
Fragments of tandoor and whole lid s and also a few intact lids were
found in the course of excavations at the Dashbulag settlement. These were commonly flat and discoid. The large ones are considered to have been used as tandoor covers, whilst the smaller ones were used to block ash holes (Novruzlu, Nuriyev, 2002, p. 22-23). For example, a ceramic lid was found close to tandoor 11, at a depth of 175cm in square 3 of ES-1. The cover measuring 28cm in diameter and 4.5cm in thickness has a handle in the middle which is 4.5cm high and has a diameter of 4cm. On all four sides the handle is symmetrically decorated. The edge of the lid is relatively thick and decorated with slanting lines applied by rubbing. These attributes and deep traces of soot and fire on the inner surface of the lid
indicate that it was a tandoor lid. Similar lids were found in Baku, Beylagan, Nakhchivan and Kerpijlitepe medieval settlement (Ismizadeh, Ibrahimov, 1974; ehmadov, 1979; Novruzlu, 1993, p. 6848; ehmadova, 2000, p. 59-62; Najafov, 2020, fig. 607, fig. 741, fig. 1579, fig. 2958, fig. 2977, fig. 3015, fig. 3074).
As is obvious, both large and small tandoors could be found at the medieval Dashbulag settlement. Similar tandoors were also discovered at Baku, Kharaba Shahar site in Nakhichivan, Shamkir sity, Girkhchirag, Fakhrali, Kurgiragi, Salmanbulagi, III Hajialili and Kerpijlitepe settlements (Ismizadeh, Ibrahimov, 1974; Dostiyev, 2000, p. 4044; 9hmadova, 2000; Novruzlu, Nuriyev, 2002; Museyibli, 2002, p. 47; Dostiyev, Mammadov, 2008, p. 5-6, photo 4-7; Jalilov, Kvachidze, 2008, p. 8-10, photo 1-6; Bayramov, 2014, p. 77; Najafov, 2018; Najafov, 2018a; Najafov, 2020, photo 66-U1a, 78, 95). It should be noted that tandoors typical of the Dashbulag area are also traditional for the Ganja-Gazakh region as a whole (Dostiyev, Mammadov, 2008, p. 6-8; Nacafov, 2018; Nacafov, Haciyeva, 2018, p. 9297). Tandoors rank first as indicators of high development of breadmaking in the domestic and economic life of the medieval inhabitants of the Dashbulag village.
A total of thirty-one pits most of which were intended for storing food products were revealed and investigated at the Dashbulag settlement: thirteen pits at ES-1, ten pits at ES-2 and eight pits at ES-3.
Some of the pits were poorly preserved. But in the majority of cases these pits were intact and kept their original form.
The storage pits discovered at both excavation sites of the Dashbulag settlement are different in terms of their shape and dimensions (Huseynov, Nacafov, 2006, p. 369; Huseynov, Calilov, 2008, p. 228). These pits were
dug in the natural layer approximately at a depth of 70-90 cm from the ground level. The pits were commonly widening towards their bases. Some of the pits were very large with the mouth diameters or the depths reaching 2 m. The floors of many pits were smoothly daubed (Huseynov, Nacafov, 2006, p. 369).
Storage pits similar to those revealed at the Dashbulag settlement had been found in almost all of the other medieval settlement sites of Azerbaijan, for example at old Shamkir sity, Orangala medieval settlement. During Mingechevir excavations, the idea was put forward that the pits were used for storage (Vahidov, 1961, p. 26-28; ehmadov, 1962, p. 36-38; Bunyadova, 2007; Dostiyev, 2008, p. 33-34; Huseynov, Calilov, 2008, p. 228). Several of the pits discovered at Mingechevir contained food residue (Novruzlu, 1993, p. 9-10). Such storage pits were also found during the excavations in the summer of 2004 which were conducted with participation of the authors of Girag Kasaman medieval rural settlement site in Agstafa region, Fakhrali (Goranboy region) and Hajialili III (Samukh region) (Dostiyev et al., 2007; Jalilov, Kvachidze, 2008, p. 9-10; Dostiyev, Mammadov, 2008, p. 7-8; Nacafov, 2018, p. 23-25).
Cultural materials revealed from the pits are largely pottery fragments, remnants of bracelets and oil-lamps and bone artefacts with pottery ware prevailing (Huseynov, Nacafov, 2006, p. 369).
Later reuse of the Dashbulag pits for dumping rubbish or waste product should not be excluded either. Despite their large dimensions, some of the pits were fully filled with pottery waster, bones and river-washed stones.
Artefacts: collection and analysis. Considerable quantities of artefacts of domestic function were revealed in the course of excavations at the medieval Dashbulag settlement site. These include pottery ware, metal objects, stone tools
Fig. 4. Glazed vessel fragments (11th - early 13th centuries). Рис. 4. Фрагменты глазурованных сосудов (XI - начало XIII вв.)
and glass materials. The pottery ware that prevails among the finds is represented by jars, milk pails, jugs, earthenware pots, dopus, bardags, lids, piyalas, bowls, dishes and salt-cellars (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 16; Najafov, 2018, p. 11).
The storage jars have narrowed and flat bases, pear-shaped bodies, narrow and cylindrical necks and everted rims. As a rule, their bodies are girded with ornamental belts. The jars for the most part were well fired at an average temperature, the structure is dense, and the colour is dark brown, pink or brick red. The belts engirding the bodies of the jars have incised or thumbed wavy decorations. The rims of the jars have relief decorations made up of thumbed depressions (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 17).
Small and medium-sized jugs prevail. The mouth of a medium-sized jugs curves out in a semi-circular way; the neck widens downward and passes into the
shoulder. The pot the lower half of which did not survive has a pear-shaped body. The upper ends of ribbon-shaped handles are attached to the rim. The shoulder bears a pattern made up of a series of incised lines. Another medium-sized jug is distinguished for the shape of its rim. At the point where the handles are fixed the rim of the mouth already curved out in a semi-circular way extends outwards even grater (Fig. 4-6). A depression was thumbed at the level where the handle is attached to the shoulder (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 18-19).
In general, several pottery samples were revealed from the excavation site that bear zoomorphic images. These pottery samples are represented by jugs and cooking-pots. The zoomorphic images were applied by thumbing (stamping) and largely cover the area between the shoulders and bodies of pots. The zoomorphic images depict
Fig. 5. Glazed vessel fragments (11th - early 13th centuries). Рис. 5. Фрагменты глазурованных сосудов (XI - начало XIII вв.).
birds, goats, dogs and wild predators (Fig. 7). The animal images come in a series engirding the pots. Zoomorphic images on pots may reflect natural animal behaviours to survive. Engravings of both wild animals and birds and other animals on some of pottery fragments may readily be perceived as depicting hunting scenes (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 23; Najafov 2018).
The lids were used to cover jugs and cooking-pots. The majority of them are large (Fig. 8, 7-8).
A significant number of clay (oil) lamps were obtained during the excavations (Fig. 8, 5-6). Such vessels were sometimes fragmented, but usually found in their entirety (although their spouts and some handles were broken). The Dashbulag lamps were rather small and made delicately. Their orifice elements are round. The cylindrical necks cross over into the flattened bodies. The bases are also flat. The vessels have slightly vertical pipe-shaped spouts in front. The spout edges were flattened and
Fig. 6. Glazed vessel fragments: 1, 8-10 - faenza ceramics (14th -16th centuries); 2-3, 7, 11-13, 15-16 - 11th -12th centuries; 4-5, 14 - 14th -15th centuries; 6 - 13th centurie.
Рис. 6. Фрагменты глазурованных сосудов: 1, 8-10 - фаянсовая керамика (XIV-XVI вв.); 2-3, 7, 11-13, 15-16 - XI-XII вв.; 4-5, 14 - XIV-XV вв.; 6 - XIII в.
an oval crack was made in their upper part for lighting a fuse at the tip. There are semi-circular handles with tape-shaped cross sections in the back of the lamps. The handles are usually divided vertically into two parts in the middle by a thin groove. Most of the lamps were painted green on the inside and outside and enamelled. Such samples were found during the excavations in urban areas of Shamkir (Dostiyev et al., 2013,
p. 321-322, 349-350, inv. 708, 81, 530, 520, 596, 513, 31, 418, 45, 434, 488) and Beylagan (Akhmedov, 1959, p. 220-221, table XIII, 1-7).
Small vessels called "ink-pots" in scientific literature also emerged during the excavations carried out in Dashbulag area. The cylindrical bodies of the inkpots, which have wide mouth, slightly narrowing downward (Fig. 8, 3-4). Their mouth area is protuberant in the disc-
9 0 12 10
Fig. 7. Zoomorphic pots fragments. Рис. 7. Фрагменты зооморфной керамики.
Fig. 8. 1-2 - spherocones; 3-4 - ink-pots; 5-6 - clay (oil) lamps; 7-8 - lids; 9 - metal tool; 10-13 - tobacco pipes.
Рис. 8. 1-2 - сфероконусы; 3-4 - чернильницы; 5-6 - глиняные (масляные) светильники; 7-8 - крышки; 9 - металлический инструмент; 10-13 - курительные трубки.
like shape. The edges of the protrusion are sometimes barbed or shaped as a star. Presumably, such a structure of the ink-pots was slated for placing them in special hollows. However, three-legged ink-pots were also discovered. The bases are wide and flat. Their surface was painted in a single colour on the inside and outside (mainly green or blue) and enamelled. Vegetational or geometrical patterns were applied upon some of the vessels.
Glazed pottery sherds form part of a bowl or dish that had geometric patterns applied in white angobe and then overcoated with green glaze (Fig. 6). There are dribbles of angobe and glaze
in the decorated part of the pot (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 23-24].
The salt-cellar glazed with manganese had a low, disk-shaped base and flaring walls. The rim was curved out and gradually rounded (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 25). '
The majority of salt-cellars and piyalas are monochromatic with green glaze most widely used. This fact is evidenced by the finds revealed during 2004 as well as 2005 excavations. Sometimes poor glazing caused spots in the glazed layer. In several cases failure to strictly comply with glazing technique caused dribbling of glaze in the process of firing resulting in the appearance of
Fig. 9. Glass bracelets and domestic pottery. Рис. 9. Стеклянные браслеты и fragments glazed pottery.
dark sports on the pot surface (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 25).
So, the analysis of the glazed pottery ware provides evidence that their form, decoration and glazing technique are typical of early glazed pottery dating back to the 9th-10th centuries.
Glazed ware similar to that from the site was excavated in large quantities at Beylagan. In addition to classifying the Beylagan pots, A.L Yacobson substantiated that this type of glazed pottery was dated to the 9th-11th centuries (Yakobson, 1959, p. 224-226). Other analogues of this pottery type were discovered in the excavations by V.N. Leviatov in Baku. These pots were dated to the 9th-10th centuries (Leviatov, 1946, p. 37-39).
The pottery ware from the Dashbulag settlement includes also tobacco pipes (Fig. 8, 10-13).
The stone artefacts discovered in the course of excavations consist of quern stones and grindstones. The grindstones are all elongated with their grinding surfaces concave from use. A fragment of a grindstone made of a thin river stone was found. It has a hole at its upper end for attachment to the belt (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 15).
Several iron and copper objects were found during the archaeological
excavations (Fig. 8, 9). The majority of them were represented by individual fragments.
It is noteworthy that copper coins were found in groups during the archaeological research conducted in Shamkir urban area (Dostiyev et al., 2013, p. 468, inv. 936). Such coins were synchronous with the Dashbulag coins and minted on behalf of the Atabeys (Ildegez) state leaders.
The glassware largely represented by bracelets is particularly worthy of attention for its high quality (Fig. 9, 1-8). Glass vessels are few (Fig. 9, 9-10). One of the fragments comes from a small, thin-walled vessel which was made of clear, colourless glas. The other fragment appeared to represent part of an everted and rounded rim of a thin-walled piyala-type vessel made of pure, greenish glass. The revealed vial was also made of pure glass; however, because of long staying in the ground it had become somewhat darker (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 25-26).
Glass bracelets which were widely used as items of decoration were among the finds frequently encountered in the cultural layer. These are divided into different groups and types depending on the form of their cross sections. Bracelets of round cross section with spirally glass threads were also widespread. For the
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most part they were made of black or blue glass (Najafov et al., 2008, p. 26).
Of particular interest here is the purity of composition and quality of glass items. Another interesting aspect worthy of special consideration is the prevalence of glass bracelets among the glassware found at the Dashbulag settlement.
Dating and chronology of medieval Dashbulag settlement. The medieval Dashbulag settlement was a rural type settlement that provided material manifesting high degree of cultural and economical development. In spite of being one-layer settlement site, the facts prove that life here continued for several centuries (Huseynov, Calilov, 2008, p. 233).
Therefore, in order to establish the chronology of the monument more exactly there is a need for larger-scale investigations. Nevertheless, based on a number of comparative analyses it is possible to deduce that life in the medieval Dashbulag village began in the 9th century and continued with intervals up to the 18th century (Fig. 10).
The artefacts revealed from the site manifest signs of the highly developed crafts typified by those found at Ganja and Shamkir. No doubt, some of the
artefacts found are very delicately made and appear to have been imported by way of exchange from Ganja and Shamkir or some other developed city located nearby (Nacafov, Hacili, 2005, p. 538).
It is most probable that the medieval Dashbulag settlement highly developed intensively economically and culturally and also in terms of trade declined in the 13th century.
There is no doubt that the settlement was used continuously over several generations. Pottery forms discovered at the site shows a period of use between the 9th and 13th centuries. For example, coarsely made jugs, jars and platters dated to the 9th century are superseded by more delicate pots having thumbed decoration. Later in the 13th-15th centuries skilfully made more refined glass bracelets and domestic pottery become widespread. Red painted pots decorated with ornamental thumbed belts from the Dashbulag site has very close affinities with the 9th-13th century assemblage of pottery from excavations of medieval Ganja, Shamkir also Beylagan and Dabil cities (9hmadov, 1979, p. 32; Dostiyev, 2001, p. 25-26; Dostiyev, 2008, p. 41). Identity of both the decorating techniques and decorative motives shows that this type of pottery is characteristic of the Arran school. No doubt, the Shamkir region was one of the major pottery centres during the period under discussion.
Analytical results & conclusion. The excavations suggest that Dashbulag was a one-layer site developed in the 9th-18th centuries as a rural type settlement. The differences in the intensity of the cultural horizon of the settlement site, the interleaving of rich and poor cultural layers imply that this settlement site had rather a loose layout.
The artefacts provide evidence that the people living here were mainly engaged in farming and cattle-breeding. Along with these, they were engaged in crafts which suggest they led a settled
life. The cattle-breading occupied a major place. The crafts were plain and of local importance intended to meet the needs of villagers in pottery and metalware. Wheel-thrown unglazed pots of different functions were widely used in everyday life. At the same time glazed tableware was also produced and used.
The decorations of local people mainly consisted of glass and metal bracelets and beads.
The excavated area of the more extended Dashbulag settlement could as well be a possible activity area of craftsmen and bakers which once more implies that this site was a rural agrarian settlement.
The significant number of storage pits and tandoors can provide additional information about the population of the village.
By its nature the Dashbulag settlement is similar to Amirarkh, Garkhun, Kerpijli tepe, Fakhrali, Hajialili III, Saritepe, Poylu III and Girag Kesemen I settlements (Dostiyev et al., 2007; Najafov et al., 2008, p. 34 74; Jalilov, Kvachidze, 2008; Bayramov, 2014; Najafov, 2020; Najafov, 2018a). The excavation of these sites provided the opportunity to trace back the characteristic features of the 9th-18th century rural type settlement sites of the area. Taking into consideration that
medieval rural settlements of Azerbaijan have not been sufficiently studied, then the excavations carried out at Dashbulag acquire not only local but also all-Azerbaijani importance.
It should be noted that prior to excavations at Dashbulag settlement, large-scale excavations had been conducted at numerous early medieval Azerbaijani sites dating to the 9th-18th centuries. Dozens of monuments of this date were studied by long-term excavations in Gazakh, Agstafa, Fuzuli, Jalilabad, Ganja, Baku, Shamakhy, Beylagan, Guba, Gusar, Shabran, Gabala and elsewhere. The results of this work were reflected in scientific and popular-scientific literature (Yakobson, 1959; Jiddy, 1981; Goyushov, 1985; Nuriyev, 1986; Mammadov, 1993; Dostiyev, 2001). All these were large medieval settlement sites. However, as stated above, rural type sites like Dashbulag have been studied to a less degree in Azerbaijan. From this viewpoint, the excavations carried out at the medieval Dashbulag settlement assumes certain importance. It was these excavations that provided the opportunity to learn more about some aspects of the material culture of the western region of Azerbaijan in the 9th-18th centuries.
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About the Authors:
Najafov Shamil N. PhD of History. Associate Professor. Institute of Archaeology & Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS). H. Cavid pr. 115, Baku, AZ1143, Azerbaijan Republic; shamil_necefov@mail.ru
Huseynov Muzaffar M. PhD of History. Associate Professor. Institute of Archaeology & Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS). H. Cavid pr. 115, Baku, AZ1143, Azerbaijan Republic; muzaffarhuseynov@yahoo.com
Jalilov Bakhtiyar M. PhD of History. Associate Professor. Institute of Archaeology & Anthropology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS). H. Cavid pr. 115, Baku, AZ1143, Azerbaijan Republic; bcelilov@mail.ru
СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЕ ПОСЕЛЕНИЕ ДАШБУЛАГ Ш.Н. Наджафов, М.М. Гусейнов, Б.М. Джалилов
В статье рассказывается об археологических раскопках городища Дашбулаг, расположенного в Шамкирском районе на западе Азербайджана. В статье подробно описан ход археологических раскопок, проведенных на средневековом городище Дашбулаг в три этапа: в 2004, 2005 и 2014 годах. В ходе исследования были выявлены производственные и хозяйственные постройки, многочисленные и разнообразные образцы материальной культуры. На основании наблюдений за отложениями единственного культурного слоя, выявленного археологическими раскопками поселения, (мощность слоя 1-1,5 м в зависимости от рельефа) и анализа обнаруженных материалов, было установлено, что в средние века здесь существовало поселение деревенского типа со свободной планировкой. Жизнь в средневековом селе Дашбулаг, основанном в IX веке, была насыщенной до начала XIII века. После монгольских вторжений поселение постепенно пришло в упадок, однако с отдельными перерывами просуществовало до конца XVTII века. Остатки жилых и хозяйственных построек, богатые ремесленные изделия, обнаруженные в результате археологических раскопок на средневековом городище Дашбулаг, являются свидетельством хозяйственной жизни средневекового населения региона, а также развитого гончарного, металлообрабатывающего, стекольного, косте-резного и других видов ремесла. Все вышеуказанное позволяет проследить особенности и динамику развития различных отраслей ремесленного производства. Анализ артефактов дает основание говорить о том, что развитие различных сфер ремесленного производства в средневековом поселении сельского типа Дашбулаг не только не было отсталым, а наоборот, ушло далеко вперед в отличие от сельских поселений других регионов.
Ключевые слова: археология, Азербайджан, Шамкир, Дашбулаг, поселение, средние века, тендиры, глазурованная керамика.
Информация об авторах:
Наджафов Шамиль Надирович, доктор философии по истории (к.и.н.), доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник. Институт археологии и антропологии Национальной Академии наук Азербайджана (НАНА) (г. Баку, Азербайджан); shamil_necefov@mail.ru
Гусейнов Музаффар Магсудович, доктор философии по истории (к.и.н.), доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник. Институт археологии и антропологии Национальной Академии наук Азербайджана (НАНА) (г. Баку, Азербайджан); muzaffarhuseynov@yahoo.com
Джалилов Бахтияр Мазахирович, доктор философии по истории (к.и.н.), доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник. Институт археологии и антропологии Национальной Академии наук Азербайджана (НАНА) (г. Баку, Азербайджан); bcelilov@mail.ru
