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quality feeding, to maintain the routine, to keep the child healthy and to grow.
Reference:
1. Внутрипеченочный холестаз — от патогенеза к лечению / Э.П. Яковенко, П.Я. Григорьев, Н.А. Агафонова, А.В. Яковенко // Практ. врач. 1998. № 13. -С.20-23.
2. Ford E.S., Giles W. H., DietsW.H.// AMA.2002.T.16, 287 (3). P 6356.
3. Reaven G.M.// Diabetes, 2006
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Odinaeva N. L.
Teacher of the department of English language and literature
Bukhara State University Uzbekistan, Bukhara city THE MEANING OF METAPHOR AND SIMILE
Annotation: This article gives the information about stylistic devices like metaphor and simile, their role, meaning, classification and significance in literature, also the influence in stylistics.
Key words: metaphor, simile, comparison, allusion, explicit, rhetorical.
A figure of speech is a poetic device which consists in the use of words and phrases in such a manner as to make the meaning more pointed and clear and the language more graphic and vivid. Figures are also called images for in them one thing is represented in the image of another.
Simile comes from Latin word similes, means like, note from Arthur Finley Scott. A simile makes an imaginative comparison for purposes of explanation, allusion, or ornament, introduced by a word such as 'like', 'as', or 'such'. It can be simple, briefly expressed or long and sustained, known then as the epic simile. A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things through the explicit use of connecting words (such as like, as, so, than, or various verbs such as resemble). Although similes and metaphors are sometimes considered to be interchangeable, similes acknowledge the imperfections and limitations of the comparative relationship to a greater extent than metaphors. Metaphors are subtler and therefore rhetorically stronger in that metaphors equate two things rather than simply compare them. Similes also safeguard the author against outrageous, incomplete, or unfair comparison. Generally, metaphor is the stronger and more encompassing of the two forms of rhetorical analogies. While similes are mainly used in forms of poetry that compare the inanimate and the living, there are also terms in which similes and personifications are used for humorous purposes and comparison. Simile is an explicit comparison between two unlike things through the use of connecting words, usually "like" or "as." The technique of simile is known as a rhetorical analogy, as it is a device used for comparison. The other most popular rhetorical analogy is metaphor, which shares some traits and is often confused with we can infer the function of similes both in our everyday life as
well as in literature. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fiction or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world. For example:
Well-known similes are: "busy as a bee" comparing someone's lev el of energy to a fast-flying bee, "as happy as a clam" comparing someone's happiness to the contentment of a clam.
The intensification of some one feature of the concept in question is realized in a device called simile. "Ordinary comparison and simile must not be confused. They represent two diverse processes. Comparison means weighing two objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their seemingly or difference. To use a simile is to characterize one object by bringing it into contact with another object belonging to an entirely different class of thing. Simile excludes all the properties of the two objects except one, which is made common to them. For example, "The boy seems to be as clever as his mother" is ordinary comparison. 'Boy' and 'mother' belongs to the same class of objects- human beings -so this is not a simile but ordinary comparison. Similes have formal elements in their structure: connective words such as like as, such as, as if, seem. Here are some examples of similes taken from various sources and illustrating the variety of structural designs of this stylistic device: "His mind was restless, but it worked perversely and thoughts jerked through his brain like the misfiring of a defective carburetor"
R. Burn used the simile in his poem: "Oh, my love is like Red Red Rose And in Shelley's poem we can see "As still as a brooding dove" A metaphor is a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two seemingly unlike objects or concepts. By portraying a person, place, thing, or action as being something else, a metaphor incites the reader to gain a deeper understanding or more vivid description of the text. Metaphors are effective in writing because they allow for creativity and enliven language. As a literary device, metaphors encourage the reader to think and interpret various literary elements in a meaningful way through the development of characters, plot, settings, and imagery. Metaphor is a key component of all forms of literature, including poetry, prose and drama. This is not only because metaphor is a highly useful device, but also it is such a vital part of all language and communication. Many cognitive theorists have researched and written about the importance of metaphor in the way we understand the world around us. For example, in western culture the phrase "time is money" is quite prevalent. This is not just a though. We talk about time in terms of wasting it, spending it, saving it, and so one. The
metaphorical comparison of these two concepts ends up influencing the way people in cultures actually perceive time. Our daily language is full of metaphors we all day unthinkingly use for regular communication purposes. Cell phone. Highway. Light bulb. Love affair. War on Terror. Many have argued that every word is a metaphor, and metaphorical thinking is what allows us to structure reality at all, and therefore can easily filter and determine our thinking and perceptions if we are not aware of it. Most great thinkers, philosophers, literary theorists, and writers have eventually turned their thoughts to the question of metaphor and how it determines our basic structures of language, thought, and perception. Of course metaphor is a particular concern of writers and literary theorists. Almost all of them have something to say on the subject. Metaphor is everywhere in literature, from the interrelations among its smallest (words, images, figures of speech) to its largest (characters, plot, narrative) elements. Beyond the most basic assumptions about metaphor — that it has a primarily decorative purpose, to make writing more "exciting" or "beautiful;" or that it helps the reader "visualize" images; or that it serves to highlight and heighten important themes — lie great areas of thinking about metaphor, that can help deepen and clarify our understanding of literature, art and life. Examples:
My brother was boiling mad (This implies he was too angry). The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult).Similes and metaphors are similar but not quite the same. A simile is a figure of speech that draws a comparison between two different things, especially a phrase containing the word "like" or "as". Socrates' method of teaching is like that of online schools in which students learn and grow on their own time.
Both a simile and a metaphor are literary techniques to compare two things with a descriptive phrase. A simile is easier to spot because it is a stated comparison using "like" or "as". The difference with a metaphor is the comparison is implied directly. Example: My cat is like a dog following me on a path. This is a simile. My cat is a dog following me on my path. That is a metaphor. But the phrase "I am as hungry as a horse" Does not mean I will eat hay or really eat that much food but it is not a simile because it is not comparing two things. It describes the degree of the horse's hunger but does not equate the horse with the hunger.
Metaphor is the broader term. In literary sense metaphor is a rhetorical device that transfers the sense or aspects of one word to another. For example:
"The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas". Here the moon is being compared to a sailing ship. The clouds are being compared to ocean waves. This is an apt comparison because sometimes banks of clouds shuttling past the moon cause the moon to appear to be moving and roiling clouds resemble churning water.
A simile is a type of metaphor in which the comparison is made with the use of the word like or its equivalent: "My love is like a red, red rose " This simile conveys some of the attributes of a rose to a woman: ruddy complexion, velvety skin and fragrant scent.
The list of used literature:
1. Галперин M.P. "Стилистика английского языка" Учебник, Изд. 2-е, испр. и доп, М, Высшая школа 1977,
2. Katie Wales, A Dictionary of Stylistics, Pearson Education, 2001, p 315. ISBN 0-582-31737-1
3. Lesley Jeffries, Daniel McIntyre, Stylistics, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p 1. ISBN 0-521-72869-X
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Odinaeva N. L.
Teacher department of "English language and literature"
Bukhara State University Uzbekistan, Bukhara city TEACHING VOCABULARYTO THE YOUNG LEARNERS THROUGH GAMES IN LANGUAGE LEARNING Summary: In this article the importance, influence of playing games in teaching vocabulary to the young learners on subject of learning language is described.
Key words: vocabulary, knowledge,acquisition, therapeutic, teaching,
game.
Teaching plays the most significantrole in learning process. Through teaching a teacher can help the students to comprehend the given lesson. The word "teaching" according to Brown is "showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge causing to know or understand" (Brown, 2001:7).
Brown also said that "teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning" (Brown, 2007:7). Heexplains that learning is acquiring or getting of knowledge of a subject or a skill from study, experience, and instructions. Learning is acquisition or getting, learning is retention of information skill, and learning involves some forms of practice, perhaps reinforced practice (Brown, 2000:7).Following the statement, we can surely say that teaching is connected with learning and they cannot be separated from each other because they support and fulfil each other.
Moreover, "Learning is a relatively permanent change in an individual's knowledge or behaviour that results from previous experience" (Hamilton and Ghatala, 1994:7).
Teaching and learning are the main role in education system. In teaching process, the teacher has important roles in guiding the students to learn materials. In the process of learning the learners get and learn information from the teacher, and they give feedback to the teacher as their response.
The success of teaching and learning process depends on both the teacher and the students. They should have a good communication. Teacher should be a
