CC BY
7
УДК 347.47
Ergashev O. assistant
department of "humanities " Andijan machine-building institute
THE MAIN FACTORS AND PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION OF
CIVIL SOCIETY
Annotation: This article discusses the main features and problems of the emergence and development of civil society.
Keywords: community, society, law, individual, freedom, civil society.
Civil society - a set of citizens who are not close to the levers of state power; the totality of social relations outside the framework of power-state and commercial structures; the sphere of self-manifestation of free citizens and voluntarily formed non-profit directed associations and organizations, protected from direct interference and arbitrary regulation by state authorities, as well as other external differences.
A developed civil society is the most important prerequisite for building the rule of law and its equal partner. According to the classic scheme of David Easton, civil society acts as a filter of the demands and support of society for the political system.
• autonomization of society, the transformation of a person into an individual, freed from any bonds that connect him with his neighbors;
• the presence in society of private ownership of the means of production: "The first one who cleared a piece of land and said: "This is mine" - became the true founder of civil society" (Jean-Jacques Rousseau);
• the presence of confrontation between the haves and the have-nots in the form of a constantly ongoing "cold civil war", "predation of the rich, robbery of the poor" (Russo);
• the presence of democracy in the social sphere;
• legal protection of citizens;
• a certain level of civic culture;
• high educational level and high civic engagement of the population;
• the most complete provision of human rights and freedoms;
• self management;
• competition of its constituent structures and different groups of people;
• freely forming public opinion and pluralism;
• diversified economy;
• a large share in the society of the middle class.
In the social sciences, the following main approaches to defining the essence of civil society are distinguished: as an opposition to anarchy; as
opposed to the work of the church; as a complex of social relations opposed to the state; as a specific phenomenon of Western civilization. The history of the development of its concept in Western socio-political thought testifies to the difficulties of the formation of civil society.
Three stages of the formation of civil society can be conventionally distinguished:
1. At the first stage, there is a separation of the civil and state spheres of society. The interaction of civil society and the apparatus of state power begins through modern democratic mechanisms (elections, referendums, rallies, petitions, etc.). The predominantly private sphere of public life is developing, various institutions and organizations appear that serve the private interests of people. In this period, the prevailing system of classical capitalism - with private property, market economy, free competition. The main classes at this stage are entrepreneurs and workers. To continue the formation of civil society, a rule-of-law state with a market economic system is needed.
2. Further, not only the private, but also the public sphere of life begins to develop. Civil society, which was forced to independently protect the economic interests of various social strata, transfers these responsibilities to the state, which thanks to this becomes not only legal, but also social.
3. At the final stage of the formation of civil society, its globalization and pluralization takes place. The class struggle tends to zero, the polarization of society (enmity between its classes) practically disappears. Different social groups have different interests only because of their cultural characteristics, and not because of enmity with other groups.
4. Civil society is a horizontally structured aggregate of independent public organizations and associations that distanced themselves from government and commercial structures and function in accordance with their goals and objectives for the sake of realizing public interests.
5. Public organizations unite in accordance with their goals and objectives, as well as within the framework of ongoing projects. For example, on the protection of the environment within the framework of any regional problem. Many educational organizations, such as universities and libraries, are organized as non-profit organizations, which allows them to receive grants from various charitable foundations and receive tax incentives from the state.
The low level of civic engagement and legal illiteracy of the population makes it difficult to build a civil society in such countries.
SG Kara-Murza: "The fundamental meaning of the concept of civil society is based on two concepts: anthropological (man as an individual, atom) and political-economic (private property). Consequently, this concept in its main sense is inapplicable to non-Western cultures that stand on different anthropological and political-economic concepts ".
Herbert Marcuse in his book "Reason and Revolution" states: "Under fascism, civil society dominates the state".
A significant drawback in the work of public organizations and associations at this stage is that there is not yet a stable, systematic and organized connection between civic groups, which is necessary to create a force capable of influencing the government in cases of violations of human and civil rights and freedoms.
The problem of the formation of a civil society is closely related to the problem of interaction between state power and civil society, which in turn is key in the process of state structure, which determines the relevance of this problem. At the moment, the process of forming a civil society is still ongoing. In modern Russia, this process is complicated by the lack of a well-coordinated exit to civilized market relations, the absence of a large layer of property owners, and the low efficiency of the mechanism of legal protection of the individual. Yes, to date, crime has not been reduced to minimum indicators and the legal activity of the population is at a low level. I believe that the problems of forming a civil society are directly related to the education and upbringing of both minors and the entire population of our country. Under the formation of civil society, we must understand that this is a conscious participation of the population in the affairs of the state, and also participation in the formation of higher and local authorities.
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