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The Legend of twelve golden Fridays in the Western manuscripts. Part I: Latin1
Резюме. Легенда о 12-ти пятницах пользовалась большой популярностью в средневековой Европе, но ее рукописная традиция до сих пор мало изучена. В данной статье мы попытаемся дать библиографический обзор работ по этой теме и перечень рукописей, в которых засвидетельствован текст легенды.
Ключевые слова: легенда о 12-ти пятницах, латинские рукописи, библиография, источниковедение, twelve golden Fridays, Latin manuscripts, bibliography, manuscript sources
The legend of twelve Fridays was widely known throughout Europe in the Middle Ages. We have ample evidence of its popularity both in the Eastern and Western Christianity.
In general, the text of the legend, which is said to have been found by Saint Clement in the Canons and Acts of Apostles, promises to the faithful that after death their souls will be taken to the heaven by the angels if they observe a strict fast on the twelve Fridays in the year which are then enumerated. Closely related to this text is the list of reasons for fasting on Fridays that explains the significance of Friday by linking it with various events of the biblical history. This piece of lore can be found both in conjunction with the legend of 12 Fridays and as a separate unit.
Our aim is to give a preliminary survey of the Western European manuscripts containing the copies of the legend and a brief bibliographic sketch of texts published so far. Edited texts are marked with an asterisk (*).
As can be seen from the list given below, the text on 12 Fridays primarily occurs in the theological MSS in the milieu of sermons, treatises and liturgical matter. But it is worth noting that there are also three categories of texts with which 12 Fridays are often coupled:
1) Juridical texts - canon law, decretals of Church Councils, disciplinary topics (№№ 1, 3, 9, 10, 13, 14, 31, 51, 52). Our text is frequently found together with Decrees of Burchard of Worms and Ivo of Chartres (№№ 9, 10, 13, 14). The reason may be that the text on 12
1 An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the colloquium «Medieval text analysis» held at the Institute for linguistic studies in Saint-Petersburg , April 28, 2010. Статья выполнена при поддержке гранта Правительства Санкт-Петербурга для студентов, аспирантов, молодых ученых, молодых кандидатов наук вузов и академических институтов, расположенных на территории Санкт-Петербурга.
Fridays which was commonly attributed to St Clement and contained some prescriptions regarding fasting came to be associated with canon law and included into collections of juridical matters. In this connection see the instructive case of № 28 where the legend goes under the wrong title «Abschrift einer Bulle Clemens V».
2) The MSS containing the legend often also include astronomical texts, calendars, dies Egyptiaca, Easter tables and other computistical matter (№№ 4, 5, 15, 29, 32, 33, 40, 41, 44, 45, 49). It is only natural that the text on 12 Fridays should show up in such an environment since its subject has to do with the church calendar.
3) It also occurs in connection with medical texts - recipes, tracts on flebotomy and commentaries on Hippocrates and other medical authorities (№№ 26, 28, 32, 36, 40, 48), which were in the Middle Ages closely related to various prognostics and other astrological matters.
Another important point is the position of the text in the MS and its relation to the environment. It is frequently found in the very beginning or at the end of the MS (on the first page - №№ 1, 34, 44; on the last page - №№ 9, 17, 21, 24, 37, 43) and written in a different, sometimes obviously later hand (№№ 7, 16, 28, 33, 34, 43, 45). In two cases it is inserted right into the body of another text (№№ 22, 26), and once the text of the legend is crossed out (№ 19). It is evident that it was often copied as a separate unit, and its relative brevity made it easy to fill a blank space left at the bottom of the page, in the beginning or in the end of the MS.
In conclusion, I should note that this list is certainly incomplete. I am certain that there exist many more Latin texts of the legend which I was not able to discover, partly due to the fact that, perhaps, because of its brevity or for any other reason, it may have been considered insignificant or not recognized as such and so failed to be included into MSS catalogues.
1. MS Vat.lat. 1349, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. This MS of Beneventan provenance is one of the most important copies of Collectio 9 librorum (collection of canon law). The text of the legend occurs on fol. 2r and was identified by Paul Furnier (1915: 35, n. 1). Fournier ascribes the MS to the Xth cent., but E.A. Loew (1914: 362) prefers to date it to the XIth cent., and this date seems to be generally accepted (cf. Kery 1999: 196-197).
2. MS Additional 36736, British Library, written down at Trier, probably in the Xth cent., includes one of the earliest known copies of the Navigatio Sancti Brendani. The text of the legend is inserted on fol. 87 between the two tracts by Augustine.
3.* MS Plut.IV.sin. Cod.4, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (XIth cent.), from Santa Croce, consists mainly of various decretals of the
Fathers, Popes and Councils (cf. Bandini 1777: 44). The text of the legend on fol. 95 was published by Fournier (1915: 35-36).
4. The contents of MS Bodleian 309, Oxford, (XIth cent.) was thoroughly described by C.W. Jones (1937: 213-219), who identified it as the «Sirmond manuscript» of Bede’s Computus which had been considered to be lost. He printed the beginning of the legend text from fol. 110 (p. 218), but unfortunately did not publish it in full. He concludes this entry: «I can find no analogue for this bit of lore» which shows that he failed to recognize it.
5-8.* Detlev Jasper (1991) published four texts from the MSS of the XIth-XIIth cc. MS 11 Bordeaux, Bibliothèque Municipale (late XIth cent.), embraces collections of canons, gospels, Augustine’s sermons, computistical matter and our legend (fol. 144). On the MS see also Couderc (1984: 7-16), who gives no mention of the legend text. In the MS 172, Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek (XIIth cent.), the 12 Fridays text (fol. 96) is added to the commentary on Apocalypse by Anselm of Laon (on the contents of MS see also Hellsig 1995: 202). The legend text on fol. 28 of the MS 10 D 14, ’s-Gravenhage, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum (XIth cent.), seems to have been a later addition; the rest of the MS is occupied by Vita Sancti Mauri and the tract De conflictu vitiorum et virtutum. The MS 73, Lambach, Stiftsbibliothek (about 1200), is a missal; our text is included on fol. 8889. The editor refers to some later German and Italian variants, but seems to be unaware of the abundant Latin tradition since he does not mention any other Latin texts published earlier which would perfectly fit into the scope of his study.
9. Fournier (1915: 35) notes that our text occurs on the end-leaf of MS Ricc. 240, Biblioteca Riccardiana, Firenze, which comprises Decretum of Burchard of Worms, but unfortunately gives no further information.
10. MS Vat.lat. 4227, Biblioteca Apoctolica Vaticana (late XIth -early XIIth cc.), was written in Germany and includes the text of the legend on fol. 93 among commentaries on Psalms, fragments of the Burchard’s Decretum, Decretum of Ps.-Adrian and decretals of Seligenstadt Council.
11. M.R. James (1913: 263) who compiled manuscripts catalogues of many British libraries noted our legend on fol. 77 of the MS K. 23, Library of St John’s College, Cambridge, early XIIth cent., where one also finds sermons by Geoffrey Babion, an apocryphal Letter of Pontius Pilate and some extracts from the false decretals.
12. Our text occurs largely in the same environment (sermons by Geoffrey Babion, Pilate’s Letter, with addition of a number of Augustine’s sermons and some other materials) on fol. 111-112 of the
MS 320, Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, vol. 1 (XIIth cent.), also described by M.R. James (1911: 135). The MS in now available online at the Parker Library on the web: (http://parkerweb. stanford.edu) where, unfortunately, one upper line of the text is missing due to the defect either of the MS or of the image.
13. MS 113, Benediktinerabtei Sankt Georgenberg-Fiecht, Österreich (XIIth cent.) includes penitential composed mostly on excerpts from Burchard’s Decretum, Sayings of the Fathers (among them our text on fol. 29), liturgical matter and a tract by St. Ambrose.
14.* The text of the legend from the MS Vat. lat. 3838, Biblioteca
Apostolica Vaticana (XIIth cent.), was edited by G. Mercati (1901: 81). The rest of the MS is occupied with the Decretum of Ivo of Chartres and the Apocalypse of Esdra.
15. MS Plut. 45. 23, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana (XIIth cent.) includes letters and poems of Sidonius Apollinarius, an astronomical treatise, tractatus de divisionibus temporum and astronomical tables. The legend occurs on fol. 63r. This text has some significant differences from all the other versions. On the MS see (Bandini 1775: col. 361).
16. MS Lat. 2774, Bibliothèque Nationale de France (XIIth cent.), containing poems by Prosper of Aquitaine with commentaries and grammatical tracts, includes our legend on fol. 36 (Catalogue général 1952: 73). The text seems to have been a later addition by another hand (most probably, of the XIIIth cent.).
17. The contents of the MS 131, Admont Stiftsbibliothek, Österreich (2nd half of the XIIth cent.), consist of Speculum ecclesiae by Honorius Augustodunensis, various short notes and our text on the last page of the MS (fol. 206).
18. The preamble and conclusion of the legend (without the Fridays list) from fol. 120 of the MS B V 21, Basel Universitätsbibliothek
(XIIth cent.), were published by G. Meyer and M. Burckhardt (1960: 492). The MS also contains St. Gregory’s Regulae pastoralis, «DreiEngelsegen» and various fragments. On the MS see also (Bergmann, Stricker 2005: 175-177).
19. MS Clm 4648, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München (2nd quarter of the XIIth - 2nd half of the XIIIth cc.) comprises catechetical works of St. Ambrose, De contemptu mundi of Peter Damian and Elucidarium of Honorius Augustodunensis (see Glauche 1994: 279). Our legend is added to the end of Ambrose’s text on fol. 45 and is crossed out.
20. Our text is inserted (on fol. 62) into the collection of sermons MS Pal. lat. 470, Biblioteca Vaticana of the XIIth-XIIIth cc. (Pitra, Stevenson, de Rossi 1886: 149).
21. The legend text is added to the last page (fol. 199) of a similar collection of various sermons (including those of St. Augustine and John Chrysostom), among them a notable text on the XV signs before Doomsday. Immediately before our text goes the fragment of Ps.-Methodius’ De fine mundi. MS C 116 Io, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, Roma, dates back to the XIIIth cent.
22. We have a very interesting case of the legend transmission in the MS 711, Utrecht Universiteitsbibliotheek (XIIIth cent.), where our text was inserted right into the middle of Physiologus (on fol. 77), by the same hand and without any separation marks (on this MS see Tiele 1887: 186).
23. Robin Flower (1926: 496) drew attention to the MS Harley 1820, British Library (XIIIth cent.), fol. 195, but gives no further information on this text.
24. He also notes (ibid.) the occurrence of the legend text on the last page (fol. 144) of the MS Harley 1294, British Library (XIIIth cent.) and observes that in this MS the list of Fridays «is followed by a series of reasons why fasting should be on a Friday» (we shall see this variant further below). The MS also comprises Liber Pastoralis Curae by St. Gregory the Great, Verbum Abbreviatum of Peter the Chanter, excerpts from Parabolarium of Galand of Reigny and Allegories of the Old and New Testaments.
25. The text of the 12 Fridays appears on fol. 9 of the MS 132, Lincoln Cathedral Chapter Library (XIIIth cent.), which contains works of Cato, John of Garland, Alexander Nequam, Persius, Avianus, Statius and Claudian (Thomson 1989: 100-102).
26.* The legend text from fol. 147 of the MS Clm 7999, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München (XIIIth cent.) was published by Steinmeyer and Sievers (1898: 530). The greatest part of the MS is occupied by «Salomonisches Glossar» which is followed by some recipes and other medical topics. Our text is inserted between a brief note on flebotomia and the continuation of recipes list in a way similar to the MS № 22.
27. MS Additional 16975, British Library (late XIIIth - early XIVth cent.), which belonged originally to the Abbey of Lire (Normandy) includes Psalter, hymns, prayers, other liturgical material and our text on fol. 163.
28. G.M. Muccioli (1784: 90) has published a fragment of our text relating to the reasons of Friday fasts, from fol. 117 of the MS D XXVI 1, Biblioteca Malatestiana, Cesena (cf. our № 24). Although the MS is of the XIIIth century, this text belongs to a portion added by a later hand of the XVth century, see (Baader 1977: 73-75). Unfortunately from Muccioli’s account it is uncertain whether this item is a separate unit or a
part of a larger text with enumeration of 12 Fridays, but the latter is likely the case. Muccioli wrongly attributed it to the Pope Clement V, and this attribution was accepted by later scholars (including Baader who gives it the title «Abschrift einer Bulle Clemens V»). The rest of the MS includes commentaries on Galen, Hippocrates and Avicenna.
29.* The legend text was published by P. Meyer (1883: 97-98) from fol. 261 of the MS A 454, Bibliothèque de Rouen (xiIIth-XIVth cc.). The MS is composed of text in Latin and French, among them Latin commentary on Pater noster, excerpts from Isidore of Seville and Alain de Lille, Elucidarium of Honorius, various sermons, Meditationes of St. Bernard, XV signs before Doomsday, Meditationes of St. Anselm. The French texts are a computistical tract in verse, the prophecy of Ezekiel, dies egyptiaci, the legend on the creation of Adam. The curious thing about this MS is that it contains not only the Latin text of the legend, but also the French list of reasons for fasting on Fridays (fol. 251), at the distance of 10 pages from each other. On this MS see also (Omont 1886: 178-181).
30. MS 2146, Biblioteca Universitaria de Salamanca (XIVth cent.), contains tracts of Alain de Lille (Contra haereticos and Ars praedicandi), De vilitate conditionis humanae of Innocent III, excerpts from St Bernard, Flores sanctorum multicolores, signs of XV days before Doomsday, various sermons and tract on Hebrew names of Stephane Langton (see Franca, González 2002: 509-513). Our text is on fol. 36 immediately after Contra haereticos.
31. MS Reg.lat. 399, Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana, was written in Benevento region after 1374 and in greater part consists of Liber provincialis of Archbishop Hugo Guitardi of Benevento with decretals from the provincial council and of various liturgical and disciplinary topics (Somerville 2004: 282-283). The text of the legend in this MS was noted on fol. 62 by (Meyer, Burckhardt 1960: 492).
32. Our text occurs on fol. 193 of the MS NAL 693, Bibliothèque nationale de France (XIIIth-XIVth cc.), among the computistical and astronomical materials. Here one also finds Antidotarium and medical texts in French, such as a chirurgical instruction, various recipes and four tracts by Hippocrates (see Omont 1900: 13-14).
33. Similar computistical and astronomical material forms the greatest part of the MS Clm 28275, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek,
München (middle of the XIVth cent.), where the legend is inserted on fol. 27 between the commentary on a missing astronomical table and the table of 12 signs of the zodiac (see Glauche 1984: 43-48). The text is written in much more bleak tint than the rest of the page, which may suggest a later addition.
34.* MS Additional 34763, British Library (late XIVth cent.), is a commonplace book and consists of quotations from St. Augustine, Cicero, Aristotle, St. Bernard and others, De Emendatione Vitae of Richard Rolle of Hampole and various treatises. The legend text is on the first leaf and belongs to a portion written down it the XVth cent. Anyway, it is a list of reasons for fasting, without the enumeration of Fridays (cf. №№ 24, 28). The text was published by Suchier (1910: 87).
35. Cod. 1629, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien (XIVth cent.) comprises tractatus de descriptione hominis, apocryphal poenitentiale Adae et Evae, and Visio Pauli. Visio is immediately followed by the list of reasons for venerating Sunday («Sunday list») which suddenly switches to the Fridays list on fol. 103v. On the MS see (Tabulae 1864: 265).
36. The legend text is to be found on fol. 305 of the MS theol. lat. qu. 233, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, in a portion written about around 1380. Here we also find a treatise of Guilelmus de Lancea, Song of Songs with commentary, Paradisus animae of Albert the Great, De confessione of Paul of Hungary, various notes, among them a note with Sunday list (on the list and its connection with Sunday letter see Lees 1985), commonplaces from Fathers, and a medical tract on flebotomy. It is vaguely entitled as Nota de die veneris, but the general context, and most significantly, the presence of Sunday list leave little doubt that it is the legend of 12 Fridays. On the MS see (Achten 1979: 154-157).
37. MS Clm 27417 Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, München (1st quarter of the XVth cent.) contains Tractatus de superstitionibus by Nicholas Magni, excerpts from Augustine and Ps.-Augustine, a treatise of Gennadius of Marseille, De visitatione infirmorum by Baudri de Bourgueil, tracts of Heinrich von Langenstein, Sermo de corpore Christi of Nikolaus von Dinkelsbühl, Ars praedicandi of James of Fusignano, a treatise and a sermon by Peter of Ailly, a Gospel harmony, and our text on the last page of the Ms (fol. 213). See (Hauke 1975: 182-189).
38. Like № 34, MS 1020, Biblioteca Casanatense, Roma (XVth cent.), is a commonplace book, which is largely occupied by quotations from Fathers on virtues and sins, where our text appears on fol. 80.
39. The legend text is included into a small collection of various notes on fol. 37 of the MS 1008, Universitätsbibliothek, Graz (XVth cent.) which comes from the Benedictine monastery of St. Lambrecht. It also includes a commentary on Psalms, a treatise on the Antichrist, treatises De vii peccatis capitalibus and De x praeceptis dei, a collection of sermons and decretals of various Councils (see Kern 1956: 189).
40. MS Best. 701 Nr. 138, Landeshauptarchiv, Koblenz (first quarter of the XVth cent.), is a collection of notes, citations and other minor texts. Most prominent of them are various sermons, Acts of Pilate,
a very abridged version of Vision of Paul, calendar and astronomical tables, apocryphal Gospel of Ps.-Matthew, excerpts from Hildegard of Bingen, a shorter recension of Liber specialis gratiae of Mechthild of Hackeborn, and some medical texts. The legend occurs on fol. 85 among other shorter notes, but the most interesting detail is that there are at least two different variants on the same page, first of them being entitled as Clemens Romanus: De duodecim diebus Veneris ieiuniorum, and the second simple as De ieiunio, but the incipit (Clemens papa in actibus apostolorum dominum dixisse legitur) leaves no doubt that it is a version of the text above. The place between them is occupied by text describing the reasons for fasting on Fridays (cf. №№ 24, 28, 34). See (Meckelnborg 1998: 210-228).
41. The legend is included into the MS I 171 inf., Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milano (first quarter of the XVth cent.) on fol. 125, with an index of perilous days (dies Egyptiaci), just before De sui ipsius et multorum ignorantia by Petrarch. The MS also contains letters of St. Jerome, a treatise of Walter Burley, excerpts from Thomas Becket, and a couple of prayers.
42. Our legend text follows a treatise on Decalogue on fol. 24 of the MS Additional 33957, British Library (XVth cent.), which also comprises commentaries on the Lord’s prayer and Apostles’ Creed, an abridged version of St Partick’s Purgatory, Speculum Ecclesiae of Edmund of Pontigny, a treatise by Robert Grosseteste, De contemptu mundi of Innocent III, Speculum laicorum, and a sermon on Passion. It seems that strictly speaking, this is not the text of the legend on twelve Fridays, but a version of reasons for fasting text (cf. №№ 24, 28, 34, 40).
43. A curious variant of the legend is to be found on fol. 97 of the MS 386/606, Library of the Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
(XVth cent.) which contains the first seven parts of the Prick of Conscience. The text of the legend is ascribed here to a certain Pope Thomas instead of St Clement. On the MS see (James 1908: 446-447)
44. The text of the legend in the Book of Hours, MS 82, Newberry Library (XVth cent.), occurs on fol. 1, immediately preceding the Easter tables and some calendar matters. On this MS see (Saenger 1989 : 150).
45.* MS F 160, Chapter Library of the Worcester Cathedral (XIVth cent.) is a service book, containing the Hours, the Mass of Corpus Christi, a Calendar, Psalter with Canticles and Litany. Our text was added to the Calendar of Obits on fol. 120 by a much later hand (XVth cent.). The list of Fridays was published by (Floyer and Hamilton 1906: 92, n. 1). The text in full was edited by Bishop (1907: 182).
46.* MS 12, Bibliothèque municipale de Salins-les-Bains (XVth cent.), is writen mainly in French and contains, among other texts, a French Elucidarium and a version of L’enfant sage. Here we find two
variants of our text, one of them being the French extended recension with enumeration of Fridays and a list of reasons for fasting (fol. 152), and the other its Latin counterpart (fol. 231), cf. № 29. Both texts were published by Suchier (1910: 87, 137). On the MS see (Catalogue general 1888: 5-8).
47. A text on 12 Fridays attributing their invention to St Jerome is found on fol. 260 of the MS 122, Stiftsbibliothek, Schlägl, Österreich
(XVth cent.). The MS comprises several treatises by Heinrich von Langenstein and Nikolaus von Dinkelsbühl, a collection of sermons and various notes. See (Vielhaber and Indra 1918: 211-217).
48. Our legend was written down on fol. 91 of the MS 3528, Bibliothèque nationale de France (XVth cent.) which also contains a tract on seven cardinal sins, excerpts from canon law, an abridged version of Visio Pauli, Compendium salutis, excerpts from Speculum ecclesiae of Hugh of Saint-Cher, notes and quotations, Physiognomonica of Ps.-Aristotle, a treatise of Arnaldus de Villanova, and various recipes. See (Catalogue général 1966: 565-574).
49. The MS 1090, Nouvelles acquisitions latins, Bibliothèque nationale de France (late XVth cent.), where our text occurs on fol. 39, is of Italian provenance and contains texts both in Italian and Latin, among them absolution formulae, prayers, various notes and poems, computistical and astronomical topics. On the MS see (Auvray 1914).
50. MS aug. 11 40, Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel
(XVth cent.) contains some works and fragments of Classical authors, such as Cicero, Seneca, and Pliny the Elder, treatises of Petrarch, and many other shorter notes and topics, among them our text on fol. 212v. It is interesting to note that it immediately follows the so called «Sunday Letter» (or «Epistle from Heaven») - a conjunction which frequently occurs in Slavic MSS. On the MS see (von Heineman 1900: 155-158).
51. Cod. 14869, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Wien (XVth-XVIth cc.), is a collection of juridical texts. Here one can find Jura Magdeburgica quibus utuntur in civitate Olomuczensi, Fragmentum vetusti juris Lubecensis and Notulae historicae civitatem Olomucensem concernentes. Our text is inserted on fol. 222. See (Tabulae 1893: 100).
52. MS 6589, Bibliothèque royale de Belgique (XVth-XVIth cc.) consists mainly of papal bulls and historical topics relating to the history of Liege (late XVth - early XVIth cent.). The legend occurs on fol. 13r. For the description of the MS see (Bacha 1890: 233), and also (van den Gheyn, Bacha 1909: 335-340).
53. The MS Q 48/1-13, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek, Weimar (XVIth cc.), is composed of several parts which are supposed to have belonged originally mostly to one manuscript. Our text occurs on fol. 181 of the 6th part of the MS at the end of a collection of sermons.
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Summary. S. V. Ivanov. The Legend of twelve golden Fridays in Western manuscripts. Part I: Latin.
The legend of twelve Fridays was very popular in medieval Europe, but its manuscript transmission still invites further study. This paper is an attempt to provide a bibliographic sketch of works published so far and a list of manuscript sources containing the Latin text of the legend.
