CC BY
32ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
УДК 81
THE LANGUAGE UNIFIER IN ARABIC
Raheem Ali Al-foadi University of Baghdad [email protected]
Submission Date: 20.01.18
' »"^j ^Jj^Jl — JjV ^JJ^AJI ^ii cA^^jJl АлШ ^i ^jilll ¿^Ц-Jl t *<"< Jl 1 '^jj
^ij i^Jj^Jl ^j^Jl ^Jj^aJl ^ij^Jl ¿^ЦЛ J^j ^jl^ll ^jU^Il ^ij i^Jj^Jl ^Jj^aJl ¿лЦЛ
i^jiUl ¿^l^Jl plb ^JJ^AU lijj*j J '^jlj^Vl j^Jl ¿-лЦЛ ^ 'jj -Jj ¿lHjJl ^jd'H^H
l^ij"'^ * b^cljl Isji V ^Jj^dHi .^J^jJl j^aJl JjJajJl Ijic AJJj^ ^jj^jJl -j '»j iA^jl^ ^cljl ijX^j ilAj^b AJJJ*JI ^cljiU Ял^лл AJJI JA JJ Ajj^^Jl ¿j^H ¿¿J
^jljJlj i^jljJlj JjVI ^jiUl ^jd'rtll jJJ AI^aJI ' ji ijj^l Ajj^Jl Aij^Jl ybj ^i ^jj^adJl Ail£ jc jjj*dJl ^ic aJj^Sj ^Jjj il^ljjd'^ qij A_kalj Aii^. jA AiHl ^i ^jj^ajHj i^JlHlj
AiHl ^ic j^Vl ^jl^Jl jAj CAJJJ*JI -ji J^J ¿^^J V iAijjj AI^AJ Ijjjj l^ji ^JIJJJ ^jJlj iAiH Aj^cljaH
.^JJ^. ¿jIL £llj Ajl^a^. AiiJl ^ic ^i'j ji i^JA.1 AiJ ^i jlj^jVl j| frlj'H
' i^J^j^Jl (AJJJXJI t^jxHl ¿^ЦЛ ^IAISJ)
Abstract
The article is devoted to exposing the language unifier on the levels of the Arabic language structure. The phonetic unifier is shown as the first level, with morphonology being analyzed as the second one. The third level is represented by the declension unifier. We study conjugation by means of the language unifier, so conjugation is investigated as a phonetic process on which phonetic and semantic analysis is undertaken. Conjugation is not only a perceptible difference between grammatical forms, it is also a mechanism organizing all Arabic grammar which is measured by firm rules. Conjugation is investigated by pointing out the first root form, which can help to explain the relation between all levels. Conjugation is a connective link for all these levels becauseof its ability to express the grammatical meanings of a language. It gives a language an immunity to being algebraically structured.
Keywords: language unifier, Arabic, morphonology, conjugation, morphological pattern
.J^lax ljj Crni iAjl^. Ai^iax iAjx—x ia»uj Яллл^а iAjjj*ll ^jilll ¿хЦЛ j ^i ^Jfill й^^
.al
IjaIjSjI Ciil Jal .Aj.lxll Ab^b Ijj*^ liA US—j l&jj^ ji"l ^j^j iAjl*i A^ij.xlx iAj»alj Axja l^J cAia^i
Cllilll ^i ilj^lll" jc) Al—j ^i ^j—Jlx J.^ .I'll jAj i^jl^VI jjl—lill
^^ll jjc (Melchuk, 1963, p.27) "Ailll JilW Akx ^i j^nxll '("Aixl'llj
jj Sjjj^ ^lc Jjj '¿mlUill AjjjaJI Jl ^jla ^ibll A ^la jA ^jx*ll ojS^ jc ^ Jix Aji'wVl Jj.ll ^i Ajjj*Jl ^Ij^jJIjl^l A^lj. ^lc Qj^lill iAjjilll -jAlixll
Il liA ^^j lil (Subich, Al-foadi, Mingazova, & Zakirov, 2017) Aj.l—JVl l^jj ¿^J-?- й' ^i ^Ua ^jli iAjjj*ll ja^ -^ij lxi Ja*ll ^jjj ^ill iAj.l^ll AbVb ljj*^
J^lj^- ^jJ ^J" ^i*ll JJaj ^l^ l*jlc Jj' l^x iAjjj*ll ^jjL jc i -Kll iUft ^i l^iillxi Ai.Ull ¿ilajll Cuiil Aixlc oJcla ja ijjUill Jl liA й' jj '"...U'^'l ^jJaJI
^j^ lx liAj (Al-foadi, 2018a) Ajjj»ll Ailll ^i Aiiij^>ill Ajnll ¿¿jj ¿x^ll liji '^jilll ¿x^ll
¿—ill liA
jlx ^i Vjj
^iill Jja lgilc J. ^ill Ajjilll ^ila—Jl i ^i ^iuill -jl jjill Jj—i ^Ijlj AiUi^Vl Jl U.xc Jal t _ Ll^Jl Ja»ll ^Xrll Jjljll ijjjjjjjljJi^Jl Ailll »l^lc ^Ijlj l^Jjjljx ^xJj ^j^^l
¿^^J ijjc V ^lilll ^J o.lcj A^il^i ^lc j^xj ^ill ^jilll ¿^l^Jli iA^.^. jjilj iajci ja Ail£ jcji»j ^iJl ^lilll й1 '^lilll jjl ^ajl ^a Aij^l^ll ^lilll й' ^lc ^^^ Ail£ jc jji»lll i^jj^Jl CjU ^Jl Aaj J^jj iJj*Jlj Vj ^l^l^lj V i^Jj^Jl
.O.ljjJl ^jj^. Jjj^J iJjcjl ^l^alll йJ. AA^ll AjJJ^ll jjilj AjJcljall
^uxj i^jj^ll — JjVl ^jl^^ll ^ii iAj^lll Ailll ^Ijjl^x ^i ^jilll ¿^l^ll ^^ill
^ij i^Jj^Jl ^¿j^Jl ¿^l^ll Jl^j ^jljll ^ji^xll ^ij i(Al-foadi, 2016) ^Jj^Jl ^Jj^Jl ¿^l^ll
i^jilll ¿^l^ll ^lc »Ijj ^jj^lll 1ijJ»J IjAj i^jlJ^Vl ^Jj^Jl ¿^l^ll ■ ^jj ^lllll ^jl^^ll Ijjclja laji ^jl 1 i^lVjll j^all Jjl—ill l^jlc AjJj^ ^jj^lll
iA^jl^ Jclja ilAj^lj Ajjj*ll Jcljall A Ajll ja Jj i^^—i Ajji^ll ¿j^ll jjj j^— ^
^jljllj i^jljllj JjVl ^jilll ^jj^^ll jjj Aa^»ll iU'^J jl i^ljVl Ajji^ll Aij^all й^^^ ^i ' *°jj^ill - j'"j Ail£ jc jji»ill ^lc AJjjaj j iljjljjl'rt jjj ALjlj Asl^. JA Ailll ^i Ijj^illi i^ll^llj Ailll ^lc jj^Vl ^jl—Jl jAj iAjjj*ll -ji jjj j^^j V ASjjj Aa^»j ij'jj l^ji ^jljS ^illj 'Aill Ajjcljall .j.— ll ^^lill ..—j .^ji^. ¿jlU ^lj Ajl^a^. Ailll ^lc jl i^j^.1 Ail ^i jlj^jVl jl ^Ij^ll jx ^ij ^JjVl Ajji^ll Ai^ll .j.—J -j'j i^j^Jl J^^jlj ^^j^Jl ^j^JIj ^l^l ^j^Jl jjj ASja.ll ^ljjiill A^jij ^A ^ill Aij^All Ajji^ll ¿j^ll ^i »lj^lj .J»llj .j .—J ^lc jjjjilll Ajlcj A^jjjijjjjll ^l^l ^i ^^Hl »lj^lj jjiii 'A^j»ll A^ Ajji^ll ¿j^ll ^i ^xl^ll ^ill A^^l -l—illl .*c Ajij^ll ljjljjx ^Jai .a ^JjVl A^Kll йlJ iU^jj i^^j^Jl ^j^Jl ^lc j^^x JA ^l^lvlj ijix ¿^jj 'ijj—ill ^lj^jx jljjj ^i jJj^ll ^jilll ¿^l^l .j .—J ^i ill -j'jj lxS .ljj Aa^^ll
Jji^j ^JJJ i^ljc^lj jjj ^ijj^lll ijljill AUl^jj ^ij^all ^Jcl^aill Ajjilll ^ljjl'^ll Jxl^
.AJJCIjiJl ^JIAAU ^kjJxJl ^j^Jl ^It ^liUl sJji^Jl ^JJIIAJI
^jiHl ¿лЦЛ jj^j ^ic AJljJl AjxlxJl S^daH ^i jjli^Jl ^jjUJl ¿i^jJI I^a ^i Ijj^dci
-Jj 'AJ^JAJI ^i ^jiHl ¿лЦ-Jl jbj ^i Ai^jJl Ajxl*Jl ^^Vl jljjJ Ij^l^l ^ic -J ^JJIj AJJJ*JI AiHl ^i
CiliJ ¿^ AjjlSxJl ^dj ^Jj jjSJ ^jiUl ¿^Ц-Sl ^ic _jajJl Aji ^i jjlS^Jl ^j'^4 ^Uicl .AJJJAI] AJJj^Jl AjjiHl AjjjJl ^j" ^i ^jjjjJl ^j'^4 jUicl -Jj .AJJJAJI ^i ^jiHl ¿^Ц-Jl jdJ
jl ^jj Hjl jj^ ^i ^jiJ ^jd'x ^ic J^ji"' ^jl^JVl ^Jl ^^JlxJl ^ji^dJl j^dcl
j^dcl .AiHl ^Ijjd"^ Ail£ j ^ 'dj Alxl" ojj^aj CiliUl i 'aj'.^d A^il^il ^ic jS^j
^^jj ^i^tvi ^ic AJV^Jl jjj^J ^i j^jxj AjjjjjIj^'jH CiliUl jjSJ ^Jjj i^jUJl ^^ic J^ji"
' ij^Jl ^Jl AS^i^Jl Clxlj^ - 'J ^Jjj j^-Jl Clxlj^J JjiJl (JJA. ^Jj
-SJl jjijj i^^jijjxJl ^JjJj JjVI ^jd'^Jl ^i ^^JJj^Jl JjidJl ^ic AjJj»Jl JxAxJ i^jl^Jl ^jd'^Jl ^i
AiUl ^i l_Sjj»^ l^Aj '¿iHUI ^i ^jljcVl ^Jj^Jl jjijJlj i^jUJl ^jd'^Jl ^i j^^ ^Jj^Jl
CiliUl ^i Adk^.^ jSxj ^ijjd^ixJl jjj ^jljdJl l^Aj (Belova, 1991) Ajj^j Iajj^ ^jJI Ajjj»JI AilS L^J ^ijj SjjAjil ^lilil ijJiiji^j ajjj»ji jli 1Ы 'ajji^^ Ijj ^jji ^liUl — AjjSxJl
jli ijjjjjiJl jjo^ljJl alljjj I^J jJj j iAjjA^l^^il ^Ljljji)
^Jl Jj^jJl jl Vj 'AJJJ«^ AiUlj Jjj jSi yljSJl l^lj 'AJXIJVIJ i A^JJSH AJJJ»JIJ Jjj -JJSJI
Ailil ^It jjj ^l^Vl JS"J I^AJ i^liUl ^J'^J AiS"x J^J -J ^JJ^I ^Vl AiUl
•jJ^Jil
Ajijj^dH ^^jl^a^Jl jlj^j ^ic Ajjjjjij ^'jJl ^liUl j iAjJj»Jl ^i ^ijji jl
J^Vl jj^jj j^j Aj^j j^ ^liU ^ij'^dH ja^xji I'^jij ^^^ aj^jjJl^
(Amirova, 2005, p.101-102) "Aji^l AiiSx ^j^j l^j ^Jjj Sjj^^ AiiSx AiJ" Ajjj*JI ^»j . jJS^il jli Ajic iAjjljjjJl jx A ^^jjJl jc iajj^j AJjSixJl a^jjsji Aji^'Jl aj^'sH AiiJl jc ^ii'i aj^jjJl l^lj i ^jj^aj ^jc ^jjUJl j jj£jdJl JJx ^Jjl A "a^ AiiJ ^Jj^l ^^jl^a^Jl ^¡¿I J ^iJ^J ^JljV Aj^jjJl AiJ ^A ^jJl AjJj»Jl jx Ajjjl ilAjjij j j^j ¿ij jx Aj^cljiJl ^VI^Jlj i^li^aJlj
^l^ji^iJ Jjx^Jl ^Ij^Vl" jl jj iSJ^Ij^ l^J ^ijj Aj^JVl jjjlJiil jj^i '^IjJJaJ Ijji J^^J Ajjix ^i ^jJI AjcI^jVI ojSJl jl i^xl'Jl Iji^l ^ic J^j Ijix A^ixd^Jljji j i^jx^Jl ^i (Buslaev, "^jJl ^j^ ja "Jl ^j^ jl j "Jl al i"j AiiJl j^.jJl Axjj^JI
1992, p.273-274).
AjjJ A^kj^Jl Aj^I^VI ^cljiJl jj^jJ SjSj l^^jb jS^j jJSAil J^Vl ^jjb jc ¿^l^il A^j^j jl -ic ¿jju jl jj i(Al-foadi, 2018b, 2018c) Aa^j Axkjjl Aj^I^VI AiiJl ^I^^jj ijlid^Vl^ Ajjj»JI jJ ^ic Jj " '"jj^dJi A^U AiJ ^Jl ^ajj^dti Ai^ix jl Aij^Jx AiJ Jlidjl J^'j -J AiiJl J^Vl ^ic ^liiJl ^j'^dt jj^^Jl ja^xji i^liiJl ^jj^j J^^jj ^ic ^Ij^jxJl jx
^jj^dHj i^tdJl ^ajj^dH ^jjj ^jji AjxixJl ^Jli^Jl ^^jj .jj^jJl ^i^vij -"Jj jia^Jl
^jiiJl ¿^l^Jl — AjxixJl oJcliJl Jj^jJ ^jjiJl ^JjJl lijl Vl J^^jlj " 'a^'^4
^jji aj^i^vi ^ij^j^ ^ic rj'Jl ^ji'J Jjl^j j i^liiJ ^l^Vl ¿^j ^^jiJ
tjxIJl ^jJ^^Jl 0- iljjll «х!£ «ill Acj—xll ^li jl Ailll
Al^ .»J ^3llj '(AJJJ^JI) CiUIJi AJ^V) ¿t <J§j2 AjjtljiJl ^lJj^Jl JJJAJ ol
.AjlV.ll A-jjjjjll Ajjj^ll l^ji lx AjJcljall ^hLxll «ll (1829-1772) ^jjJjji -la «ill ■ •«J'"» ^ljVl AJj^xll A—ij ^lilll
^»ljaJl ' ej**'ill liA «i Ajjill jl iAij'ixllj iAja^lll Cililllj iAjJclja Aj*j ^J—J V «ill ¿ililll
Aajl'll Ajm'll Jl^Vl jx ^i i^lJ -l" jj ' Jj^Vl jijj Ajj)AjM JU1J*Jl U '^l^Vl ^ixj «lc Ailll Sjja J—ij**' ¿—jj -lj (Kasevich, 2009, p. 126) "jbicVl jj» AJV^llj j—*ll
i^Sl^Jyi^Lj^SJ) i'll oJj.—J l_Sjjljjjjji ._._ Ajll t*<aill U liAj iCllilll
jx jji** ■ ^ ^^lj—.
^lilll jx «ijj'ill ^xill «ll Ujjcj Aj^jjllj Ajjjl—jVIj Ajjj»ll Qjjjilll JAfl i_jj»x jA US, flkjJl AJVJJ)J ^IjtVl AjjlSU JJA Jljw Aji Vj 'Ajiill «L «ЬЛ J^jlw ^baxl laij
¿UAJI LA^I^JJ t^jj^JU IAAJIAJ£) O^AJ J^a tAiU ^¿JJ^JJ)
^Jj^Jl ^Jj^Jl ¿UAJ)
^liij iljj ^Jilj l^ jc l&jjjx j lgjlV.1 -ia' j CiIj^VI -lc ¿^ j jx J jl ^JjAljill .I jj Jkll j*j jx «к. liAj i (Al-Farahidi, 1985) Ax^lj _j—Jl ^j^ jjj jjx ¿j— -l»l ^l^Vl ¿^j
«il»xll jc jji*ill «i ^jfll jjjl Jjxc ^lj.l ^ij i(Ibn Jinni, 1990) Aj^all oijl A^jU J^^
ji^Vl Ajjilll Sj^jJI йJ^J ^lilll ^al^ jc jjxJ A^jxlli ilA.l—Jlj ^lj^Vl ljj ^jSJ ^3ll Ajjjjxlll Ajjilll ^lc Jjj ^J^J ^Jflj fjAj JjS j Jlri^li iAjjj»ll o.jixll jjjxj ljlUl^jj j£xj Ajjjjxj AlV. jc jj»j
^l iAajiill ^a Ja iA^j—ill ^jj ¿Jl^l ^xl^ll . .—j jj—. ^i 'й^jVl йИ"!' ^ll ljjll jjUj ^lll iAjj^ill
AjJ^J Ajjj*ll jji^ll ^lcli i^xl^ JSJ j'll -£ll ..—J ll йJ^ jc ^jAlj 'ij**'lll jl ijjj—ill
OjJall A—ixj ^ill ^"'l'll йJ. ^xl^all j^^j V jl i^xl^all ^J'll A^aS ^ljj^axll .J—J
JIajI jJJ*j fjla liJ .j^ i'..ji J'ill j.'^ll Aij^ ^i l^S ^j'xll йJ. Aa^ii i.jkjll
^jilll ^ jl'xll
^i l^S Aa^^ll Ajij'll ^ljlx»ll ^jlj*xll j'll -HI J^Uj ^Ij j'xll йJS jc ^jAli j'll" JjVl i-Jjj2 jx Jjl2 ^i l^S Jclill -^i jc jJ»il Ajli j iJ»ill jjc AllUj ^i iJjVl ^xl'll A—ii AllUj ^lilll jc lAjjxjl.x liAj i^j^ Ajl£—. - ■ ^J ^jljj ASj— All Al^l'll Ajjj»ll ^lj^Vli jx
jjiill ^jJj ^jj»ll й1 jj^ ^i '^l^jijj^llj AjlV.ll ^lajjill l>jlxl^ ^jJj ^ill iA^jjij.:ijll ^Jj^Jl ^rfjb Ot AjJcljall jjjill ^jJjj i^lj^VI ^jjU jc AjljVl Ajjilll Aij'll ^i ^Jcljall
^bilil SJAJ AJISA AtJLAJI JA - ^Jj^Jl ^Jj^Ji ¿UL^Jl2 liJ
jli t^j^Jl jbj AJJL ASJAJI ot jjx^Jl biIJl bjljJj ^j^Jl AJII^ ot JJXJ ljli t^lj^Jl
bjjJj ^j^Jl liJ tAriIt ¿jx^Jl jlJiU ^¿JJJ ^iJl biUl liA J JJL Ot JJXJ OjL^Jl
j^Vl JLAJV ^^HJl ^JJ^JI ^Jj^Jl ¿UI^J1 jA liAj tOjL^Jl ¿It ^JJJ
Sjja ^lc ^l^Vl A-.j.llj ^jilll -l U**ll iajj Jux oJjji ^IjJaj jjxlJ ^jj»ll ji—Jl Cilj^litAjjjxJ) ^l.jix ^^'J й1 j^^j «ill j^l*»ll oiA" ^jlS ljli 'A^Jcljall ^jl^l Jx^ ^lc ji^Vl Ajjilll ^ij^jji Axlj-i'l ^l^ ^ill ^lU'^llj lj*c ji*j «ill jl Aj^l'Vl j^l**ll al^'xllj AjlV.ll jjjill Alxl— .»Jj oJjJ—.
yjlrxll AilS jc jji»ill ^lc Ajjilll ^ljjS'xll ¿jxk «i (Shcherba, 2004, p.150) "^lxjjji Upa
^U j^Jl -SJl jjiJ( A^U AJjja ^lj ^jj^Jil A^U Aii ll^l^li iAiiJl j^lic AilS -jixJj A-jjcljSJl
.^l^Jl AJ^J ^ic A-Ld"iJl 'AJJI^JI Aii^Jl J^IS ^i AJ^ji i^JjVl Ajj^^Jl Aij^aJl JS"J ^i ^joAjj ij^^Jl JaIj ^jlj^aJl jlij - k'j t ejj, ^Jjl ji ^i Vjj V J^IS jSxJj ^SJ i^xlj^aiJ Adj^aJl AjxSJlj -S^JJi ^jlj^aJl l^lj i^xlj^aJl ^i j^Sd A-JJj»Jljj^^Jl
jjj Ь ^J| ^JJji jlSx jJjiJ l^lj iA-jjAJ jjiJJl j^ "t^K ^l ^iJ j^aj JjL" ^j^Jl ^J<jd4
.^^ij^l ^i AJV^Jl jli iAjic i-lc ^i*^ AiidA. ^ J^alj JjL jc ^S'ij!jJj^i Jj'Jl Ak^.^^ jli iCxlj^jJ Adj^Jl A-JxSJl ^Jlj^aJl - k'J
^Jj^Jl jUdli i (Sobolevskii, 1948, p.10) Ajyd^Jl ^i ^iu^^jJl flkJl jj^j ^ic Jjd ¿ulj^Jl 'jbSJl jlao^Vl jc ^i^. jjl Jji^Jl -A»Jl ^ij l^Aj '(ajSJl) ^ix^J j^jdj ^ J / j /J f j J
Aij^aJl jx j^Jl IjjJC ijlj i"^JA." ^ix^J A^j^ Ail^> lij^J ^J^di -is ^i l^S IjjJO ijl ^l
l^S jjSl Ojj^aJ ^ix^Jl jjijj ^ulj^Jl ^i jjSl IjjJC l^Kj i JaA, ^i l^S l^l^d AJ^jJl JjiJJ iA-jj^^Jl Ll 'AjJ^j aJ jji^Jl ^Jl^Jl jl ^ic JjJj l^Aj 'aj^jji jjjiJ ^Jl ^jjj CiJj^>Jl jjji jl .^jij '^jc ^i Cij^Jl A^S Cul^Jl jj^j .(Humbolt, 2000, p.86-87) ^ASj^Jl Cul^Jl Cij^Jl A^S ^jUJl ^i ¿UAJ jjiAJl ^i l^l^l AjxSJl a^A jl^Jcl JjVl ^jiiJl ^i ^xl^Jl
j^Jl jSxj _j^Jl jl l^JlL iAjJj^Jl 1j ki! AjxSj -jj Jj ij^^Jl ^i ^xlj^Jl jlSx jjij jjJ
Ajjljx^Jl Aij^aJl ^i ^j^aJl A^aS jl Vj ijj^^Jl ^"fJ ^SJ ^^xjJl ¿^ Ajjb^ AjjSjJ jjSJ jl ^i
." JjS^il ^jj^Jil" jl ji^Vl jA JjVl ^i ^jj^dHi — SJ^IJ ^JjVl
^jj^Jl ^ij^il ¿^lAil ^Aj^il
^i l^S ^ij^aJl jljjxiJ ^Jj^Jl jjjJl A^j»Jl ¿J^Jl ^i ^jlj^aJlj ^xlj^iJ A^j^aJl A^aSJl jl JjijJI _j^J| j| jl '^¡Aj '^jij '^j^ Jl»i^J ^Jj^Jl jjjiJ Ajjl"xJl AjjIja^JI j^I j»J ^jJI J»i jjjjJ ' udd (_Jii ^i 2^di4 J^j^^Jl jl l^JlL i^Jj^Jl ^ij^Jl ^jl^l ^jd"xJl JaIj Ai^c J^ljj Jj^i i^jl^l A^j^Jl AjxSJl JiidJ oj"SJl ¿^ ^jl'JJi A^l^l l^lj iJjVl A^j^Jl AjxSJl
^ix^Jl jc JJxjJ Jcli ^ij^aJl jjjJl ¿^ A^j^aJl AjxSJl ^J^ jx ^iljdj jl V^j ^kiHl ^Jlj^aJl J^alj .lAjJCj J^l^j -Jlcj VdlSj vjilj ^haj ^jlij ^jlc ^i l^S "JcliJl -^l 'J»iJlj -JliJl" ^jcljiJl ^j^axJl JxiJ ^JUJl ^xl^aiJ Ajdj^aJl AjrtSJl Sjljjj Ijix ^iJrtJl l^l^l ^J^d JcliJl -^l Aij^ jl
AjxSJl ojl^ji 'jljSlj 'j^^lc 'jljdlS ^i l^S "jUicli 'j^cli" ^ij^Jl jjjJlj aljjaxjij "^JVl" .^jJxJlj ^JjljJlj jjSjjJlS Ajjcljl jlx^ A^j^^Jl Aij^aJl ^1'JSl ^i -j'dj jj y^i AJ^jJl jjjd V A^j^aJl l^lj i^jcljiJl jjiJJl ^Jl ^JjJ ^Jl^Jl jjjJ A^jjj JcliJl -^l ^i ^Jl^l A^j^Jl AjxSJl oJljj jl
i^j^Jl AjK^ IjSUj ^i jji^j ^jJl A^l^Vl Ajj^^Jl ^^ij^'l aj^j ^ic jjjj jjiJl oJ^jjH ^J'd ^jJl Ai^^Jl jc A^Jdj^aJl jjxj i^VI^Jl a^A JJx ^i AjjjjJl ^ic Jjd jjiJl jl ^jjj ^Jj»Jli
.^l^jjljjijJl ^i ^l^^J AJ^J
jjSj ^SJ i^iAljJl ^jj^dJl ^Uj ^a ^jJl A^j^^Jl Aij^aiJ ^dj^jl ^j^^^Jl 'j Jcli ^ij^Jl jjjJl jl iljjljj -Sljdd Ajljj ^i ¿J^aJl" jV i^ij^aJl jjjiJ oJjixJl ^Ij^Jj^J ^kiHl -SJ| ^
JS jc Sjljc jA ^jJl ^ij^aJl ^j^Jl jjiJ A^jcljiJl Aij^jl ^j^ jx ^l^iSJl ^j^
J^l jx JjVl ^jd'rtJl ^i jjb^Jl JjIjJI _j^Jl jli iAjic (Humbolt, 2000, p.343). "J^ISJ^ A^j^^Jl Aij^Jl jjjb jjc JSJ A^jljx^Jl A^j^Jl AjxSJl ^jjj ^l i^jl^l ^i ^^.Vl Jj^JJl
^jlj'll ^jl*^j jjiJ ALl^ijj ^^l'll Ajjj'll AjXll jjiij Ajij'll AcjlLJl jx ji—ll j^Xj «£l «JjVl .«jlUllj JjVl ^jiuxll jjj ALjIj Aal—. ja _j'li й' i^j^i Sjli»i '«alai^vi «1*^1 jc jji»ill jjuj Ailll -lc ^jjlj й1 jj— «i iAill «ij'll -lU**ll «i ^j'll jj. «lc ji—ll Jil. ^jlj'll jUj Jjj ¿jxk ^jl й1 — «ij'll -lU**ll «i j'^—^ll «j'll ¿jlLli ojJall Cuai .a Ajjjjij.**jll Cililll й' «ll «i ^^ij'll Ajjj'll AjXll jjiJ jjjL jc ijj'illj Ajalai^Vl «jlr^Jl ^l'Kl «lc ojJall ljl ljjl.jix «lc oj.la Aijj'll ^jlS ijli jl'lVl jjjL jc Jj 'Ajjjxll «i ljll—. .jkj^ll «JjVl Ajij^all A;j'll
jSillj jj.—ll jx ._j'll A^U Ail llxl^li iAjjilll Cibjiuxll AilS «i ^jjjxill ^Jcljall Iajj. »l.i Al^ljx iAjjj»ll «i й^1 Jl—-ll ja lxS ljJl.jix JS «i CiIj^VI ^jl*^ SjaI^ ^j—j ^ijIS Ajjjjij.**jll Cililll й'
A—jij «j^ ¿jlU ljl й^ Ajjjjij.**jll Cililll «i ji—ll Ajjj'll ^ijjiill oiA Jux" й^ ^Jjj
(Arsen'ev "AjK" ^Ij^jxS Jxl*i c^bi iAjJj'li Cihl^l oiA Jux J^ — ^■ A—jijj iAjjj'li jjjljall
& Petrushefskij, 1902, p.123). ^ljji'x AilS ^jjj ljjli 'AjK^t ^ij^jx Ajjjjjij.**jll ^lilll «i ji—ll Ajjj'll ^ijjiill Ajillc ciJij ijli ¿j'll Jj<"J Jk.i jx Clxl^all j'll AjxS ..—J «ill ^jlj'll ^lii iAjJj*ll «i ^^xlll lj ■ ^»ij Ailll .Clxl^all J'll AjXS «i -<—ill J^ljJ ljjli '«jlull ^Jj'xll «i ^Jlj'll ^jl*J ^jjU jc Ajji—ll ' OJ.'J' ^ jc j jljJl^ 'Ori^Jlt jc j jl^Jlt «i l^S AjjijcVl AlV.ll jc jji'ill ^jii ojx ^Jlj'll ^jUiJ j j'll -£Jl jjjijj Ajij'll AcjlU^ll jx ji—ll j^^ij jjiiJ ^^l'll AJJj'll Ajx^ll йli 'li^Aj
.Ajjilll ^ljjiuxll AilS «i Ai^ij'l
iJlriVl ij j 'J «i Ajxjj j^ Ajll jc ojlic jA Ajjj»ll Aill AjJcl jall ^Vl — ll «j j'll ¿jl^ll й' Al'll lxx iji—ll ^xlj'l Ajjj'll Aj^<ll jjij ^jjU jc" Ajji—ll ¿j'll ^ijcVlj jlaj^Vlj j i«jljcVl ¿ll^lj «ij'll «jl^l jjjj '«ij'll «j^lj «Jj'll JjVl ^ji'Xll jjj AajJjll (Ibn _j'lij j— **li jjj ALjIjll Aal—ll j> jlaivi йli iAjjilll ^IjjJ'xJ1 ASjjUx1I Aa^.*ll oiA
Jinni, 1954, p.4).
«i ^IjcVlj jlqiui^l Ajjj'll jjjljall jj. iU^J A^jljll Aal—ll «ll AjJl'll jjl ojUj й1 «i ^^ V j'll jjij — A^—x Ajjj^ Ajllj ^j»Jj UJ ^l.jixll йli Ajlcj i«Jj»ll ^.cljall -lU*ll iAilll «i ^ijcVl jx .»ai jlai^Vl й' jA ljJ AjJcljall jjxVl jx й' .ljji ^Jlj'll jJjIjJ ^xlj^all -<—iji i_j'll lxi 'jl ai l jjc Ajji—ll ¿j'll «^l^Vl «*»Х11 jc ^xlj'll jjJ»J ojjjj liAj iAjJJ'll Ajij'll «jl»xll jc ji»J t^nlj'llj ^xlj'll й' jj i^JlJ'll ^jl^J jjjU jc ^^l'll ^J'll
йljjХll A^<—j Jj iljuic ^Ijj'^ll ^jl*^ c"1**—JU'^" «ajVl Ajji—ll Aij'll ajcja «i ^jlUJj «*»х11 й' «J»ji i^ljcVl jx J*ai _j'll й' Jj— «**k jjl Jja lxlj .^l^j—ll ^jUj -U**j ^ill '«ij'll йlJ ^iUj liAj i^ljcVl .*c jjiiJ V ^xlj^all AlV. й' ¿j— 'AiJl'll ^ij^Vlj ^ai A*c jixj «jljcVl Jj i»«" ^i jc ji»J ^Jlj'll l^ij i^Jlj'll jjJlij j'll ljXS jjij j ^xl j'll «i jx^J ji—ll AlV. ji—ll ^xlj^ ^jx—XJ Ajjj'll Aj^<lli i^xlj'll All.ll Ajjj'll Aj^<ll jjij ^^jil ijj'ill «i ^jlUJ ^lxik.lj «JjVl Ajji—ll Aij'll jUj - jja.ll _j'll .»j -jj «lil.ll _j'lli iAij'Xll o.jiXll «*»x ..—J jc jji'illi 'ji—ll «^l^Vl «*»xll й1. .—j й^j^I йИ^l^ ^-ll й' j' ijji—ll J—' J^Uil A**j»x ^xlj^ jc jjirillj ijji ijji i^ji i^ji '.ji '-ji i^ji «i lxS /j/ j /_/ йlJxl'll Aijiillj Ajj—ill
.^La '-US '¿Ua «i lXS /U/ j / j/ йИ^l'll -.^i'j ¿^all
ojja jA AjljcVl jjxdi i^ljcVl jjc Ijjjlx^ jj»d jjc ^jaU i^jlj^aHj ^jljcVl ^i»^Jl jc jj»j
^jcl jiJl ^ix^Jl jcjjxj jl jSxj ^Jj»Jl j^^Jli iojjxlx Ajljcl jc JjJxJl ^ic j^xJl
iAjjcljaJl Al^Jl jc jjjxJiJ ^JVl ¿^ ^ijjfJ 'LJj-^J^ л jc ^i US jSi^Jl ¿^¡J jjj^^Jlj jl^Jl AJl^J ^ix^Jl jc jjxj jl jS^jj US LL^jJ^ iu£ jSi^Jl ¿^^Jl ^i Ail^Vl aJU jc I'jl jj*jj
¿^ ^jliJj _i liSAj .I'jl ¿UJ^JIj i jjJ^j AJ Jj*ixJl AJU ^i jSixJl jji^Jl ^jJxiJ ^jcljSJl
.ojjxlx A-jjcljl Cl^U- jc jjjxliJ ^J^l lUu^i ^jUll ^ic ClliUl ' a'.^ 'aj'.^jJl ^i ^IjcVl jjj J^jj"' ^jjjjji Jj^Jl ^cljj -J
AjxixJl Aaja^Jl ¿^ j^al'dj JaJaJI liA JJxi i^lljc^lj _j^Jl jJJ AiJJjJl Al^xJl jljJcVl jkij iAlj -Jj
jJJ Ai^liJl Jjj^Jl ^^jj _j^Jli i^ljcVlj _J^aJl jJJ Al^xJl jj^. i^i^ jjl IjJ J^jd ^jJl
^Ic ^A^i jSxj ^iAljJl _j^Jl jl UlL '^JjVl Ajji^Jl Aij^Jl Aij^JxJlj Aji^Ul ^liiJl
AjiVJil ^lijjiil ^ljJ) Aijbj ^Jjj SJAIj AJJ^A AJJSJJ J A ^fc-n^i jj^il o^lj^J ^^Sil Jj^Jl jjiJil
Ailil jjIaa JS jc jjxj ^jj^Jil .AjaSJI Sjj*ja sJ^ljil ^alj^Jl AjjiaJl ¿J^Jl jJJ AjJcljSilj
^ui Aiili tAjijj^Jil Aiil ^liji^A JJ^J ^lAIil j ^j^il JlAJcli tAjjcljail
JJXJA bjljaa ^lbj JA JJ t^lilil LIAJI JJJAJJ J^lj ^jj^^ JAJXJ JSJ uljcVl j^ ACJJA^ ji^
. j^jJj^Jl ^jj^Jil jA ^ljjj^Ail diA t^l^jj^Ail
^ic OjjaJl Ijjl^l^ ^ ^»j iA.JJj*Jl AjI ^^ J AljJjx jS ^IjcVl j ^J j^aJl ¿jl^Jl
^ij^Jlj ^j^^Jl jl^lkiJli i-jjJl ^jJS Ijjl jJ l^S 'jj'"Jl ^lix Jjl ^jJS ^jJl AJJJ*JI ^^j^'Jl -ji J^ji" Iaj^JcI ^jJl ^jiiJl jj^JJi Ajjkj Aij -jc jidjJj Ajjj*JI ^i AjjiiJl ^tjjd'^J l JS j^^Aj jliiJl iAiiJ Ajdj^aJl A »JJ^iJ liij j ^J"d kliJVl jlj l^aic ^JjI jl jjV jj i^liiJl ^J'^d ^i AjSjxJl A^^^l ¿J^Jlj jxc kliJVl J^l AJl"x jc IjdJj^d jS^j V _J^aJl J^l Aj'i" jjSJ ^Jjj (Arsen'ev & "...AJl^JVl ^Jl Ajji^Jl AJl^Jl jx AiiJl JlaJjl AJl"x 'A Uj"jJl AjJjVl jj^^Jl j^
Petrushefskij, 1902, p.123-124). ojjaJl Ijjl^l^J ^jii ^JiJ iljJl^ ojj^j^Jl AjjjjljjijJl ^liiJl jc jliid^j Aj'jd^Jlj AjjjjljjijJl AiiJl jl
^Ijjjjl jjjjiJ A^l^Vl JJl jl Jj iA^U ojj^aJ jVl j^J _J»J -J ^JJl i-Vl AjJjjij^'jJl -ji ^ic i-Vl Ajjjjijj''jJl _j^J ^jj^Jl J^^j^l A^jjj ^J^^ SjAlkJl aiji iljJ A^jiiJl oj^.jJl jj^.jJ ^^jJ liA Ijji jJ ^jJ| Ai^jxJl ^l iAi^jxJl jjSJ" ^Jjj iojc J^ljxj jx Jj iA^jji ojj^aj ^j^j -J IjJ^^jli ^jJl Ai^jxJl j^ jj '"Jl ^J^l Jjl ^j^. ja jjSj jl jSxjj i-jaJl ^i Jc jx jA -Vl Ajjjjij^'jJl ^i JliJjVl ^Jjjl jjjjJl ^Jj^Jl г 1'jiJ A^l^Vl jjj^J Ijji -jj -J ^JJlj A^jjVl oj^.jJl Ijj^"'
^Ijjj Jj j ^»jJl ¿^ Ai^iix A^jjl ^liJ AjjUx JjjL jc AjJI 1'l^jd ^iJlj
Aiid ^liJ ^J| -Vl AjjjjijjjjJl AiiJl ^Jl Ajljj ^i ^ji ^jji ^l^jiJl ^i ^HjjiiJ
(Arsen'ev & Petrushefskij, 1902, p. 123).
AJ'JJIJ Ujdjj ^jlx^Jl jj»!x ^ik^x jAj _j^Jl .A^ix ojjj^ j»j -jji^ ^JIJJ jli iAjic
aiA ^ic AJ^jiJ) Ajij^Jl ^j'^dJl J^JI^A ^ic ^j^J ^JJl ^liiJl ^i ojji^Jl AijUjj AJJ<"JI A^jcljiJl AjljjJl ^i -j^l^l ^lU^^j i)1808) J^ji"' jji._ Ax^j ^iJl _j^Jl Aj^I^JI
j»j ^i -ij^l^^l jx ^jjl ^iJlj i)^j^J^l) ^jcljiJl ^jlilJl jAljb jc JJJxliJ Aijl jx
ij£J i (Vinogradov, 2000) Ajxl'Jl —Ailll «i ji—ll —ilSj—, ^jUi l^jl - ■ ^illj '«lil.ll _j'li 'Ajlc Ajljill ji jjiVl AJ<ll »j—S ji 'AjjcIjS AjljS «—jlill Ij'll «ll QjjUj ijlljV i"Vl Jj.Ulj JluXJl Jji" «lc i—ilxJj^ Jj ij^ljl ljijljj ji ljijl.j «i -■ ^J й1 j^Xj V _j'll -li Ailll —il.ji^ A—ii + A—ii + A—ii —¡l£j—ll j /^ ij i^/ j /^ i^ i^/ t^lj'll jx ^j" j^i"' Ajjj»ll JUiVl «i lXS ^xlj'll «ij'll -Sll jjiiJ «^lXJl jc ji»il A—ii + oj'S Ax^ ^Jlj'll ¿^ ^jUiJ «ill jjj Ь «Ji ^.jj ^illj iAjji—ll Aij'll AjXjijjXll j^ljlll -lx^jb «jj»ll _j'lli .''i"
lXJlU iAjJj»ll —ili^ jx ojAlUll oiAj 'Aja'lll —¡lilll «Ji ^ljjjjlj.**jll Ai—jX t > '**J «ill jl'lVl «*»Xll «lc lji^ij'l «XSll jjiill Jjj «ill iAjji—ll ¿j'll «ij'li -Sll jjiiJ _j'J Ajjj»ll Jl»il й' й1 йJ. ^xl^all «J'll -Sll JxlS AcjlUx «*» ji—ll ¿Ixljfl «j'll -Sll jjiii .O.ljjll _j— .jj—ij A-j.jJ ^ill jj.ll lxl iAlai'x AlV. —lj Ajjil oj—j «a AXjijjXll й' lXJlU iAll. Axijjx Ajll - U**j A^li Aiil Ajjj»ll jliicl йli lil 'Ajjj'll Ajji—ll ¿j'li AilS «i ¿uok j^xji Ajjj»ll JUiVl «i t—ilXjJj' AilS jc jji'ill jjiill j Ac jlLXl Jjla Cixl^all «i j'll -Sll й^ Ij j A"jxlx AjXc Aaja— _j'll -U**j ^ill «ij'll йljjXll Jcljal laij AjjijcVlj Ajalai^Vl ^Jlj'll ^jUi jjjL jc AjJcljall «jl»xll Ajalai^tVl Jjl"jli jj. ^.ji _j'll Axli Ailll «i —l^jJJ'll йli ili^Aj AjJJ'll ji—ll Aj*J JxlS йИ lil Ax"jj ^jil j'**c JS jjxJj o.jixll AjJcljall «jl»xll AilS jc ljiUl"jj ji»j jj iAill AjjijcVlj jj.ll 'Ull JiaJ V Ojj'j ^iUj ^ijcVlj jlai^Vl jjj AUjij Aal— AjjSj «**— jjl ^.l _j'll ijj»j
._j'll Axli Aill AjJcljall «jl»xll Jaj «i —lXjJj'll jlUXJl —ljjXJl jc jjixill «lc AAjjJaj _j'lljAj— Jj— (^ Ax—j) «**— jji Jjl—ll -ll»ll «Xl»ll ^'jll liA й' —lilll _j»J j.'^ll liA «ii i^jiSli Ajiji J'll Ac J"jXll «i ojii ojx olj^a J—j Ja 'jlai^^ll AjJcljall —lilll - 'j ^ill i—lill «ij'll ij**'ill i^jilll ij**'ill Aj"l"Vl -jAliXJl ^.—i" ljji «lc Aij'i^ll
^jxlall ijiljx jajj lxS .(Prokhorov, 1977, p. 490) _j"lb ljjljclj ljalai"l jc ji»j «ill -jjjSl «a Ajij'llj AjjijcVl «jl»xll jc jji»ill «lc Ailll ojja й^ "Ailll -lc" ^jilll «cj"jxji
«—jlill Ij'll l^i 'Ajxl'll —lilll «i ji—ll —lSj— ^jUi ji "—j^jI" «lil.ll Ij'll йJu—ij
i -lSli Aij'l ajjiVl AXjijjXll Ajljj ji i«jljcVl «*»xll Alxl—. AXjijjXll AjjijcVl Aa^^ll jji '-jjJijj
.^ijcVlj _j'll jjj AUjijll Aal—ll AjjSj _j'll ..— Jai jji lxi й1 jc ijliS jjiS «i Ajji—ll Aij'll ^ilS^ V Ajjjl—j^l —l.jixll «i ^Jlj'll ^jUi й' dJj^jJ) AIj^jJ) jA ^LjJ) ^liljJl ^j^J) jli liJ .jjjJj^ jj» Ua^ «i ¿Sj Ajjj»ll o.jixll «i ^Jlj'll
j^J ^JJ^J) ^JtlJAJ) JJ*JJ1 JJJL ot ^j^Jl Ал^ A*IJ1 ^ilSJ^Vl ¿XAJ) ot JJ.*IJ "01л) J Jy^u" l^jj^^j ^JJ) ^j) j^J) ^jis )jl2 t^u) j^IJ ^JJ^J) f£Jb j^Jl AJJJJ ^iJ)
Jy^^j" SJJ1JJ1 GJlj^Jl ¿la t(AJVJJl AJJX^J JJ*JJ ^iJ) AAAS JJ*J) j^IJ ^Jj^Jl ^^JIJ
uJS :ji^IJ AJUI^J1 AJVJJ) ¿It JJJJ VJ oUjJlJ AJJJ*J1 J ^j^Jl Ajji^Jl ¿J^J) ^IxJ "01л1 J
.Jcj ^ij i-lill _j'll A—jijj ....0jJi...t0iJij t.....Oljj^j t.....uj^j t^jl^u uj^j
й1 ji 'Jjc ji jl'lli йJ. Ajjilll j^l3xll AilSl -l^l -jl'ili ^l iAij'Xll Ajji—ll ¿j'll -^Hl »j—j i.ix jlij .jc «lil.ll _ aj'li AUl"jj AjjijcVl «jl»xll jc jji»ill «lc oj.la ljij^a AX»Xll Ajji—ll ¿j'li «ii**j lil i«liljll _j'llj jja.ll _j'll jji -Jc .ic ^l i^.cl'ill «ij'll Ajjilll —ljji'Xll JxlSJ jx _jj—j ji—ll AlV. «lc lji^ij' jJjj «^l iAjXjijjXll ji Ajxjjjill j^Uixll IJ ljjjSj Aa^^ll ijj»i .AAixlj^ ^jljij AUjljiXll AjlV.ll AAjj—j Aajlij i^xl^all «lV.ll o.j—.j Aajxx iji—ll J^l jjc
Ai.'Jl ^iijJ ^Jcl jaJl ùVUJl ajli^ij -1*j ^ЛЛ ^i^ijH —j"U Ai^ AjjjeJl ^i ^.jUJl
AjjiiJl ùbjj^i^l JixlSJ ljjx ^l tùbji^l jjj AjjljcVl ù1i^*Hj -S^dji ^^.jl^Jl —j"ll Ixlj tAjj^^Jl
Aij'jl jA ^uù^ j^Jli .jjd^JK jc jljjJIS tjjjJIS jc jbJIS t^JlS jjj jjla ^jcl^alJl ^ij'll
jJl jj^ ^^jJ ^IdJl —j'4i l^J ' 'jj'dll jjc jjidiJ t^U >ij*J ^jJl oJj^.jJl AjjJ^Jl
t^alqduiVl ^jx^Jlj t^SJl tJJsJlj t^ij^Jl" Aij'Jl AjjjaJl ¿J'U AjJcljeJl ù^^Jl ¿j^J tjSlx Jjix f^l" ^JlSj tJ*i" —j'IJ A^jjjS ^^lj^Jl ол» AjjjaJl Axj'jl jl l^Jl^
.bijt^ oJjî^l f^j ^^Jlj ^l^l^Jl —j'Jl jc ^JUll jJ*dJl ¿^ JxUjjS ^^.jl^Jl —j'Jl l^lj
AjjjJ^Jl jx" jA Jl'JVl jl l^JlL t"^ij"Jl" ^jljJl ^jilJl ^jJ^iJI ^i ^IjJjjlj^jjJl ^i Jl'JVl
^l^Vl jl j^Jb ¿'J Aji tl^JlS^lj ùIjjixJl jjjSjJ AajjL jAj - "¿'Jl" agglutination
.(ùlxâjj^l ji^jv AbjiLS} ùlj ajjij*^ Ai^V
^i Aax^JI ùlxJj'Jlj AjjIjcVlj AjJj*Jl AjjJ^Jl ¿J'lJ AjJcljSJl jc jj*j
t^^JjJjJl J^jxJlj f^Jj —j'Jl jjS jc cA^K ^l ^i AxijjX JSûlJ Vj t"jlxlj Jjj'"J"
i *aj" jjc ^jljcVlj J^jJl ùlîjJVl l^J tojbjJl —jjA. jx fjijjx jjjSjj ^A^jV ^ЛИ
jJài Aajj^j Ijijj'J t 'a*Xj '¿j^l^^ oJc ^Jl f^aJ ^IjcVlj 1*jj ùli jl l^Jl^ ùliUl
.Ajjl^Jl A-ilJl ^cl jaJ laij l^jljclj ùl^ji^Jl ^i ^IjcVlj A^jUix JSuiJl Jjaj V l^j Aj^cljaJl ^VI^Jl AjjSj ^jj'jJl jl
jjj ALjIj Aal^ AjjSj —j'Jl —jc ^^Jl jjl IjjJl J^jJ Aj^lc Ajaja^ o^ji t^lilJl 'J Ajl^c
ùlilJl jjb^ ^i ^jljJ jl ùj^jl jA ^i^l^Jl —j'Jl jlj JjlaJl ^jljJl jl .^IjcVlj —j'Jl
jx ^jj ^ajîjjaji ^1'tVl jl ^lc A^^lj AJV^ ^IjcVl Aj jSj ^^.jl^Jl —j'Jl Jj^^j j tAjxl^Jl ^^Ij^. jx ^jJ l^Aj tA^l^. AJV^ ùljj A laJ ^^ ùlxjijjxj S^ljjJl jA ^1'tVli 'Aij'J^H ùliiJl ùljjx
.Ajjj*Jl
jj*j ^jJI c—j'4 AxUJl A-ilJl ^i ^jljcVl jc jjJ*jlJ aJj^jJl Aajj^Jl jA ^^.jl^Jl —j'tii Ajlc
j^^Jl ùljjj —j'Jlj ^jljcVl IaIjxx jc jJ*Jj t^ii.ljJl —j'Jlj ^âlaJ^Vl IaIjxx jc
.AjJcl'jJl AjjiiJl ùljjJ^xJl JxlSJ IJJx Jj*iJ Jjc ^i^ljJl —j'jlj Aj^jlxx ^xJ
Ajjj*Jl ^i ^jiiJl ¿xl^Jl jl IjJ ^ 'Jj Ajjj*Jl AiiJl ^i l^JljjJ"Xj AjjiiJl AjjjiJ ¿jâjJl ^jjjdJl jx
jjjj ^i ^^l^l JS^j f j^J ^jJlj ¿xl^Jl l^jJ AixlSjx oJ^.j JSuiJ ^jJl JxIjaJI jx JjJaJI Jj^j
lx£ ^Aj t^jiiJl ¿^l^Jl
t^^l^Vl olj*x jjjSJ ^i j^^Jl ^xlj^ ^j^J Aj J'ajj AjjJa^ jj^Ii ^âj^Jl j^Iil.X
jjl Jjj^Jl fJl*Jl IjjJl ^ijJl Ajjj*Jl ^i oJJji ojAl^ J*J lx jAj tJSxj fSJj fi^j t^Sjj cyJ<j ^i lx£ t^j^j t^j^j t^j^ t—j^ ^i ^JVjJI ^jjjXjJl jjjJl ^Ijl ^ic J^.ljJl ^xl^aJl ojJâ ^JbSj t^j^. J5 j^^Ji ¿j'Ji олд ^i JS jl t^l^Vl Ajj^^JI Ai'Jl ^i ^^Ij'JJ AjJj'Ji AjxSJl Jjj^jj
.lij^jx jjSj jl ^ic ojjaJl A^jx ^jji ùj'^tij AjJj'4 ajjxs ùJJ^. ^Jj'Jl fSJl jjiJj ^J^jJlj ^JcljaJl IAIJ*XJ AjjO^Jl ¿j'4 AJ J'ajj j^il ^itSj^Vt ^jx^i) .2
tJxlc Jxc t^Jl£ ^js ^i lxS Ajjj*Jl oJjixiJ Aa^V jjJ aj^i^vi Ai'Jl ^i j^^Jl ^xlj^aj
.^alaj^Vl ^j*xJl ^ic Jj'^JJ 'JVl jxj*J ^jJl ùljjjjljjjjJl ^»j
tjjixlc ^i lxS ^xlj^aJl jjJ ^Jlj'Jl jjiJj AjjljcVl ^jl*xJl jc jjjajJI AjJ'ajj j^Vl .3
.fJl^Jl jsjxji ¿x^.j tAj jja^ij jjj^xJlj jl^Jlj Ail^Vl ^i ^jjxJl jc jjj*jiJ jjJjlc
^^ij'l AjJj'li AjXSll jjiij jjiiJ AlV.ll й' Aj j ;AJVJJ)J AjjjJl Orij ^ri^jJ) bjljjJl .4 «1j'll -Sll jjij ljlV. jjiiJ Ajjj»lli i^ijl" j «i lXS jl 'lvi йJ. Ajl^Vl ji—ll
. classify classified classifier «i lxS j^ljlll Ail^b ljly. jjiiJ «ill —bjjjlj.%ll jc jixi «ll lji^lj'j Ajji—Ji Aij'll Ulii— l jAj «j^Jl AjjxU) ^Ljjj^aJ) Jul^J iJju .5
Ajji^Jl jj^U j^jJl) «i o^cl ol**— 'j lXS Aj"l"Vl Ajji—ll ¿j'li jjjSil —j^ AjlS—
—l.jiXJli c (Karam, 2009) AjjclJSllJ AjlV.ll «jl»xll «Uill -Sll jjii ^.jj -J '(Aj^I^V)
ijj. «1j'll «XSll jjiill ^.jjj ijji ijji i.ji «i lXS lAjjC йJ. A**j»x t^ulj.^ .l—Jlj ljilV. i".jix jSix" Ia.jcj lj'**— ljii'Si «1j'll -Sll o.ljji ijjli i.jli Jux AjJcljall «jl»xll jc jji»ill «i ^ill ..»llj ¿jjlillj jjSiilli 'AjJj'll AjXSll jjii «lc «**i^ll ^.cljall jjjXill Jxi»j AjjljcVl AijUjll й1 -J i^ljcVl .*c AjjlUXll AjjljcVl ASj—ll Ailll Jxl—J jjij lx ja AjJj'li AjXSll jjii «lc ojjjXJ -ij «lc »l*j AjlV.j AjJclja «jl»x lji'Sl «Uilll ljxS jjjiJj iji—ll Aj"l"Vl ^xlj'll ..— JjVl ^ji'xlli
¿j'li ..cj ^j— ^—^j ^xij'll AjJj'li —ijjiill й1 -J 'jl'lyi йJ. Aj"l"Vl ^xij'li -S jjii .ljlxlSJj Ajjilll —ljji'Xll -^jljJ ja liAj iAjjijcVl —lSj—ll .j .—J lj"l"l «lc -ij «illj 'Ajij'li jjjXJ -ij Ajjj»ll «ii iljij^ Uj^Uc AilS Aij'ixli Ailll -l»j :Ajj*IJ1 AilSJ ^UJ) ^jIxlJl .6
J»ill Ai^ jjXj Ajjj»ll «i «^lXJl J»ill й1 -J iljij^ J»ill ijj'J .*c ¿jjXJlj jSiXll .jixll
Ajll jaiiJ lx liAj iJclill -"l jc 'jAlj i..»ll j J"**—ll ¿j— jx j ¿X—ll J «*uxll j .jixll «lc Ajji—Ji
Ajjjjij .**jll —lilll ^Jcl
Ajji-Jl Ai'lli io.—lj Ajji— Aij 'j Aj.cIjS «jl»x o.c jc jji»ill ^j^Jl Али Ailll йlSxlJ 1ijJ
"i—'ll ^i—j -^aVi ^*ij" «i lXS ¿x— ¿jjx .»ix «^lx J»i — "^xij" «jl»xll jc jji»ill O.j—jll AajjUll AjjSj ^UJl ^j^J) ijj»i jSXj io^cl .jj l^ JS «lc »l*j ASj—XJl ^Jij'lij ji—ll ^xlj'l «^j'li -Sll jjii jjjU jc _j'li Axli Ailll «i Ajalai^yij Ajij'li — Aij'xll ¿j'll «i -^Sll »j—j ..cj ij -lill «lil.ll i_ij'» A—ji**Sj iAjXSll oijl
LXjl»J
«jl»Xll jc jjixill «lc oj.la «lil.ll ijj'illj AX»Xll Ajjilll j^al^rlli i«^j'll -Sll jjiij ljij^ ' jl i**ll jj— ^ .cl 'ill «ij'll Ajjilll —ljji'xll JxlSJ i.ix Jji. .**c
AjjljcVl —lSj—ll AUl" Jj AjjljcVl
AuSjill JxlS A^jlLx «lc Axlill oj.all lAjji— 'jxj «ill —lilll Ij «i -lill ij'll AU—^x jSXj ¿j—
.Ajji-Jl
ji»j «^lj i_j'li AxU Ailll «i «jljcVl «*»х11 jc jji'ill o.j—jll ASjjUll «aj — ^UJ) ^ajIaJ) ^j^J)
^ai ^Jlj'li jjiij lj**c ji»ji 'AjjljcVl «jl»XJl l^l 'ij'— «lil.ll _j'li AUl"jj AjalSi"Vl ljjjl»^ jc
«lil.ll A—jij AjJj'll ljij^S —jjii «^l 'ljixlj^ —l^j iAjjj»ll «i "¿^ull ^Jlj'll" «i lXS
—ill «ij'll Ajjilll —ljji'Xll JxlSJ i.ix jlij .*c «^l i—lill ^.cljall ij**'ill i^jilll ij**'ill «i Aj"l"Vl -jAliXJl jx «aj — ^UJ) ^j^j) AxU)
.^ai _j'llj AjjijcVlj Ajalai^yij AjJj'll «jl»XJ| jc ljji ji»j i—lill ^.cljsll ij**'ill i^jilll ij**'ill «i Aj"l"Vl -jAliXJl jx «AJ — ^^JaJ) ^j^J) AxIJ) «^ j'll ¿jlUll —lilll oiA —.ai ¿j— 'jl'lyij _j'llj AjjljcVl j Ajalai "iVI «jl»XJ| jc ljji ji»j «^l jc ji»j «^l AjXjijjXJl j^ljlllj i_j'li ljlsj ljji U—^j й' l****s^j lil i-Vl ljiil «i .j—jXJl «ijj'ili
" .«*»xJl
AjS1qn*Vl je Igji ^jJI c^jiUl ^¿j^jJl ^i A^UVI ^¿aUaJI j^ ^дj — 4*121
^i AJJCIjail ù^L^Jl jj^j ^jJl ^jj'l ¿j1^ f^l J^j^J A^jjj j^ ^jii cJj*JljAjjIjcVIJ
. t ùljj ^j'Jl AxU £il*JJl aàjj'J ùali ^jji Axjjall Ajjjl^jVl AilJ ^^jjjjjl jjiiJlj ^jsx £il*JJl Jj^ jj'^Jl о^д jl
je ^¿au tljlx ^iJl CllilJl jx lijj^J Jj£l AJ**JJ^JI jl J^.l jx i^jl^. jx AjJl^Jl Ajjjl^jVI
.ijji ^j'Jl J^^jl J^jj Ixx cjjjjjjjij j*& j£*JJl jl ¿^ Ajjjl^jVl jx lijj^j jj£| Aj^jjJI jj£ ^jjjlj cAjjj*lb ^jj^jl jljall Jjj t^Jj^ajl Ijij'j I^Ulâwl ^Je j*axJl AjjjaJI AiJJl J^l JeU Ja!
cA^jiJl J^A, jx l^ij'J jj^^Jl ^Jj'Jl cAjjjxll jjij jljaJl Jjj jJi c^jj^Jl jljalb ^^^Vl
jj^Jl ^xlj^ .kaJ jjj AJJVJJI AJJj.^ll ^Je Ail ^ij^Jl ¿jlLJl Jl Jj^jjl jli IjJ AjJeljail ^jl*xJl ^l CAJJj'Jl Aejl^xJl ^Je Culj^Jl оЬд ojJajj c^ûLa. jx l^j A*e jJ*xJl ^**xxJlj
Ajjj'4 Ajx^Jl jjiJ ^jj^ je
1. Мельчук И.А. О «внутренней флексии» в индоевропейских и семитских языках: Вопросы языкознания, 4, 1963. 27-40.
2. Subich, V.G., Al-foadi, R.A., Mingazova, N.G., Zakirov, R.R. (2017). Ways of creating Arabic Scientific Terminology: Revista Publicando. 4 No 13. (1), 866-875.
3. Al-foadi, R.A. (2018a). Phonogrammar or zero affixation in the system of the word formation of the Arab and Russian languages (phonostructure): Espacios, 39 (30), 1-9.
4. Аль-фоади Р.А. Принципы фонограмматики в приложении к прогрессивной языковой категоризации арабских и русских корней: Филологические науки. Научные доклады высшей школы № 6, 2016. 20-26.
5. Белова А.Г. Структура семитского корня и семитская морфологическая система: Вопросы языкознания, № 1, 1991. 79-91.
6. Амирова Т.А., Ольховников, Б.А., Рождественский, Ю.В. История языкознания, М.: Издательский центр «Академия». 2003.
7. Буслаев Ф.И. Преподавание отечественного языка. Москва: Просвещение. 1992.
8. Al-foadi, R.A. (2018b). Cognitive Elements And Criteria Of The Progressive Inflectional System In Modern Russian Language In The Process Of Verbal Communication (Cognitive Word-Formation Analysis Of The Word Structure): Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), Vol. 8, Issue 6, 139-146.
9. Al-foadi, R.A. (2018c). Derivation as the main way of adapting new terms to Arabic: Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), Vol. 8, Issue 3, 175-180.
10.Касевич В.Б. О квантитативно-типологических индексах для характеристики восточных языка: Вестник СПБГУ. Сер. 13, Вып. 3, 2009. 123-142.
-jaIjjI ..j i«xjjixJl ^jjx .. i^j .jj»ll .(1985-1980) ..*—' jj Jlill i^Aljill .11
.Jj"jll ji. ;.l.i 'JjVl .l—XJl i«^ljxltll .Jj"jJl ji. ;.l.ij '^Jl'ill .(1990) ^lXc ^iill jjl '«*— jj' .12
13.Щерба Л.В. Языковая система как деятельность. (Изд. 2-е, стереотипное), Москва: Идиториал. 2004.
14. Соболевский С.И. Грамматика латинского языка, Москва: Издательство литературы на иностранных языках. 1948.
15. Гумбольдт В. Фон. Избрaнные труды по языкознaнию, Москва: ОАО ИГ «Прогресс». 2000.
16.Арсеньев К.К., Петрушевский Ф.Ф. Энциклопедический словарь (в 86 томах). Том XXXVI (71). С.-Петербург: Типолитография Акц. Общ. Брокгауз-Эфрон. 1902. С. 123-125
;ojaIS1I ijjxyi .ic - «iU'x -jaIjjI jja—J . .(1954) ^lxc ^iill jjl '«*— jji .17
-jjall ¿ijill »lj—ijl.
18.Виноградов В.В. Толковый словарь русского языка Т.4, Москва: Гос. изд-во иностр. и нац. слов. 2000.
19.Прохоров А.М. Большая Советская Энциклопедия (в 30 томах), Т. 27. (С.490-492). Изд. 3-е., Москва: «Советская Энциклопедия». 1977.
20.Карам Р.А. Межморфемные мотивационные отношения зоокомпозитов // Вестник Елецкого государственного университета им. И.А. Бунина. - Вып. 25: филологическая серия, 5, 2009. C. 70-75.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
1. Mel'chuk, I.A. (1963). O "vnutrenei fleksii" v indoevropeiskikh i semitskikh yazykakh (On 'internal inflection' in Indo-European and Semitic languages): Voprosy yazykoznaniya, № 4, 27-40.
2. Subich, V.G., Al-foadi, R.A., Mingazova, N.G., Zakirov, R.R. (2017). Ways of creating Arabic Scientific Terminology: Revista Publicando. 4 No 13. (1), 866-875.
3. Al-foadi, R.A. (2018a). Phonogrammar or zero affixation in the system of the word formation of the Arab and Russian languages (phonostructure): Espacios, 39 (30), 1-9.
4. Al-foadi, R.A. (2016). Printsipy fonogrammatiki v prilozhenii k progressivnoj yazykovoj kategorizatsii arabskikh i russkikh kornej (Principles of phono-grammar in annex to progressive linguistic categorization of Arabic and Russian roots): Filologicheskie nauki "Doklady vysshej shkoly", № 6, 20-26.
5. Belova, A.G. (1991). Struktura semitskogo kornya i morfologicheskya sistema (The structure of Semitic root and Semitic morphological system): Voprosy Jazykoznanija, № 1, 79-91.
6. Amirova, T.A., Olhovikov B.A., Rozhdestvenskij J.V. (2003). Istoriya yazykoznaniya (History of linguistics): Textbook for students of higher educational institutions, Moscow: Publishing center "Akademiya".
7. Buslaev, F.I. (1992). Prepodavanie otechestvennogo yazyka (Teaching of the national language), Moscow: Prosveshhenie.
8. Al-foadib, R.A. (2018b). Cognitive Elements And Criteria Of The Progressive Inflectional System In Modern Russian Language In The Process Of Verbal Communication (Cognitive Word-Formation Analysis Of The Word Structure): Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), Vol. 8, Issue 6, 139-146.
9. Al-foadi, R.A. (2018c). Derivation as the main way of adapting new terms to Arabic: Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), Vol. 8, Issue 3, 175-180.
10. Kasevich, V.B. (2009). O kvantitivno-tipologicheskikh indeksakh dl'a kharakreristiki vostochnikh yazykov (On quantitative-typological indexes for the characteristics of Eastern languages): Vestnik SPBGU, 2009. Ser. 13, Vyp.3, 123-142.
11. Al-Farhidi, al-KhaM ibn Ahmad. (1980-1985). Alain. (ed.) Dr. Mahdi, Dr. Ibraheem Al-Samaray, almujalad alawal, Baghdad: Dar Al-Rashe
12. Ibn Jini Abu al fatih Osman. (1990). Khasais (Peculiar properties), Bagdad: Dar Al-Rasheed.
13. Scherba, L.V. (2004). Yazykovaya sistema kak deyatel'nost (Language system as an activity). Izd. 2-e steriotipnoe, Moscow: Editorial.
14. Sobolevskij, S.I. (1948). Grammatika latinskogo yazyka (The grammar of Latin), Moscow: Izdatel'stvo literatury na inostranikh yazykakh.
15. Humboldt, W. Von (2000) Izbrannye trudy po yazykoznaniyu (Selected works on linguistics), Moscow: Progress.
16. Arsen'ev, K.K. & Petrushefskij, F.F. (1902). In the Entseklopedicheskij slovar (Encyclopedic dictionary) (86 volumes). Volume XXXVI (71). (pp. 123-125), St. Petersburg: Lithographic Printing House Of Joint-Stock Company. Ls. Brockhaus-Efron.
17. Ibn Jini Abu al fatih Osman. (1954). Al' munçif (The book of morphology), Tahqiq Ibrahim Mustafa, Abdu Allah Amin, Alqahira: I hia alturat alqadim.
18. Vinogradov, V. V. (2000). Tolkovyj slovar russkogo yazyka (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language) T 4-i, Moscow. Gos. Izd-snvo inosnr. slov.
19. Prokhorov, A. M. (1977). In Bol'shaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopedya (Big Soviet Encyclopedia), Vol. 27. (pp. 490-492). Ed. 3rd, Moscow: "Sovetskaya Entsiklopedya".
20. Karam, R.A. (2009). Mejmorfemnye motivatsuonye otnoshenyia zookompozitov (The motivational relations between morphemes): vestnik Eletskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni I.A. Bunina, Vyp. 25: Fililogichesraya seria, 5, 70-75.
Information about the author
Associate Professor, PhD Raheem Ali Al-foadi University of Baghdad Baghdad, Republic of Iraq [email protected]
