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Arkadiusz Zukowski Wojciech Kotowicz
This article offers an overview of the leading Polish research centres focusing on the political, social, and economic aspects of the Kaliningrad region.
THE KALININGRAD REGION
Key words: Kaliningrad Region, Poland, scientific researches, political science, international relations.
IN POLISH SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
<S>
The issue of the Kaliningrad Region in Poland has been the topic of debate for almost twenty years not only by the media but also by quite many scholars. So far there have been few studies defining the general scope of the investigation as well as the outcomes of the research. As far as the state of the research into political, social and economic aspects of the Kaliningrad Region is concerned there are still gaps. One must admit, however, that we have preliminary outcomes of the research concerning the region which was carried out in the years 1992—2008 [45; 46; 47; 48; 89; 90]. The article aims at presenting the main seats of learning in Poland that have conducted in a permanent or temporary way the research dealing directly or indirectly with the Kaliningrad Region.
The interest of the Kaliningrad Region in Poland became more accentuated when the region acquired international status. In Poland the research of the region commenced just after Poland and Russia had established diplomatic relations in 1992. One of the first scholarly meetings concerning the issue of the region was organized by Centre for International Studies under the auspices of the Polish Senate and the Foundation „Poland in Europe". The meeting had the name: „Krolewiec 1992 — an attempt at diagnosis" and it was held in Warsaw on 11th January 1992.
After relatively short time different aspects of cooperation with this enclave became the scope of investigation within seats of higher education as well as scholarly institutions such as Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw University, University of Gdansk, University of Bialystok, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre for Eastern Studies, Research Center in Olsztyn, Center for International Relations and other seats of learning and research.
In 1992 Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGSO) commenced scholarly research entitled „Foundations of development of the Polish regions in the borderland". The research allowed to gain knowledge about various, multifaceted problems which may be encountered in the aforementioned regions. The project, which was one of the first carried out in Poland, addressed issues pertaining to the borderland regions. It also dealt with the Kaliningrad Region.
The outcomes of the research translated into conferences and in publishing of scholarly works. As a result 12 newsletters have been published and one of them pertained specifically to cross-border cooperation
between Poland and the Kaliningrad Region [73]. The newsletter contains material gathered at the conference which was held from 11—14th April in 1994. It is worth to admit that it was the first scholarly meeting between Poles and Russians [36]. At the conference participated a dozen of Polish scholars and a few scholars from Russia: Vasily Bilchak, Yuri Zverev, Boris Chubarenko, Konstantin Gimbitsky. Some papers given at the conference were published. Additionally, the issues concerning the cooperation were dealt in other newsletters of IGSO [27; 28].
Another research of State Committee for Scientific Research of this Institute involved the spatial dimension of the cross-border trade in Poland from 1992 to 1998. The project was conducted from 1st July 1993 to 30th November 2001. The cooperation was analyzed from geographic and economic point of view.
In the recent years the subject matter of the Kaliningrad Region has been present in the papers given at the conferences which are organized or co-organized by the Institute and in the publications of the scholars [37].
In the early nineties Institute for Western Affairs in Poznan (IWA) had considerable achievements in the research about the Kaliningrad Region. The cooperation with Bundesinsitut für Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien from Cologne (Köln) resulted in forming of an international group of scholars working on the project analyzing the present state of the Kaliningrad Region and its future.
In the research project participated scholars from 5 seats of learning (Cologne, Moscow, Kaliningrad, Vilnius and Poznan). Among scholars from Poznan there were Anna Wolff-Pow^ska, Tomasz Budnikowski and Andrzej Sakson. Owing to the studies comprehensive papers were compiled where the problems concerning the state of the Kaliningrad Region with regard to the interests of Russia, Lithuania, Germany and Poland were addressed. The first part of the papers focused on the various problems relating to the here and now of the Kaliningrad Region. They included issues pertaining to political life, military safety, economy and ecology. The issues were analyzed from the governmental angle and the stand- point of different social and political organizations. The second part of the papers contained reflections about future of the region.
The research was summarized by the seminar which took place from 22 to 23rd April 1993 in Poznan. In „Przegl^d Zachodni", the official organ of the Institute (No. 3 from 1993), were published abbreviated versions of the foreign reports and full versions of the Polish reports [4; 6; 26; 33; 60; 79; 80].
In subsequent years IWA has not carried out collaborative research concerning the Kaliningrad Region. However, the scholars from the Institute and especially A. Sakson [75; 76; 77; 78; 79; 80; 81; 82; 83] have published works and given papers at the conferences about this subject.
The internal and external economic relations of the Kaliningrad Region were the subject of research by The World Economy Research Institute from Warsaw School of Economics (WERI). It was conducted taking into account a broader spectrum of problems and specifically the role of Russia in the Baltic relations in connection with the Northern Dimension UE. From 26th March 2002 to 13 November 2011 Krzysztof Falkowski worked on the research grant entitled „Place of Kaliningrad Region of the Russian
Federation in the region of south-eastern Baltic". The grant concerned the economic analysis of the place and importance of the Kaliningrad Region in relation to the neighboring countries like Poland or Lithuania as well as in the relation to the Russian Federation.
The results of the research of the WERI are being published mainly in academic publishing houses [30; 31; 32]. Moreover, scholarly conferences are being organized with guests from abroad (specifically from The Kaliningrad Region and Lithuania)
From the mid —nineties the issues of the Kaliningrad Region have been the subject of interest by the scientists from the Department of regional Development Geography, Institute of Geography, University of Gdansk. Notably, Tadeusz Palmowski [29; 61; 62; 63; 64; 65; 66; 67; 68; 69; 70] and Jan Wendt [84;] have worked on these issues.
The main subjects of research of the Department include The Baltic Europe and Central and Eastern Europe. The research subjects undertaken by the members of the Department include for instance the geopolitical changes in importance of the Kaliningrad Region.
Focusing on these research problems T. Palmowski worked on a grant entitled „Krolewiec — opportunity or risk for the Baltic Europe?"
Another scientific undertaking was the research project conducted in cooperation with Immanuel Kant State University of Russia which dealt with cross-border cooperation between the northeastern regions of Poland and the Kaliningrad Region. The project was financed by Euroregion Baltic within the directives of Phare Programme. In the years 2005—20008 the Department undertook the grant entitled" Socioeconomic conditioning and perspectives of the development of cross-border cooperation between northeastern regions in Poland and the Region of Kaliningrad in the process of UE enlargement". The investigation resulted in the academic publication [70].
The scholars from the University of Bialystok have focused in their research of the Kaliningrad Region on the sociological and economic point of view [86]. At the University of Warsaw Roman Szul from The Centre for European Regional and Local Studies (EUROREG) conducted indirectly research from economic and geographical angle.
Since 2001 at the Institute of Political Science (IPS), University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn there has been a research panel engaged in investigating the Region of Kaliningrad from political science point of view. This group of scholars consists of Arkadiusz Zukowski [13—18; 25; 45— 48; 71; 72; 87—93], Marcin Chelminiak [7—25], Wojciech Kotowicz [10— 19; 38—48] Wojciech Tomasz Modzelewski [12—18; 20; 50—59]. The research focuses on social and political life of the Region of Kaliningrad as well as cooperation of this part of the Russian Federation with other countries and European institutions. The cross-border dimension is also being taken into account. One of the undertakings of the panel was a scholarly grant of the KBN entitled „Poland and the Region of Kaliningrad during the transformations of European political life". The work on the grant took place from 1st March 2002 to 31 January 2004. The results of the findings have been presented at the conferences as well as in the scholarly
publications. Additionally, master's theses have been written under supervision of the scholars.
The interest in the Region of Kaliningrad has resulted in writing doctoral theses at the IPS. It seems worth to admit that the Institute was one of the first places in Poland where such scholarly papers were prepared. The author of the first doctoral thesis was W. T. Modzelewski. The thesis was titled „Political conditions of the cooperation in the borderland of Poland and Russia" (supervisor: A. Zukowski). The thesis was admitted in 2005. In the thesis the political conditions of the cooperation in the Polish- Russian borderland were analyzed. The connections between the situation in the area and Polish foreign policy were highlighted. The thesis also included reflections on the contention issues in relations between the countries in connection with the Region of Kaliningrad, the importance of this region for the geopolitics and the perspectives for cross-border relations between Poland and Russia.
The second doctoral thesis was prepared by M. Chelminiak. It was admitted in 2005. The title was: „Kaliningrad Region of the Russian Federation in the changes of European political order" (supervisor: A. Zukowski). The author analyzed the formation of the Region of Kaliningrad and its role in the „cold war". In the analysis he focused on the Russian military interests. He also dealt with the geopolitical role of the Region of Kaliningrad in connection with the interests of the Russian Federation in the Baltic Sea area. The dissertation also contains the analysis of the relationships of the Kaliningrad Region with international organizations and institutions, especially those which play an import ant role in the region of the Baltic Sea such as NATO, the European Union and other subregional organizations.
The next dissertation, which was admitted in February 2009, was written by W. Kotowicz. It was entitled „The political life of the Kaliningrad Region of the Russian Federation". The doctoral thesis consisted not only in analyzing the political life of the Region of Kaliningrad, i. e. its essence, dimension or main characteristics but also the conditions influencing the political life of the region. The fundamental objective of the research boiled down to finding an answer about the role of endogenous and exogenous factors in determining the political life of the Region of Kaliningrad.
At the present time the ISP has been conducting the research project entitled „The state of the local democracy in the area of cross-border area between Poland and Russia and its implications for cross-border cooperation." (The director is A. Zukowski). The purpose of the project is investigating the state of the local democracy in warminsko-mazurskie district and in the region of Kaliningrad. The research has been carrying out in connection with the cross-border cooperation.
Besides ISP the issues connected with the Region of Kaliningrad have also been the subject of research by other units of the university. The economic dimension has been analyzed by the Faculty of Economic Science. The issues related to the past of the Eastern Prussia, the history of Krolewiec and its ramifications for the present reality has been the subject of exploration at the Institute of History and International Relations. This research has been conducting by Janusz Jasinski [35] Stanislaw Achremczyk [1].
Among non-academic institutions of research Centre for Eastern Studies has contributed significantly to exploring of the Kaliningrad Region. The institution, which was founded in 1990, has probed the situation of the region from political, economic and social angle. It also has gathered vital information about the region and its research has been conducted in the light of Polish foreign policy and expansion of the UE and NATO eastwards.
At the beginning of the 21st century the problems of the Region of Kaliningrad became the subject of interest of Center for International Relations. The institution submitted two papers about the Kaliningrad Region.
An important role in promulgating information about the events and processes in the Region of Kaliningrad after 1991 is played by Research Center in Olsztyn and working under its auspices Scientific Society. The Center has been carrying out historical, demographical, etnological research. It has also been focused on the Kaliningrad Region. Within the scope of its activities the seminars devoted to the Region of Kaliningrad have been organized every year since 1994.
The representatives of the center participate in scientific initiatives devoted to the Region of Kaliningrad. In this field Tadeusz Baryla [2; 3] and Edmund Wojnowski [85] are especially active. Research Center also cooperates with the Department of History, Immanuel Kant State University of Russia [74].
The most important achievement of the Center is a newsletter entitled „The Region of Kaliningrad. The overview of facts, events, and opinions". The newsletter has been published every month since 1994. The writers are E. Wojnowski, T. Baryla, mgr W. Hojszyk). The newsletter has a circulation of 150 copies and it contains an overview of the articles about the Region which can be found in the Russian and German Press. The copies are read in civil service institutions and other organizations which are interested in the cooperation with the Region of Kaliningrad.
The center also publishes a quarterly „Komunikaty Mazursko-Warminskie". In this periodical the aforementioned issues have also been addressed [5; 34; 49].
One must admit that there are few publications of a monographic type [9; 54; 71; 72]. Most of the publications about the Kaliningrad Region determine and describe facts, processes and events. The publications are mostly reports and expertise. In most of the cases they are prepared as an aid for different decision makers and they are to help in making current decisions and preparing strategies for the future. The issues connected with the Region of Kaliningrad are covered mostly in the form of articles. It is much more difficult to encounter studies which would contain more general reflections or would submit more general statements on the subject.
Despite numerous publications about the Region of Kaliningrad there are still few monographic papers which would be based on thorough query, fieldwork research concerned with the role of the Region in the European safety system, UE policy in regard to the Region, the relationships Moscow-Kaliningrad within the transformation processes and the political reality of the Region (political decisions, relations within the network of decision — makers, political institutions, political parties, lobbies) and the reality of contacts between Poland and the Region of Kaliningrad in the years 1945—1991.
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About authors
Prof. Arkadiusz Zukowski, Head of the Institute for Political Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland).
E-mail: arkadiusz. zukowski@uwm. edu. pl
Dr Wojciech Kotowicz, Lecturer, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Institute of Political Science (Poland).
E-mail: wojciech. kotowicz@uwm. edu. pl
