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Teresa Bombik1, Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga2, Krystyna Tyszuk3, ©
1Department of Reproduction and Animal Hygiene, 2Department of Breeding Methods, Poultry Breeding and Small Ruminants, 3 Department of Agricultural Experimentation, University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland
THE INFLUENCE OF WATER POLLUTION ON THE SELECTED
HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN BLOOD AND LAYING OF REPRODUCTION GEESE
The objective of the present work was to determine of water quality in different types of wells on the health and laying of reproduction geese. Well water quality examination was carried out in deep water and dug wells, in which the depth to water table were over and under 10 m.
In water samples, taken twice from each well in the spring, the following contaminations were determined: nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, chloride, oxidation and number of bacteria after 24 hours at 37°C. In blood of geese were determined erythrocyte, leucocyte and hemoglobin.
Chemical and bacteriological analyses of water showed a relatively strong impact of water quality on the selected hematological parameters in blood of reproduction geese and number of eggs per on laying goose. Water in deep weels was characterised by good quality. In dug wells, in which the depth to the water table being under 10 m, values of chemical and bacteriological indicators allowed classifying the water as unsuitable for consumption. The higher contaminations of water the lower hematological indexes in blood and worse egg laying in reproduction geese.
Key words: water pollutions, geese, hematological indexes, laying
Introduction. Among others the animal production results depend on the quality of water. Farms usually supply themselves with water from wells which were either dug, seldom - from water supply service. In many farms the utilizations of human and animals sewage is inappropriate (Kluczek, 1999). It results in the chemical and bacteriological contaminations of water in wells and the decrease in animal production and their health, which has been shown in many studies (Bombik and Kolbuszewski, 1992; Fic et al., 1995; Tymczyna et al., 2000; Bombik, 2003). At present, drinking water quality assessment is carried out on the basic of legal regulations provided by the Minister of Health dated 19th November 2002 (Journal of Laws, No. 203, item 1718).
The aim of the present work was to determine of water pollution with chemical and bacteriological compounds in different types of wells on the selected hematological indicators in blood and laying of reproduction geese.
© Teresa Bombik, Barbara Biesiada-Drzazga, Krystyna Tyszuk, 2009
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Material and methods. The White Italian geese breed aged one and two years used as an experimental material. The study was carried out in on southern Podlasie region in 15 farms, which numbered from 250 to 700 birds. The analysed farms supplied themselves with water from wells which were deep (drilled) and dug. On the basis of the inventorying, was carried out following the methodology provided by Anusz (1984), wells were divided into three types (depending on their depth):
- deep wells (drilled);
- dug wells, in which the depth to water table was over 10 m;
- dug wells, in which the depth to water table was under 10 m.
In the above-mentioned wells determination of selected chemical and bacteriological parameters was carried out. Water samples were taken twice (at one-week intervals) from each well in the spring. The chemical analyses of water contamined as follows: the concentration of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium nitrogen, as well as the contamination of chloride and oxidation. Bacteriological analyses were performed including the total number of bacteria (E. coli) determined using an agar base after 24 hours at 37°C (cfu/ml water). Water sampling and determination of the aforementioned parameters were carried out according to the commonly accepted laboratory methods (Dojlido et al., 1999; Kluczek, 1999). The hematological studies (erythrocyte, leucocyte and hemoglobin) were estimated after the method which was given by Stankiewicz (1973) and Winnicka (2002). The obtained results were shown as an extremum (min., max.), arithmetic mean (x) and coefficient of variation (V%), on the basis of the work by Oktaba (1980).
Results of researches. Water quality of deep (drilled) and dug wells is shown in table 1. The data indicate that in most samples analysed chemical and bacteriological parameters of water did not differ from the established standards (Decree of the Minister of Health dated 19th November 2002; Journal of Laws, No. 203, item 1718 - app.1-2).
The highest quality was found for the water in deep wells. All the water indicators analysed (nitrate, nitrite and ammonium nitrogen, chloride, oxidation and number of bacteria) stayed within the limits specified by the standards (Decree, 2002). The worst quality was detected for water in shallow wells (the depth to water table being under 10 m). In most samples analysed the concentration of water indicators exceeded the norms, which qualifies the water as unsuitable for consumption.
In table 2 the results of hematological studies and egg laying of reproduction geese were presented. From the figures it appeared that there were profitabler hematological indicators in geese which drank water from deep (drilled) wells. The water contaminated with chemical and bacteriological compounds in dug wells decreased the level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, and increased the level of leucocytes in blood, which negatively influenced on the production results. The egg laying 49-68 eggs per one laying goose was found in the farms in which birds drank good quality water, whereas geese drank bad quality water had lower laying mean by 24 eggs.
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Table 1
Chemical and bacteriological contaminations of water
Wells The highest permissible value
Indicators deep (drilled) dug, in which the depth to the water table is
over 10 m under 10 m
min. 1.0 12.5
Nitrate nitrogen max. not 39.0 90.0 50
(mg N-NO3/dm3) x V% found 23.4 37.8 38.2 55.4
min. 0.01 0.01
Nitrite nitrogen max. not 0.09 1.20 0,5
(mg N-NO2/dm3) x V% found 0.04 16.5 0.08 31.0
min. 0.02 0.60
Ammonium nitrogen max. not 1.80 5.30 0.5
(mg N-NH^dm3) x V% found 0.10 16.9 2.10 37.8
min. 14.6 26.0 34.1
Chloride max. 90.0 140.8 323.3 250
(mg Cl/dm3) x 40.2 62.6 128.7
V% 24.5 40.8 43.2
min. 0.7 2.3 2.4
Oxidation max. 2.8 6.6 14.0 3
(mg O2/dm3) x 1.3 5.4 8.4
V% 17.4 32.5 45.6
The total number min. 0.0 2.0 3.0
of bacteria max. 13.0 16.0 21.0 20
at 37°C after 24 h x 4.7 11.7 18.9
(cfu/ml) V% 32.2 46.5 77.6
Explanations:
*Decree of the Minister of Health dated 19th November 2002 (Journal of Laws, No. 203, item 1718 - app. 1-2); cfu - colony forming unit.
Conclusions
1. Quality of water effects on geese health and their egg laying. The worse water quality the lower hematological parameters (erythrocyte, hemoglobin) in blood and laying of reproduction geese.
2. Water in the deep wells was characterised by good quality with sanitary and hygienic norms. In the dug wells, the depth to the water table being under 10 m, maximum values of chemical and bacteriological contaminations classified the water as unsuitable for consumption.
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Table 2
Effect of water guality from welle on hematological parameters in blood _and egg laying of reproduction geese_
Wells
Indicators deep dug, in which the depth to the water
(drilled) table is
over 10 m under 10 m
min. 2.7 2.0 1.6
Erythrocyte max. 3.4 2.6 2.3
(1012/dm3) x. 3.1 2.3 1.9
V% 8.6 11.4 17.5
min. 4.4 4.9 5.1
Leucocyte max. 5.8 6.7 7.2
(109/dm3 ) x 5.2 6.4 6.6
V% 15.7 17.9 21.4
min. 4.9 3.5 2.9
Hemoglobin max. 7.6 6.4 6.0
(mmol/dm3 ) x 5.8 4.7 4.9
V% 16.0 20.5 23.7
min. 49 39 18
Number of eggs max. 68 53 42
per one laying goose x 57 43 23
V% 6.4 7.6 9.5
References
1. Anusz Z., 1984: Zarys higieny wody w produkcji zwierz^cej. PWRiL, Warszawa.
2. Bombik T., 2003: Oddzialywanie na srodowisko ferm mi^sozernych zwierz^t futerkowych. Wyd. AP Siedlce, Rozpr. Nauk., 70.
3. Bombik T., Kolbuszewski T., 1992: Wplyw gl^bokosci studni przydomowych na stan zanieczyszczen chemicznych i bakteriologicznych wody. Mat. IX Kong. PTNW, ART Olsztyn, I, 43.
4. Dojlido J., Hermanowicz W., Dozanska W., Koziorowski B., Zerbe J., 1999: Fizyczno-chemiczne badanie wody i sciekow. Arkady, Warszawa.
5. Fic M., Slawon J., Saba L., Bis-Wencel H., 1995: Wplyw ferm mi^sozernych zwierz^t futerkowych na zawartosc skladnikow biogennych w wodach podziemnych. Wspol. Probl. Hydrogeologii, VII, 123-129.
6. Kluczek J.P., 1999: Wybrane zagadnienia z ochrony srodowiska. Wyd. ATR, Bydgoszcz.
7. Oktaba W., 1980: Metody statystyki matematycznej w doswiadczalnictwie. PWN, Warszawa.
8. Rozporz^dzenie Ministra Zdrowia z dnia 19 listopada 2002 roku w sprawie wymagan dotycz^cych jakosci wody przeznaczonej do spozycia przez ludzi (Dz. U. Nr 203, poz. 1718).
9. Stankiewicz W., 1973: Hematologia weterynaryjna. PWRiL, Warszawa.
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10. Tymczyna L., Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska A., Saba L., 2000: Effect of a pig farm on the physical and chemical properties of a river and ground water. Pol. J. of Environ. Studies, 9, 2, 97-102.
11. Winnicka A., 2002: Wartosci referencyjne podstawowych badan laboratoryjnych w weterynarii. Wyd. SGGW Warszawa.
Summary
The objective of the present work was to determine of water quality in different types of wells on the health and laying of reproduction geese. Well water quality examination was carried out in deep water and dug wells, in which the depth to water table were over and under 10 m.
In water samples, taken twice from each well in the spring, the following contaminations were determined: nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, chloride, oxidation and number of bacteria after 24 hours at 37°C. In blood of geese were determined erythrocyte, leucocyte and hemoglobin.
Chemical and bacteriological analyses of water showed a relatively strong impact of water quality on the selected hematological parameters in blood of reproduction geese and number of eggs per on laying goose. Water in deep weels was characterised by good quality. In dug wells, in which the depth to the water table being under 10 m, values of chemical and bacteriological indiocators allowed classifying the water as unsuitable for consumption. The higher contaminations of water the lower hematological indexes in blood and worse egg laying in reproduction geese.
Cmammx nadiumna do peda^ii 16.03.2009
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