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Niyazova Oybakhor, assistant, Samarkand state university, Samarkand, Uzbekistan E-mail: [email protected]
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOIL OF THE ORCHARDS TO THE MACRO FAUNA
Abstract: the influence of the chemical composition of the soil of the orchards to the macro fauna has been studied in Uzbekistan for the first time and its effect to the number and composition of the kinds and ecological complexes has been determined. Especially, among insects and invertebrate animals which have been spreaded in the orchards and beetles belong to rhizophagi; earthworms belong to geobionts; and dry land mollusks belong to hygrophags live there.
Keywords: Soil macro fauna, soil, geobiont, phytophage, hygrophil, intensive gardens, mechanical composition.
Introduction. The soil macro fauna has spreaded widely in the nature and it is of theoretical and practical importance. They can be found in the soil and reproduce it, let various pesticides pass to the lower stratum of the soil. As a result of poisonous chemical substances absorbing by soil, the decreasing of micro and macro organisms which grow in the soil is being observed, and the decreasing of earthworms which restore the soil structure are causing the great decreasing of the humus in the fertile soil, too. The soil fauna has a great importance in gathering organic substances in the soil and improvement of water-air conditions of the soil.
It has been given a great importance to not using poisonous pesticides, ecologic equilibrium and natural fertility of the soil since the independence of our republic.
In some cases, picked up vegetables and fruits caused to poison human organism and resulted various infectious and very dangerous diseases to appear. The role of the soil fauna is incomparable in preventing from such cases. As different insects and earthworms living creatures change the physical and chemical features of the soil. Earthworms can be found in the soil and pass a large amount of soil through their organism at the same time digging the stratum full ofholes at the depth of 1,5 meters. The amount of the soil which they pass through the system of their digestive organs averages from 12 tons to 100 tons to a hectare or the soil in 7 mm thickness per year.
The amount of earthworms in the will being processed soil is about 350 kg to a hectare. The soil fauna
helps to improve soil fertility, water and air percolating, to soften the soil taking its lower stratum up, to render harmless various poisonous chemical substances and industrial waste products. Besides that, they give a chance to clarify the soil pollution beforehand. Thanks to the soil organisms' activity, the soil fertility exceeds, natural processes which are necessary for the life of living organisms occur normally. Successive reforms which are being carried out in the agriculture of our country give a chance to grow products, to raise the effectiveness of this field. Intensive technologies which have been used in gardening for recent years brought innovations to the development of this branch.
In Samarkand region 6000 hectare gardens and 105 hectare vineyards have been established with new method to this day. In Samarkand district 1531 hectare, in Jomboy district 1753 hectare intensive gardens have been established. If it was grown 240-260 fruit saplings to a hectare some years ago, 2400-2800 dwarf fruit saplings are grown to a hectare in intensive gardens now. Such kind of fruit gardens have been established in the heights where has the difficulty ofwatering in the foot of the mountain areas. Learning the soil macro fauna of the intensive gardens is one of today's climax problems, too.
Materials and methods
The soil macro fauna has not been researched on the basis of special plan in these areas. That's why we learned the importance and biologic, ecologic features, members of insect and earth wormkinds, dry land
mollusks which spreaded in the soil of fruit gardens in and around Samarkand city.
We used the methods of M. S. Gilyarov [1], T. S. Perel [2]during the process of learning the soil macro fauna. It was followed the examples from the 0.5m2 (50 x 100 cm) and 0.25m2 (50 x 50 cm) sized areas at the depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, and 30-40 cm. Besides that, we used bottletraps in our experiments. Among gathered materials insect larvae, earthworms and dry land mollusks were fixatedin formalin in the capacity of in 0.4-0.5%.Taken materials were fixated in alcohol in the capacity of 70% and dry cockle-shells were put into different test-tubes. All gathered materials were checked with help of reliable books and specialists in the groups of invertebrate organisms, too, when it was necessary. And insects were inanimated in the ether oil and put into the special collection boxes.
Results and discussion. We have researched the selected soil macro fauna of the intensive gardens in Jomboy and Urgut districts, Yettiuylisoy ravine in Urgut district, the Zarafshan reserve, intensive gardens such as "Qaldirg'och nafis bog'lari" (The swallow fine gardens) in Jomboy district, "Ohalik oltin bog'lari" (Gold-
en gardens in Ohalik) in Samarkand region in spring and autumn since 2004-2016 for our experiments.
It was found out that the amount of humus is comparatively more in clover fields and apple gardens. The main reason is that the root system of these crops is well-grown. After growing these crops, a large amount of organic remains will be gathered. And it will be a reason for a high productivity of humification processes. The lines of these plants will not be processed into or will be processed very little. As a result, the anaerobic process will not break and the process of organic remains turning into humus will increase. The remains of fruit trees, for example, apple plant, are full of hard oxidized substances such as lignin, pectin, cellulose. And it will not let them decompose aerobically completely and the forming of humus substances will increase. And it will be observed the positive influence to the amount of the humus of the clover and fruit trees.
The amount of humus is from 0.9-1.9% in irrigative grassland virgin soil of Samarkand region, the highest point of humus in dark- looked soil is 1.4-2.5% and in dark-looked virgin dry-land soil is 0.6-2.9%and it was given in the descriptive table of Samarkand region by mechanical structure (1st table).
Table 1.— The description of the soil in Samarkand region by mechanical structure (in %)
№ Types of soil The amount of humus The amount of nitrogen Amount of the phosphorus Amount of the potassium The amount of CO2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Irrigative dark-looked virgin soil 1.4-2.5% 0.09-0.1% 0.09-0.11% 1.6-2.7% 9-11%
2. Dry- land dark-looked virgin soil 0.6-2.9% 0.04-0.12% - - 5-10%
3. Irrigative typical virgin soil 0.8-1.5% 0.4-0.6% 0.04-0.10% 0.16-0.20% 1.6-1.9% 8-9%
4. Dry- land typical virgin soil 0.7-1.6% 0.6-0.8% 0.2-0.4% 0.07-0.12% - - 4-5%
5. Irrigative grassland virgin soil 0.6-1.2% 0.04-0.06% 0.17-0.18% - 6-9%
6. Dry- land light-looked virgin soil 0.4-1.2% 0.01-0.07% 0.08-0.12% 1.5-0.9% 10-11%
7. Irrigative grassland virgin soil 0.8-1.8% 0.06 —.12% - - 6-7%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8. Irrigative virgin grassland soil 0.9-1.6% 0.04-0.05% 0.12-0.18% 0.6-0% 6-11%
9. Irrigative grassland soil 0.7-1.5% 0.9-1.9% 0.05-0.11% 0.12-0.25% 0.5-0.3% 8-10%
It was analyzed in laboratory conditions thatthe amount in soil samples at the depth of 30cm taken from Jomboy district Zarafshan reserve on May, 2014 was -1.88-1.92; pH - 6.6-6.9; NO3-56.4-58.4; P2 O5-11.6--12.2; F-1.6-1.8.
The amount of humus at the depth of 30 cm in November, 2014 was -1.96-1.98. pH - 7.0-7.4; NO3-59.2--60.2; P2 O5-15.6-16.6; F-2.2-2.6.
The amount of humus at the depth of 30 cm was -1.96-1.98. pH - 7.0-7.4; NO3-59.2-60.2; P2 O5--15.6-16.6; F-2.2-2.6 according to the soil analysis in May, 2015.
It is clear from the table cited above, the amount of humus in irrigative dark-looked virgin soil was 1.4-2.5%. in dry land light-looked virgin soil was 0.4-1.2%. The highest point of the amount of the humus was 1.96-1.98% in Zarafshan reserve in Jomboy district.
More than 250 samples were taken for the research in all. After the analysis of those materials it was found out that the kinds of earthworms belonging to the familyL-umbricidae; the kinds of dry-land mollusks belonging to the families as Ariophantidae, Agriolimacidae, Parmacel-lidae Hygromeidae, the kinds of insects belonging to the family Scarabaeidae had been spreaded there. Among these families Eisenia fetida (Savigny) Vsevolodova-Perel; Dendrobaena byblica (Rosa) Vsevolodova-Perel; Dendro-baena veneta (Rosa) Vsevolodova-Perel; Aporrectodea ca-liginoza caliginoza (Savigny) Vsevolodova-Perel; Aporrec-todea rosea (Savigny) Vsevolodova-Perel - belonging to the family Lumbricidae; Macrochlamys sogdiana (Martens) -belonging to the family Ariophantidae; Deroceras caucasi-cum (L. Pfeiffer) - belonging to the family Agriolimacidae; Candaharia (L.) levanderi (Simroth) - belonging to the family Parmacellidae; Xeropicta candaharica (L. Pfeiffer), Leucozonella (L.) rufispira (Martens, Leucozonella (L.)
retteri (Rosen) - belonging to the family Hygromiidae; Melolontha hippocastani F., Melolontha afficta Ball, Am-phimallon solstitialis L., Oryctes nasicornis, Cetonia aurata L. [3] - belonging to the family Scarabaeidae[4] are considered as the high-spreaded types of soil macro fauna. The larva of Melolontha hippocastani F. grows in the soil for 3-4 years and feed with the root of plants [5]. More larvae of May beetle can be found in the nut gardens, but less in vineyards and apple gardens. Because in biotceno-sis ecologic condition is good for these invertebrate animals and there are a lot of biotops, too. And earthworms can be seen much in processed areas.
Fruit trees are planted very close to each other in intensive fruit gardens, their root systems are on the soil and for that reason, insect kinds which were spreaded in the soil live especially in the stratum at the depth of 0-10 cm. And we clarified that the June cockchafer can be found in "Okhalik oltin bog'lari" in Samarkand district and the May cockchafer - in intensive gardens such as "Qaldirg'och nafis bog'lari" in Jomboy district. There were taken mechanical fighting measures against beetles in these gardens and it was settled down the danger of beetles.
Conclusions. 1. As a result of researching the soil macro faunas of fruit gardens (cited Samarkand region as an example) it was clarified that 28 kinds belonging to 8 families, 3 small families, 23 clans and 4 small clans live in this area among high-spreaded insect kinds in all. Among them 9 kinds of dry land mollusks consist of 6 families, 7 clans and 4 small clans; 5 kinds of earthworms - 1 family and 3 clans and 14 insects - 1 family and 10 clans.
2. As a result of researching the ecology of soil macro fauna in fruit gardens it was clarified that the larvae of insect families belong to rhizophagi; beetles belong to phytophage; earthworms - gabions; and dry land mol-lusks - hygrophils.
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