CC BY
115
DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2016-10.01
THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNICAL INEFFICIENCY LEVEL THAT INVOLVE FARMER'S BEHAVIOUR ON RISK TOWARDS PROFIT IN RICE PRODUCTION OF INDONESIA
Shinta Agustina
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
E-mail: shint4 71ub@yahoo.com, agustinafp@ub.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the influence of the level of technical inefficiency that occur in farmers on profits earned. Where the level of technical inefficiency consider that factor of managerial capabilities of farmers, one of which is a farmer's behaviour in dealing with the risks of farming. The aims of this research are to analyse the influence of the level of technical inefficiency on profits and perform simulations to determine the strategic policies that can be done by the government for an increase in profits of rice farmers. The methods used are the method of Translog Stochastic Profit Frontier and share of expenditure for inputs against profit. Primary data by panel collected during the rainy season and the dry season in 2014/2015 with the number of observations for 610 farmers. The research area covers 7 subdistricts in Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. The results showed that there is influence negatively the level of technical inefficiency and significant with a profit of 2.61. The best policy is the provision of a hand tractor to farmer group and efforts to reduce the level of technical inefficiency through increasing attitudes and behaviour of farmers in dealing with the risks of farming with the changes increase in profit of 29.12%.
KEY WORDS
Risk behaviour, panel data, translog stochastic profit function, farming policy.
The stability of food supply is essential, if there is a deficit of stocks of foodstuffs would suck up the foreign exchange sizeable. Currently, the Indonesian government continuously intensified programs to achieve rice self-sufficiency next 3 years. Growth in the number of Indonesia's population continues to increase by 1.49% during 2000 to 2010 (Statistics Indonesia, 2011) so the rice consumption continues to increase. Consumption in Indonesia is still high in foodstuffs of rice compared to other countries (despite the downward trend in rice consumption from 2009 to 2013 amounted to 1.62%). In 2009, rice consumption as many
91.3 kg / capita / year, then declined to 85.5 kg / capita / year in 2013 (Statistics Indonesia, 2013), however Indonesia's rice consumption is still above the average consumption of rice of the Asian population, for example Korea of 40 kg / capita / year, Japan of 50 kg / capita / year, Malaysia of 80 kg / capita / year and Thailand of 70 kg / capita / year (Sulihanti, S., 2013). According to Respati, E., (2013) the total requirement of consumer society and industry based processed rice about 97.6 kg / capita / year in 2013 and in 2014 amounted to
97.4 kg / capita / year.
National rice production in 2013 of 71.279 million tons with the harvest area is 13,835,252 hectares (Statistics Indonesia, 2014). While the rice harvest area from 2000 to 2014 in Indonesia did not show a significant increase only 1%. Productivity of rice in Indonesia average of 50.6 quintal / hectare with an average rate of 1.44% from 2000 to 2014, while the Ministry of Agriculture has a target in 2014, productivity of rice in Indonesia could reach 60-70 quintal / hectare. East Java Province is the second largest producer of rice in Indonesia, but a fixed value in 2013 as many as 12.05 million tons of rice dry milling, decreased by 149 260 tonnes or about -1.22% compared to the year 2012, this was due to a decrease in productivity of 2.29 quintal / hectare or about -4.20%, although the harvested area increased by 3.1%. Several regencies / cities experiencing a shortage of rice due to more demand for rice than the resulting production, one of which is Malang Regency. The condition is equal to Malang Regency, although the highest productivity above the average of national and provincial namely by 62.3 quintal / hectare, but the lack of production and
fluctuations in the rate of productivity growth occurs. In 2010 in Malang Regency with a population of 2,413,779, the rice the needs of 306,549 tonnes and total production of 263,162 tonnes (Statistics Indonesia of East Java Province, 2013) or from different sources the number of rice production of 284,833 (Agriculture Agency of Malang Regency, 2011) resulting in a shortage of 43 387 tonnes or 21 716 tonnes. In the following years, the production of rice in Malang Regency continued to decline.
Fluctuations in the growth of productivity above, one of them caused by the behaviour of farmers in decision making when using input. Decisions concerning the application of the technology is based on the possibility of farming the risk that will be faced affect the allocation of inputs. Farmer's behaviour in dealing with the risk often encountered is behaviours that are reluctant face the risk or prefer to avoid the risk or risk averter (Agustina Shinta1, 2006). The use of production factors that are inconsistent with suggestion program hence causing the maximum production cannot be achieved by the farmers. Rice farmers in Malang regency achieve technical efficiency of 76.5% (Agustina Shinta2, 2006) so there is still a chance to increase the maximum production of 23.5%, or called there is still technical efficiency.
Kumbakhar (2002) states that the production of a commodity affected by whether or not efficient of farmers in the allocation of production inputs and technical inefficiency problems related to the managerial capability of farmers. Bokhuseva and Hockman (2004) also states that one of the factors causing the decline in production is the technical inefficiency. Farmers confronted with the series of choices about how to allocate its resources to produce alternative products that may be produced with the aim of maximize the profit. Production risk is the uncertainty aspect of production which is very important in the formulation of government policy and decision-making by farmers (Just and Pope (1978), Griffiths and Anderson (1982) and Guan H.Wan, et al., (1992)). According Battese, et al., (1994) that insert the risk of production in the stochastic frontier production function is the essence matter that associated with the prediction of technical efficiency, because the measurement of technical efficiency measures the degree of usefulness of the technology adopted in the production process.
Consideration of variables risk behaviour of farmers against a profit (performed by Foster and Rausser (1991)) and considerations incorporate technical inefficiency (performed by Abrar, (2001); Arnade and Trueblood (2002); Kumbhakar and Tsionas (2008); and Garshasbi, et al., (2010)) against a profit. Translog profit function models in this research will insert technical inefficiency of variables explicitly, while the farmer's behaviour in the face of risk has been implicitly included in the calculation of inefficiency because it is a managerial capability of farmers.
Associated with the above problems, the allocation of input use is essential in an effort to increase the production potential without neglecting the farmer's behaviour in the face of risk in the measurement of technical inefficiency, so that it can provide valid information about how government policies are applied. Thus this research aims to analyse the influence of the level of technical inefficiency on profits and perform simulations to determine the strategic policies that can be done by the government so that an increase in profits of rice farmers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area. Location of research conducted by purposive in Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia, considering that East Java is the centre of the highest rice after West Java while Malang Regency is a high productivity in East Java, but a trend fluctuation of the rate of productivity of rice were sharply during 2000-2013. The average productivity of rice for 13 years in Malang Regency reached 6,125 tons / ha, while the average productivity of East Java at 5:48 tons / ha and the national average of 4.73 tons / ha. Subdistrict was chosen for the example is that a subdistrict that-productivity above the average productivity of rice across Malang Regency because they have the opportunity to become self-sufficient area to fulfil the region, but the fluctuation of production and the rate of productivity growth sharply.
Time Determination Methods. The research was conducted in two stages, the first stage is the study of literature and secondary data collection obtained from various agencies carried out in January - March 2014 and the second stage is to collect primary data held during the harvest season in October 2014 to collect data recall previous seasons: the rainy season from October to March 2013 and the data for the dry season in April-September, 2014.
Data Analysis Methods. Methods to measure the behaviour of farmers in the face of risk can be seen in the article Agustina Shinta1, et al. (2016) and the method of measuring the level of technical efficiency can be read in the article Agustina Shinta2, et al. (2016). In this paper, the model formulation of profit rice farming using Translog Stochastic Profit Frontier the share of expenditure for the inputs and share for outputs against profit. Estimates will be done by three restrictions as follows: Young's Theorem on the assumption of homogeneity means that 0; all parameters i and j are estimated in the equation
equal to zero and linearity meaning that Zf=iPo=1; summation intercept in all equations equal to one.
Specifications model formulated in this research are over-identified conditions because the number of variables in the model amounted to 261 (k = 261), the number of endogenous and exogenous variables in a specific equations in the model amounted to 11 (M = 11) and the number of equation of in the model or the number of endogenous variables in the model amounted to 13 (G = 13). Thus (K-M)> (G-1) is over-identified, therefore the estimation of parameters using the SUR (seemingly unrelated regression estimation) that will be analysed using SAS software. SUR method provides high efficiency in simultaneous estimation, as many as 1 equation of profit function, 11 equations of share of expenditure for inputs and one equation of share of output against profit allegedly simultaneously with the restrictions of linearity, symmetry and homogeneity.
To examine the accuracy of the model and the influence of exogenous variables and predetermine variables against endogenous variables, it is necessary F-test and t-test. Measurement used to measure the closeness between the predicted value on the model and the actual value among other measures RMSPE (Root Mean Squares Error Percent) U-theil coefficient and its decomposition. Once the model is said to be precise, then can be done a simulation of the model policy. The variables used in model formulation are summarized in Appendix 1 and the profit model formulations are summarized in Appendix 2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sample Characteristics. The level of technical efficiency of farming has been analysed using a method TRANSLOG Stochastic Productivity Frontier by considering the behaviour of farmers in dealing with the risks of farming on a previous paper by the author. The summary can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1 - Distribution of Efficiency Level of Farmers Based on Risk of Behaviour (%)
Categories Rainy Season Dry Season
Risk averter Risk neutral Risk taker Risk averter Risk neutral Risk taker
0.31 - 0.51 10.13 - - 11.39 - -
0.52 - 0.72 26.58 - 20.97 30.38 - 1.61
0.73 - 0.95 63.29 100 79.03 58.23 100 98.39
The behaviour of farmers unwilling to face the risk of achieving an efficiency of 73-95% as many as 63.29 in the rainy season and 58.23% in the dry season. For farmers who fall into the category of risk neutral and risk takers outnumber that can achieve higher levels of efficiency. In the Table 2 to 8 are the example of characteristics of the sample in the use of inputs based on risk behaviour, presented in Appendix 3.
Analysis Results of Technical Inefficiency Level Towards Profit. The level of technical efficiency has been obtained from measurements in the previous paper, then to find the level of technical inefficiency is 1 - the achievement of technical efficiency. Data the level of these
technical inefficiencies will be included in the analysis of farming profit. Translog profit function that takes into account the level of technical inefficiency is estimated using SUR (seemingly unrelated regression) which requires a two-stage estimation, namely the first stage, residual OLS is used to estimate the cross-equation error covariances, The second stage is estimated through regression parameter using the generalized least squares estimation of covariance. If the cross-equation error covariances is zero, the estimated OLS and SUR become equivalent. If the cross-equation error covariances is not zero, the estimated SUR has a standard error smaller than the OLS estimates (Sitepu, 2002).
Process analysis is then performed not by pooling data because of the limitations of ownership of software, so using cross section data with the support of a dummy 2 planting season. Translog profit function is analysed simultaneously with the share of expenditure for the inputs and production against profit with the restrictions / limitations of linearity, homogeneity and symmetrical. Analysis of the labors of men and women together into labor variable, because the wages of male labor and the wages of women workers who are not much different causing regression analysis violates the assumption of multicollinearity.
Table 9 - Profit Function with Consideration of Technical In-Efficiency Levels
No Variables Estimated Parameters No VariabIes Estimated Parameters No VariabIes Estimated Parameters
1 Intercep 2 275**** 29 InPBoPTKo 0.013**** 57 InPPSoZ2o 0.0067****
2 LnPBo 0.369**** 30 InPBoPOBKo 0.0028* 58 InPSPoPOo -0.033*
3 LnPUo -0.38**** 31 InPBoPOBLo 0.007**** 59 InPSPoPTKo 0.258****
4 InPZAo -0.675**** 32 InPBoZ1o 1.28E-06 60 InPSPoPOBKo 0.00168****
5 InPPSo 1 06**** 33 InPBoZ2o 0.00226**** 61 InPSPoPOBLo 0.00052****
6 InPSPo -0.39**** 34 InPUoPZAo 0 1762**** 62 InPSPoZ1o 0.0167****
7 LnPOo 1 91 **** 35 InPUoPPSo 0.1318**** 63 InPSPoZ2o 0.0025****
8 InPTKo 3.639**** 36 InPUoPSPo 0.1399**** 64 InPOoPTKo 0.2765****
9 InPOBKo 0 642**** 37 InPUoPOo 0.0166**** 65 InPOoPOBKo 0.1689****
10 InPOBL -0.097**** 38 InPUoPTKo 0 0442**** 66 InPOoPOBLo -0.0397****
11 InZ1o 0.7277**** 39 InPUoPOBKo -0.0054**** 67 InPOoZ1o 0.023****
12 InZ2o -0.254**** 40 InPUoPOBLo 0.005**** 68 InPOoZ2o 0.057****
13 InPBo2 -0.29**** 41 InPUoZ1o 0.005**** 69 InPTKoPOBKo -0.023****
14 InPUo2 -0.561**** 42 InPUoZ2o -0.0014**** 70 InPTKoPOBLo 0.006
15 InPZAo2 -0.415**** 43 InPZAoPPSo 0.1255**** 71 InPTKoZ1o 0.0066****
16 InPPSo2 0 522**** 44 InPZAoPSPo -0 148**** 72 InPTKoZ2o 0.0074****
17 InPSPo2 -0.4479**** 45 InPZAoPOo -0.018 73 InPOBKoPOBLo 0.00229
18 InPOo2 -0.272**** 46 InPZAoPTKo 0 181 **** 74 InPOBKoZ1o 0.008****
19 InPTKo2 -0.992**** 47 InPZAoPOBKo -0.0115 75 InPOBKoZ2o 0.0159****
20 InPOBKo2 -0 147**** 48 InPZAoPOBLo -0.00788 76 InPOBLoZ1o 0.0054****
21 InPOBLo2 0.00149 49 InPZAoZ1o 0.0322**** 77 InPOBLoZ2o 0.0143****
22 InZ1o2 0 1225**** 50 InPZAoZ2o 0.0074**** 78 Inz1oz2o 0.0022****
23 InZ2o2 -0 114**** 51 InPPSoPSPo 0.1169**** 79 Dtehn 0.07****
24 InPBoPUo 0.049**** 52 InPPSoPOo -0.1597**** 80 leff 2 61****
25 InPBoPZAo 0.078**** 53 InPPSoPTKo 0.2226**** 82 dmt -0.002
26 InPBoPPSo 0.063**** 54 InPPSoPOBKo -0.0126*
27 InPBoPSPo 0.09**** 55 InPPSoPOBLo 0.005****
28 InPBoPOo -0.019**** 56 InPPSoZ1o 0.0226****
Notes : F-value 35.78 (<0.0001); R2 = 0.82 ; dw =1.658 **** ,**, *; confidence level 99%, 97.5 % and 90 %.
Profit Translog Model analysed simultaneously with 13 equation of share of input costs against profit. So that the model used 13 endogenous variables, 261 parameters and 13 structural equations, the results of model analysis shows the variation of R2 varies between 17% and 99.1%. R2 indicates that the amount of the contribution of the explanatory variables and exogenous in the equation against variation in the endogenous variables. Statistical tests using the F-test shows that the explanatory variables on all structural equations influence simultaneously convincingly confidence level of over 99%. R2 obtained is high at 0.82, meaning that the variables in the model indicates that the amount of the contribution of the explanatory variables and exogenous in the equation against variation in the endogenous variables, while the F-value of 35.78 and the Durbin Watson at 1,658. The results of analysis
with 81 parameters indicate as many as 10 parameters that do not affect the endogenous variables where the parameter is suggestive of exogenous variables dummy growing season and another constitute allegation of predetermined variables of equations of translog profit model that considers levels of technical inefficiency. The exogenous variables included in the equation are the dummy technology, the level of technical inefficiency and dummy growing season. Dummy technology shows the differences in the optimal profits obtained by farmers as a result of the application of technology. Technical inefficiency variables shown to affect negatively on optimal profits, the higher the level of inefficiency by 1%, it will decrease the optimal profit of farmers amounted to 2,618%, presented in Table 9.
Analysis of the profit function, would be more appropriate when using calculations share of input expenditure against profits. Results of analysis for the share of expenditure for inputs against profit presented in Appendix 4.
The Results of Simulation Determines the Policy to Increase Profit of Rice Farmers. Before carrying out the simulation, the model of translog profit function, share of expenditure for inputs and share of output against profit required validation procedures beforehand in order that the predicted value produced does not deviate from the actual value. Results of analysis of the value of the U-Theil generates between 0.01 - 0.4; UM values between 0.0 -0.82; US values between 0:01 to 0:41, while the values of UC between 0.18 - 0.93. Value of U-Theil and UM almost zero and the value of UC close to one; only on SYpr equation that generates the value of the U-Theil (0:03), UM value (0.82), and the value of UC is a bit far from the one that is 0.18. From this analysis, then the model function in rice farming profit above can be used for simulation. Simulation scenarios are divided into two single simulation and double simulation, presented in the following table:
Table 10 - Impact of Single and Double Policy Simulations That Change in Profits
No Scenarios Basic Estimations Prediction Estimation Changes in Profits Ranking
Single
1 Sim 1 (HPP 15%) 17,194,427 20,234,424 15.02 8
2 Sim 2 (Subsidy of Px 25%) 17,194,427 17,543,532 1.99 13
3 Sim 3 (HT) 17,194,427 17,582,170 2.21 12
4a. Sim 4a (Ineff Pend) 17,194,427 20,103,327 14.47 7
b. Sim 4b (Ineff PR) 17,194,427 20,534,067 16.26 6
Double
5 Sim 1 dan 2 (HPP and Subsidy) 14,951,065 16,109,116 7.19 10
6 Sim 1 dan 3 (HPP and HT) 14,951,065 16,149,439 7.42 9
7a Sim 1 dan 4a (HPP and InefPend) 14,951,065 18,463,306 19.02 5
b. Sim 1 dan4b (HPP and InefPR) 14,951,065 18,727,610 20.17 4
8 Sim 2 dan 3 (Subsidy and HT) 14,951,065 19,052,252 21.53 3
9a. Sim 2 dan 4a (Subsidy and InefPend) 17,194,427 17,428,126 1.34 14
b. Sim 2 dan 4b (Subsidy and InefPR) 17,194,427 17,801,546 3.41 11
10a. Sim 3 dan 4a (HT and InefPend) 17,194,427 23,752,441 27.61 2
b. Sim 3 dan 4b (HT and inefPR) 17,194,427 24,258,943 29.12 1
Single policy simulation results shown that increasing farmers' profits can be acquired highest by efforts to reduce technical inefficiency through improved managerial capabilities of farmers namely to increase farmers' attitudes and behaviour in the face of the risks of farming. While the double policy simulation results highest increase in profit is the policy of hand tractor support to farmers' groups and efforts to reduce technical inefficiency through improved managerial capacity of farmers namely to increase farmers' attitudes and behaviour in the face of the risks of farming.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the research that has been done, the conclusion can be formulated as follows: the level of technical inefficiency that occurs in rice farming in Malang Regency will significantly affect the achievement of a profit of -2.61. This means that the higher the level of
technical inefficiency single digit then the decrease a profit of 2.61 and simulation scenarios either single or double may give impact to increased profits on rice farmers between 1.99% -29.12%. The best single policy simulation is an effort to decrease the level of technical inefficiency through the improvement managerial capacity of farmers, which is the attitude and behaviour of farmers in dealing with risks of farming with the changes increase profit of 16.26%. While the double policy simulation is best of hand tractor support to farmer group in order to reduce the cost of renting a tractor and efforts to reduce the level of technical inefficiency through increasing farmers' attitudes and behaviour in the face of the risk of farming with changes increase profit of 29.12%.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
The implications for the government policy is how to increase the courage to take decisions in the allocation of input that is with training, informal education (Integrated Pest Management Field School, Integrated Crop Management Field School), counseling, and mentoring of technology, so that the information to induction of technology to be precise by farmers, policy in facilitating access to credit through local financial institutions, policy easy access / pricing information system through the department of agriculture and immediately apply to the whole area of insurance, for farmers to take the risk to produce because they feel safe and protected crop from plant pests and natural events.
REFERENCES
1. Abrar S, 2000. Estimating Supply Response in The Presence of Technical Inefficiency Using the Profit Function: An Aplication to Ethiopian Agriculture. University of Leicester. UK
2. Agustina Shinta, Budi Setiawan, Ratya Anindita, and Syafrial. 2016. Incorporating Risk Preferences of Farmers and Technology in Analyzing The Total Factor Productivity of Rice Farming in Malang,Indonesia, RJOAS,1(49), January: pp. 47-56
3. Agustina Shinta, Budi Setiawan, Ratya Anindita, and Syafrial. 2016. Measurement of Technical Efficiency that Involving Farmers Preferences towards Risk of Rice Farming in Malang (Indonesia), RJOAS, 3(51), March: pp. 3-13
4. Aigner D, C.A.Knox Lovell and Peter Schmidt, 1977. Formulation and Estimation of Stochastic Frontier Production Function Models. Journal of Econometrics 6, pp. 21-37. North-Holland Publishing Company
5. Arnade C and Michael A.Trueblood, 2002. Estimating a Profit Function in the Presence of Inefficiency: An Aplication to Russian Agriculture. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 27(1): 94-113
6. Athipanyakul T, et al, 2014. Key Factors for Improving Technical Efficiency of Upland Rice Production. American Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (2): 266-272
7. Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia), 2011. Statistics Indonesia, Available in www.bps.go.id
8. Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Malang (Statistics Indonesia of Malang Regency), 2013. Statistik Kabupaten Malang (Statistics of Malang Regency), Available in www.malangkab.bps.go.id
9. Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia), 2013. Sensus Ekonomi Nasional 2009-2013 (National Economics Census in 2009-2013). Statistics Indonesia, Available in www.bps.go.id
10. Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia), 2014. Statistics Indonesia, tersedia di www.bps.go.id
11. Badan Pusat Statistik Propinsi Jawa Timur (Statistics Indonesia of East Java Province, 2013, Statistik Jawa Timur (Statistics of East Java), Available in www.jatim.bps.go.id
12. Bokhuseva, R. and H. Hockmann. 2004. Output Volatility in Russian Agriculture: The Significance of Risk and Inefficiency. Working Paper. Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IOMA), Halle.
13. Case and Fair, 2007. Prinsip - Prinsip Ekonomi (The Principles of Economics). Jilid 1 (First Edition). Penerbit Erlangga. Jakarta
14. Chambers, R.G., 1988. Applied Production Analysis. A dual Approach. Cambridge University Press. New York.
15. Christensen, L.R., Jorgensen D.W., and Lau L.J. 1973. Trancedental Logarithmic Production Frontier. Economics and Statistics Journal, Vol 55, Issue 1 (Feb 1973), pp. 28-45
16. Coelli, T. 1995. Recent Developments in Frontier Modelling and Efficiency Measurement. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 39, No.3, Pp. 219-245
17. Coelli, T. 2005. An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. Second Edition. Springer. USA
18. Foster,W.E and G.C.Rausser (1991). Farm Behaviour Underrisk of Failure. American Journal of Agricultural Economics.
19. G.E.Battese, A.N.Rambaldi ans G.H.Wan, 1994. A Stochastic Frontier Production Function with Flexible Risk Properties. Paper presented at The Georgia Productivity Workhsop,
20. G.E.Battese and T.J.Coelli, 1995. A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data. Empirical Economics Vol, 20:325-332
21. Guan H.Wan and George E.Battese, 1992. A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Incoporating Flexible Risk Properties. Paper presented at the Australian Meeting of the Econometric Society, Monash University, Melbourne, 6-8 July 1992
22. Ghosh C and Raychaudhuri, 2010. Measurement of Cost Efficiency in the Case of Rice Production in West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.
23. Hartono, J. Teori Ekonomi Mikro (Theory of Microeconomics). Analisis Matematis (Mathematical Analysis). Andi Yogyakarta Press.
24. Just, E.R, dan R.D. Pope. 1979. Production Function Estimation and Related Risk Consideration. American Journal Agricultural Economic, 6(2): 276-284.
25. JR.Anderson and WE. Griffiths. 1982. Product Risk and Efficient Allocation of Resources. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 26(3): 226-332.
26. Karagiannias, G., et al, 2006. Technical Efficiency of Conventional and Organic Farms: Some Evidence for Milk Production.
27. Kumbhakar, C S. 2002. Specification and Estimation of Production Risk, Risk Preferences and Technical Efficiency. American Journal Agricultural Economic, 84(1) (February 2002): 8-22.
28. Kumbhakar, C.S. and C.A.Knox Lovell, Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Cambridge University Press
29. KumbhaKar, C.S and Tsionas E.G., 2008. Estimation of Cost vs Profit System with and without Technical Inefficiency. Academia Economic Papers. Vol 36:2. Pp. 145-166
30. Sulihanti, S, 2013. "BKP Kementan targetkan tekan konsumsi beras 1.5% perkapita" (Food Security Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture Targeting Press the Rice Consumption of 1.5% per capita), Available in www.deptan.go.id.
31. Respati, E, .dkk, 2014. Buletin Konsumsi Pangan Vol 5 no 1 Tahun 2014 (Food Consumption Bulletin Vol 5 No. 1 of 2014). Pusat Data dan Sistem Informasi Pertanian Center for Data and Information System for Agriculture). Sekretaris Jendral Kementrian Pertanian Secretary General of the Ministry of Agriculture).
32. Peter Schmidt and Robert C.Sickles. 1984. Production Frontiers and Panel Data. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Vol 2, No 4, (Oct 1984), pp. 367-374
APPENDIX 1
Variables Descriptions
Prfo Actual profit divided by the price of dry milled rice stated in IDR
Pbo The price of seeds normalized by the output price
Puo The price of urea fertilizer normalized by output price
PZAo The price of ZA fertilizer normalized by output price
PPSo The price of NPK Phonska fertilizer normalized by output price
PSPo The price of SP36 fertilizer normalized by output price
Poo The price of organic fertilizer normalized by output price
PTKo Labor wages of men and women normalized by the output price
POBKo Solid pesticide price normalized by the output price
POBLo Liquid pesticide price normalized by the output price
Z1o Rent cost / land rent normalized by the output price
Z2o Rent cost of tractor normalized by the output price
Dtehn Dummy from the application of technology
leff Technical inefficiency
Dmt Dummy growing season
HPP Government Purchase Price
Px Input price
leff Pend The impact of education on inefficiency
leff PR The impact of the risk behavior on inefficiency
HT Hand tractor
Sbbpr Share of expenditure for the purchase of seed towards profits
Sbupr Share of expenditure for the purchase of urea fertilizer towards profits
Sbzapr Share of expenditure for the purchase of ZA fertilizer towards profits
Sbpspr Share of expenditure for the purchase of NPK Phonska fertilizer towards profits
Sbsppr Share of expenditure for the purchase of SP36 fertilizer towards profits
Sbopr Share of expenditure for the purchase of organic fertilizer towards profits
Sbtkpr Share of expenditure for labor towards profits
Sbobkpr Share of expenditure for the purchase of solid pesticide towards profits
Sboblpr Share of expenditure for the purchase of liquid pesticide towards profits
Sbzlpr Share of expenditure for land rent/tax towards profits
Sbz2pr Share of expenditure for tractor rent towards profits
Sypr Share for output towards profits
Py Output price
APPENDIX 2
Table 2 - Use of Seed (Kg / ha) Based on the Behavior of Risk
Seasons Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker Suggestions
Rainy 12.00 11.73 13.79 15
Dry 12.00 12.54 13.61 15
Table 3 - The Use of Fertilizers (kg/ha) on Rainy season
Fertilizers Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker Suggestions
Rainy Season
Urea 297.63 362.22 302.04 300
ZA 107.10 258.33 162.72 200
Phonska 161.20 242.00 243.86 200
SP36 121.65 10.12 24.54 150
Organic 247.28 192.04 322.51 500
Table 4 - The Use of Labors (Man-day)
Seasons Tenaga Kerja Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker
Rainy Male 70 79 83
Female 64 73 75
Dry Male 70 77 81
Female 64 61 68
Table 5 - The Use of Solid Pesticides (kg)
Seasons Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker
Rainy 9.77 11.65 6.17
Dry 9.74 11.58 6.47
Table 6 - The Use of Liquid Pesticides (liters)
Seasons Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker
Rainy 2.81 1.68 1.13
Dry 2.82 4.24 2.62
Table 7 - Profits Based on Farmers Risk Behavior on Rainy Season (IDR)
Variables Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker
Total Cost 6,616J82 8,5y4,5g6 8,gy8,02y
Revenue 26,344,580 35711,111 30,801,22g
Profit 19,727J98 27J36,515 21,823,202
Table 8 - Profits Based on Farmers Risk Behavior on Dry Season (IDR)
Variables Risk Averter Risk Neutral Risk Taker
Total Cost 6^,544 8,24g,0yy g,230,g0y
Revenue 26,g4g,306 34,222,222 36,662,g80
Profit 20,169J63 25^3,145 2y,432,0y3
APPENDIX 3
(1) Inprfo = A0+ A1*lnPBo+ A2*lnPUo + A3*lnPZAo + A4*lnPPSo + A5*lnPSPo + A6*lnPOo + A7*lnPTKo + A8*lnPOBKo + A9*lnPOBLo + A10*lnZ1o+ A11*lnZ2o + A12*lnPBo2 +A13*lnPUo2 + A14* lnPZAo2 + A15*lnPPSo2 +A16*lnPSPo2 +A17*lnPOo2 + A18*lnPTKo2 +A1g* lnPOBKo2 + A20*lnPOBLo2 + A21*lnZ1o2 + A22*lnZ2o2 + A23*lnPBoPUo + A24*lnPBoPZAo + A25*lnPBoPPSo+ A26*lnPBoPSPo +A27*lnPBoPOo + A28*lnPBoPTKo +A29*lnPBoPOBKo + A30* lnPBoPOBLo + A31*lnPBoZ1o + A32*lnPBoZ2o + A33*lnPUoPZAo+ A34*lnPUoPPSo + A35*lnPUoPSPo + A36*lnPUoPOo + A37*lnPUoPTKo + A38*lnPUoPOBKo + A39*lnPUoPOBLo + A40*lnPUoZ1o + A41*lnPUoZ2o + A42*lnPZAoPPSo + A43*lnPZAoPSPo + A44*lnPZAoPOo + A45*lnPZAoPTKo + A46*lnPZAoPOBKo + A47*lnPZAoPOBLo + A48*lnPZAoZ1o + A49*lnPZAoZ2o + A50*lnPPSoPSPo + A51*lnPPSoPOo + A52*lnPPSoPTKo + A53*lnPPSoPOBKo + A54*lnPPSoPOBLo + A55*lnPPSoZ1o + A56*lnPPSoZ2o + A57*lnPSPoPOo + A58*lnPSPoPTKo + A59*lnPSPoPOBKo + A60*lnPSPoPOBLo + A61*lnPSPoZ1o + A62*lnPSPoZ2o + A63*lnPOoPTKo + A64*lnPOoPOBKo + A65*lnPOoPOBLo + A66*lnPOoZ1o + A67*lnPOoZ2o + A68*lnPTKoPOBKo + A69*lnPTKoPOBLo + A70*lnPTKoZ1o+ A71*lnPTKoZ2o + A72* lnPOBKoPOBLo + A73*lnPOBKoZ1o + A74*lnPOBKoZ2o + A75*lnPOBLoZ1o +A76*lnPOBLoZ2o + A77*LNz1oz2o+ A78*DTEHN+ A79*IEFF+ A80*dmt
(2) Sbbpr = B0+ B1*lnPBo + B2*lnPUo + Ba*lnPZAo + B4*lnPPSo + B5*lnPSPo + B6*lnPOo + By*lnPTKo + Bs*lnPOBKo + Bg*lnPOBLo + B10*lnZ1o + Bn*lnZ2o + B12*dtehn + B13*Ineff B14*dmt
(3) Sbupr = C0 + C1*lnPBo + C2*lnPUo + C3*lnPZAo + C4*lnPPSo + C5*lnPSPo + C6*lnPOo + Cy*lnPTKo + Cs*lnPOBKo + Cg*lnPOBLo + C10*lnZ1o + Cn*lnZ2o + C12*dtehn + C13*Ineff + C14*dmt
(4) Sbzapr = D0 + D1*lnPBo + D2*lnPUo + D3*lnPZAo + D4*lnPPSo + D5*lnPSPo + D6*lnPOo + Dy*lnPTKo + Ds*lnPOBKo + Dg*lnPOBLo + D10*lnZ1o + Dn*lnZ2o + D12*dtehn + D13*Ineff + D14*dmt
(5) Sbpspr = E0 + E1* lnPBo + E2*lnPUo + E3*lnPZAo + E4*lnPPSo + E5*lnPSPo + E6*lnPOo + Ey*lnPTKo + Es*lnPOBKo + Eg*lnPOBLo + E10*lnZ1o + En*lnZ2o + E12*DTEHN + E13*dmt + E14*dmt
(6) Sbsppr = F0 + F1*lnPBo + F2*lnPUo + F3*lnPZAo + F4*lnPPSo + F5*lnPSPo + F6*lnPOo + Fy*lnPTKo + Fs*lnPOBKo + Fg*lnPOBLo + F10*lnZ1o + Fn*lnZ2o + F12*DTEHN + F13*Ineff + F14*dmt
(7) Sbopr = G0 + G1*lnPBo + G2*lnPUo + G3*lnPZAo + G4*lnPPSo + G5*lnPSPo + G6*lnPOo + Gy*lnPTKo + GalnPOBKo + Gg*lnPOBLo + G10*lnZ1o + Gn*lnZ2o + G12*DTEHN + G13*Ienff + G14*dmt
(8) Sbtkpr = H0 + H1*lnPBo + H2*lnPUo + H3*lnPZAo + H4*lnPPSo + H5*lnPSPo + H6*lnPOo + Hy*lnPTKo + Hs*lnPOBKo + Hg*lnPOBLo + H10*lnZ1o + Hn*lnZ2o + H12*dtehn + H13*Ineff + H14* dmt
(9) Sbobkpr = I0 + I1*lnPBo + I2*lnPUo + I3*lnPZAo + U*lnPPSo + I5*lnPSPo + I6*lnPOo + Iy*lnPTKo + Is*lnPOBKo + Ig*lnPOBLo + I10*lnZ1o + h*lnZ2o + I12*DTEHN + h3*Ineff + h4*dmt
(10) Sboblpr = J0 + J1*lnPBo + J2*lnPUo + J3*lnPZAo + J4*lnPPSo + J5*lnPSPo + J6*lnPOo + Jy*lnPTKo + Js*lnPOBKo + Jg*lnPOBLo + J10*lnZ1o + Jn*lnZ2o + J12*dtehn + J13*Ineff + J14*dmt
(11) Sbz1pr = K0 + Ki*lnPBo + K2*lnPUo + K3*lnPZAo + K4*lnPPSo + K5*lnPSPo + K6*lnPOo + Ky*lnPTKo + Ks*lnPOBKo + Kg*lnPOBLo + K10*lnZ1o + Kn*Z2o+ K12*dtehn + K13*Ineff K14*dmt
(12) Sbz2pr=L0 + Li*lnPBo + L2*lnPUo + L3*lnPZAo + L4*lnPPSo + L5*lnPSPo + L6*lnPOo + Ly*lnPTKo + Ls*lnPOBKo + Lg*lnPOBLo + Li0*lnZ1o + Ln*lnZ2o + Li2*DTEHN + L13*IEFF + Li4*Dmt
(13) Sypr = M0 + M1*lnPBo + M2*lnPUo + M3*lnPZAo + M4*lnPPSo + M5*lnPSPo + M6*lnPOo + My*lnPTKo + Ms*lnPOBKo + Mg*lnPOBLo + M10*lnZ1o + Mn*lnZ2o + M12*Py + M13*DTEHN + M14IEFF + M15*Dm
APPENDIX 4
Table 11 - Share of Expenditure for Inputs towards Profit
Share of Input Expenditure towards Profit Share of Input Expenditure towards Profit
Variables Seed Urea Fertilizer ZA Fertilizer NPK Ps Fertilizer SP36 Fertilizer Organic Fertilizer Labor Solid Pesticides Liquid Pesticides Rent/ Tax of land Rent of tractor
Intercept 0.1144 0.273 -0.473 -0.641 -0.81 -1.09 1.078 0.2145 -0.06 0.087 0.0454
lnPBo -0.29 0.049 0.078 0.063 0.09 -0.019 0.013 0.0028 0.007 1.28E-06 0.00226
lnPUo 0.049 -0.561 0.176 0.1318 0.1399 0.0166 0.0442 -0.0054 0.005 0.005 -0.0014
lnZAo 0.078 0.176 -0.415 0.1255 -0.148 -0.018 0.181 -0.0115 -0.00788 0.0322 0.0074
lnPPSo 0.063 0.1318 0.1255 -0.522 0.1169 -0.1597 0.2226 -0.0126 0.005 0.0226 0.0067
lnPSPo 0.09 0.1399 -0.148 0.1169 -0.4479 -0.033 0.258 0.00168 0.00052 0.0167 0.0025
lnPOo -0.019 0.0166 -0.018 -0.1597 -0.033 -0.272 0.2765 0.1689 -0.0397 0.023 0.057
lnPTKo 0.013 0.0442 0.181 0.2226 0.258 0.2765 -0.992 -0.023 0.006 0.0066 0.0074
lnPOBKo 0.0028 -0.0054 -0.0115 -0.0126 0.00168 0.1689 -0.023 -0.147 0.00229 0.008 0.0159
lnPOBLo 0.007 0.005 -0.00788 0.005 0.00052 -0.0397 0.006 0.00229 0.00149 0.0054 0.0143
lnZ1o 0.000001276 0.005 0.0322 0.0226 0.0167 0.023 0.0066 0.008 0.0054 -0.1225 0.0022
lnZ2o 0.00226 -0.0014 0.0074 0.0067 0.0025 0.057 0.0074 0.0159 0.0143 0.0022 -0.114
Dummy Application of Technology (Dtehn) 0.0032 -0.0024 -0.037 -0.00675 -0.00845 0.0872 -0.00094 -0.055 -0.035 0.0015 0.00697
Ieff -0.04 0.181 0.361 0.2563 0.2411 0.965 -0.465 0.02697 -0.00655 -0.1 -0.094
Dummy rainy and dry seasons (Dm) -0.0027 -0.01144 0.0128 0.0008 0.179 0.039 0.0369 0.0175 -0.3014 -0.00067 -0.0014
**, * ; Convidence level at 99%, 97.5%, 95 % and 90%
