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DOI 10.18551/rjoas.2020-07.20
THE INFLUENCE OF LIQUID WALET EXCRESSION FERTILIZER TOWARDS PLANT HEIGHT AND AMOUNT OF LEAVES IN PLANT JELUTUNG RAWA (DYERA POLYPHYLLA (MIQ.) STEENIS)
Rahmawati Reni
Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Palangkaraya, Indonesia
E-mail: renirahmawati@for.upr.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This research was done to determine the influence of liquid walet expression fertilizer towards plant height and amount of leaves in plant jelutung rawa (Dyera Polyphylla (miq.) Steenis). This plant is an endemic type of plant that needs to be developed especially in Central Kalimantan. This study uses a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 2 groups of observations. the first group observed open areas, the second group observed areas of shrub cover, consisting of 5 levels of treatment with 16 replications. Measurement of light intensity at the study site using a light meter. Analysis of the data used is the analysis of variance for RCBD with linear models. Based on the results of the study it was found that the administration of liquid swallow excretion did not have a significant effect at the level of 5% and 1% of the variable increase in Jelutung Swamp plant height in both open and closed areas. Liquid swallow excretion gives a significant effect on the variable number of leaves at 5% level in both open and closed areas.
KEY WORDS
Swallow liquid excretion, liquid swallow dose, plant height, amount of leaves.
Swallow's nest business in the city of Palangka Raya itself has developed and many people are opening a swallow breeding business. The process of excretion / feces and urine from these animals around the nest, then the feces are eaten again by beetles or other microbes to form organic guano fertilizer. The mineral content of the fertilizer is the main elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur in varying amounts.
The swallow's nest saliva itself has many benefits. Usually swallow breeders will clean the swallow bird's house every month from manure so that bird health is maintained and prevent diseases that can reduce the quality of the nest, but without our knowledge the swallow's excretion can actually be used as organic fertilizer to increase plant growth so that it can grow optimally. The use of swallow excretion in agriculture is no stranger, many farmers have succeeded and get maximum results with the use of swallow fertilizer, but in the field of forestry plants very rarely use swallow excretion fertilizer as a trigger for plant growth. One of the plants that uses swallow excretion fertilizer is Jelutung Rawa. Reni (2019) it looks like the Ramin plant, general growth stimulation carried out in silviculture is maintenance with clearance.
Jelutung Swamp plant is one of the recommended types of plants to be developed in Central Kalimantan, because Jelutung Swamp has good benefits in the economic and ecological fields. This plant grows in peat swamp forests and is suitable to be developed as reforestation and rehabilitation plants in an effort to reduce forest damage, especially peat swamp forests due to exploitation, forest fires and land (Yudha, 2017). Swamp jelutung cultivation really requires silvicultural techniques.
The results of the research by van den Wijngaard et a. (2004), Sinha et al. (2010), Talino et al (2013), Greene (2013), Dossey et al. (2016), showed that the application of liquid swallow excretion fertilizers in agricultural crops, namely red spinach, can increase growth and production. According to Lestari (2011), the composition of swallow organic fertilizer is Phosphorus 14%, Phosphate P2O5 dissolved in citric acid 10% Nitrogen 1-2%, Potassium 1%. Organic matter reaches 24% and maximum water content is 5%, the quality of organic
guano swallow fertilizer has advantages because it meets national organic agricultural product standards, the application of guano organic fertilizer is expected to improve soil conditions both physically, chemically and biologically.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The study was conducted for 5 (five) months, starting from August to December 2019. The research was conducted at the Seed Garden Semai UPR Green Campus Area whose land is located on Jl. Yos Sudarso, Kota Palangka Raya.
The design used is with 2 groups. The open area observation group, group II observed the area covered with shrubs, consisting of 5 levels of treatment with 16 replications, so that the total number is 160 tillers.
Swamp jelutung plant (Dyera Polyphylla (miq.) Steenis) planted in 2018, with an average plant height of 10 cm - 30 cm seedlings originating from nurseries in BPDAS-HL Kahayan. Swallow Excretion Liquid: with different compositions, namely 0 gr / L per crop (Control), 50 gr / L per crop, 100 gr / L per crop, 150 gr / L per crop, and 200 gr / L per crop.
Research implementation: the first step taken is to clean each line of Jelutung Rawa plant. Continue to prepare the fertilizer and weigh the swallow excretion fertilizer according to the required dose, and then mark each path of the Swamp Jelutung plant to be observed. After being marked, it is then observed and fertilized once every 2 weeks with a study period of 5 months. The next process is to perform maintenance on plants by watering twice a day ie morning and evening, then measuring height and counting the number of leaves 1 time per 2 weeks for 5 months. For the process of liquefaction of swallow excretion, the first time is done by preparing swallow excretion fertilizer that has been stored for ± 4 - 5 months, then weighing swallow excretion fertilizer according to what is needed in fertilizing. After weighing, swallow excretion fertilizer is still solid with ground water, after the material has been mixed, the fertilizer is evenly mixed until the fertilizer is completely dissolved with water. The final step is to put fertilizer in a large bucket and incubated for 7 days and the bucket closed tightly.
Data collection about plant height is measured by two weeks for 5 months and measured from ground level to top of the plant, while the number of leaves in the calculation is done every two weeks for 5 months.
Data were analyzed using analysis of variance or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for RCBD. If the treatment shows different effects (at the level of 5% and 1%) then proceed with further testing. Before further testing is done, the coefficient of diversity (KK) value is determined first. The alternative follow-up test that will be used is If the KK> 10% then the follow-up test used is the Duncan test, if the KK is between 5% - 10%, the follow-up test used is the Least Significant Difference Test, whereas if the KK < 5% then the follow-up test used is Real Honest Difference.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Increased Tiller Height in Open and Closed Areas. The availability of nutrients in the soil greatly affects plant growth, if nutrient deficiency occurs it can cause plant growth to be disrupted. The average height increase of Jelutung Swamp tillers in each treatment giving fertilizer doses in an open area can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1 is a diagram of the average height increase of Jelutung Swamp tillers in open areas where in the figure it can be seen that, P1 has the highest average value of 20.93 cm and P0 has a value of 19.32 cm, in P3 with a value of 14.05 cm, and in P4 has a value of 17.59 cm. The lowest height of tillers at P4 with a value of 13.24 cm. This diagram shows that the best dose or treatment for the growth of Jelutung Rawa is P1 with an average height of 24.93 cm, with a dose of liquid swallow excretion of 50 gr / L per hectare while the lowest at P2 average height is 13.24 and administering a dose of 100 gr / L per crop. From the results of the average height increase of tillers in open areas it can be seen that the administration of liquid swallow P1 excretion dose is the best dose for sapling growth. This
shows that the application of fertilizer with the right dose can increase the average plant height better.
25,00
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Figure 1 - The height increase of Jelutung Swamp tillers in Open Areas
Anova test results influence the application of several types of fertilizers to the height of Swamp Jelutung for open areas can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1 - Height of Swamp Jelutung Swamp Open Area
SK DB JK KT F Statistic F table
0.05 0.01
Treatment 4 703.57 175.89 1.70 tn 2.53 3.65
Group 15 1505.46 100.36 0.97 tn 1.84 2.35
Error 60 6192.96 103.22
Total 79 6192.96
The average height of tillers Jelutung Swamp accretion on covered area for each dose of the treatment shown in Figure 2.
25,00
P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Figure 2 - High Added tillers Jelutung Closed Area Wetlands in
Figure 2 is a high gain tillers Jelutung Wetlands in enclosed areas where the differences with the visible image height increase for open areas, where in closed areas that in P2 has the highest average value of 20.53 cm and in P0 with an average value of 20.20 cm, whereas in P3 it has a value of 16.91 cm, in P4 it has a value of 15.68 cm and the lowest average height in P1 with a value of 14.71 cm. In this case, it can be seen that the diagram shows that the best dose for the growth of Jelutung Rawa tillers for a closed area is P2 by giving 100 g / L per planted liquid swallow excretion, while the lowest is in P1 treatment by
giving 50 g / L per plant.
Anova test results influence the administration of several doses that have been determined to increase the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp for closed areas can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2 - Height Increase of Swamp Jelutung Swamp Covered Area
SK DB JK KT F count F Table
0.05 0.01
Treatment 4 445.36 111.34 1.25 tn 2.53 3.65
Group 15 2127.06 141.80 1.59 tn 1.84 2.35
Error 60 5354.80 89.25
Total 79 7927.23
The results of the diversity analysis test where in table 1 in the open area and table 2 in the closed area show that the treatment given has no significant effect on the level of 5% or 1%, this is presumably due to the lack of time used in this study, so the high increase has not shown any influential results, This is commensurate with Helena's statement (2012) which states the response of plants to liquid swallow excretion fertilizer which is organic fertilizer is not as fast as inorganic fertilizer.
Besides that, the effect of liquid swallow excretion fertilizer on the high increase of swamp jelutung saplings is allegedly due to rainfall conditions where during the months of August to October the rainfall is erratic which results in the lack of availability of nutrients in the tillers, and during research fires that cause smoke to surround the area. so because of this incident the photosynthesis process in the tillers did not go well because sunlight was covered by smog and sunlight was not optimal resulting in unstable tillers. It is also necessary to regulate various physiological processes of plants such as maintaining water conditions in cells and tissues, regulating turgor, 43 closing stomata, regulating the accumulation, and translocation of newly formed carbohydrates (Simamora & Salundik, 2006).
Neither the group nor the treatment had a significant effect on the closed area, this is due to some locations having different land and environmental conditions, especially the presence of shade from other crops, Sinaga (2018), states that there are several factors that influence the success of growth, namely the environmental conditions in the form of water and nutrients in the soil, sunlight, heredity and others, besides the growth of weeds around tillers that can become competitors for Jelutung Swamp plants so that competition between plants are getting tighter.
Plant height increase occurs due to the growth of new shoots, generally height increase is centered on the apex (tip) of the plant but plant height increase is influenced by two important factors namely genetic factors (internal factors) and environmental factors (Goudenhooft et al., 2019; Ali et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2020; Raffo et al., 2020). The results of giving liquid swallow excretion fertilizer to Jelutung Rawa tillers that have been carried out for 5 months, with the number of measurements 6 times starting from August to October have a different effect from each treatment in both open and closed areas.
The treatment had no significant effect on plant height increase, but on the growth of Jelutung Swamp tillers where each treatment given to the replication gave a different response both in open and closed areas. In the open area, especially in the P1 height increase of 20.93 cm, it showed a more significant height increase with a fertilizer dose of 50 gr / L per hectare but for the lowest height increase in P2 was 13.24 cm. The increase in height in the P0 (control) treatment was quite high at 19.32 cm where the environmental conditions also greatly affected the growth of tillers. However, it is different with the height increase in a closed area where P2 shows growth, especially the height increase which is more significant with a fertilizer dose of 100 gr / L per crop. This is due to the presence of other plants that live around the tillers so that a higher dose is needed by the tillers.
From the results of the data obtained it can be concluded that giving the right dose of fertilizer is highly necessary Jelutung Swamp tillers, this is the same as the opinion
expressed by Kasniari & Supadma (2007) which states that each plant with the dose given will affect the speed of growth, but large doses cannot be guaranteed to increase growth, the statement in accordance with the results in treatment 4 for open and closed areas did not provide significant results. According to Kurniawati (2015), Abduh et al. (2020), Guerreiro et al. (2020), Kumar & Samadder (2020), Verma et al. (2020), organic fertilizer combined with a balanced dose by giving the correct dose to the plant will have a good impact on the growth of the plant itself.
Number of tillers in open and closed areas. The average increase in the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp saplings for open areas at each given dose is seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3 - Increasing the Number of Leaves in Open Areas
Based on Figure 3 results from the average calculation of the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp saplings in open areas P0 data obtained by 7.13 cm, P1 by 7.23 cm, P2 by 3.65 cm, P3 by 5.58 cm and P4 by 6.04 cm. The results of the calculation of the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp for each different dose given for 5 months in an open area, based on these results it can be seen that P1 by giving a liquid swallow excretion dose of 50 gr / L per plant has the highest average number of leaves that is equal to 7.23 cm while P0 has a high enough diameter of 7.13. whereas for the lowest average number of leaves in P2 that is equal to 3.65. These results indicate the average difference of each treatment that has been carried out.
Anova test results of the effect of giving several doses to the number of Jelutung Swamp leaves for open areas can be seen in Table 3.
Table 3 - Increasing Number of Till Leaves in Open Area
SK DB JK KT F Statistic F table
0.05 0.01
Treatment 4 135.08 33.77 3.11 * 2.53 3.65
Group 15 171.30 11.42 1.05 tn 1.84 2.35
Error 60 651.47 10.86
Total 79 957.84
Based on Table 3, significant treatment is therefore necessary to be carried out with further testing. To find out further tests used, the coefficient of diversity (KK) was determined in advance for the average number of leaves in an open area.
KK = VKTG / Y x 100% = 55.63%
Based on the results of the Diversity Coefficient which is 55.63% ie> 10% then it will be continued with Duncan's further test using the SPSS application with and the following Homogeneous Subsets results are obtained:
Table 4 - Duncan Test on Number of Leaves in Open Area
TillDose_pupuk
Subset
1
P2
Duncan
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square (Error) = 10.858.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 16,000.
b. Alpha = 0.05.
16
3.6500
P3 16 5.5750 5.5750
P4 16 6.0437 6.0437
P0 16 7,1250
P1 16 7,2250
Sig. , 056 , 203
N
2
Based on the results of Duncan further tests using SPSS it can be seen that the most significant treatment of repetition is in P1 by administering a dose of 50 gr / L of plantations with a value of 7.2250 as shown in Table 4.
The average increase in the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp saplings on each treatment dose given in a closed area with a predetermined dose seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4 - Increasing the Number of Leaves in a Closed Area
Based on Figure 4 for the results of the average increase in the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp saplings in a closed area obtained data at P0 of 7.6, P1 is 5.5, P2 is 7.96, P3 is 5.8 and P4 is 7.6. The average increase in the number of leaves of Jelutung Swamp saplings for each dose of different treatment is carried out for 5 months, based on the results obtained it can be seen that P0, P2 and P4 by giving a liquid swallow excretion dose of 0 gr / L, 100 gr respectively / L, 200 gr / L has the same number of leaves that is equal to 7.6. Whereas the lowest number of leaves in P1 is 5.5.
Anova test results influence the administration of several doses that have been determined on the increase in the number of Jelutung Rawa saplings for a closed area can be seen in Table 6.
Table 5 - The increase in the number of tillers in a Covered Area
SK DB JK KT F count 0.05 F table 0.01
Treatment 4 73.04 18.26 2.71 * 2.53 3.65
Group 15 102.07 6.80 1.01 tn 1.84 2.35
Error 60 404.34 6.74
Total 79 579.45
Based on Table 5, it can be seen that the treatment gives a significant effect on the increase in the number of tillers in a Closed Area so that further testing is needed. The Coefficient of Diversity (HH) for the average number of leaves in a closed area is:
HH = VKTG / Y x 100% = 38.13%
Based on the results of the Diversity Coefficient which is 38.13 % ie> 10%, it will be followed by Duncan's follow-up test using SPSS application with the following Homogeneous Subsets results:
Table 6 - Duncan Test on Number of Leaves in Covered Area
TillDose Fertilizer
Subset
1
P2
Duncan
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square (Error) = 6,537.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 16,000.
b. Alpha = 0.05.
16
5.5000
P3 16 5.9375 5.9375
P4 16 7.5625
P0 16 7.5625
P1 16 7.5625
Sig. , 630 , 106
N
2
Based on the results of Duncan further tests using SPSS it can be seen that the most significant treatment of repetition is in P1 by administering a dose of 50 gr / L per plant with a value of 7,5625.
Table 3 and Table 6 show that the treatment has significant effect as indicated by F count <F table at 5% level. This means that the administration of liquid swallow excretion doses has a significant effect on the increase in the number of Jelutung Rawa tillers in both open and closed areas at a significant level of 5%. Whereas the group had no significant effect on both open and closed areas at the level of 1% or 5%. This is due to several locations having different land conditions mainly due to lack of nutrients for photosynthetic trees and the presence of shade from other plants. Sinaga (2015) states that there are several factors that influence the success of growth, namely the environmental conditions in the form of water and nutrients in the soil, sunlight, heredity, etc. leaf blades, in addition to the growth of weeds around tillers that can become competitors Jelutung Swamp plants, so that competition between plants is getting tougher.
According to Rabumi (2012) leaf formation by plants is strongly influenced by the availability of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, where the liquid swallow excretion is known to have a high enough phosphorus content which is good for plant growth. But the element N in plants is thought to be obtained from the overall combination so that nitrogen nutrients can be a supporter of increasing the number of leaves in the plant.
CONCLUSION
In this study it was concluded that the dose of liquid swallow excretion did not have a significant effect on the growth of Jelutung Swamp plants in increasing plant height in open and closed areas. For the variable number of leaves, the liquid swallow excretion dose gives a significant effect on the variable increase in the number of plant leaves both in open and closed areas.
The results of this study were obtained that the best fertilizer dose for Jelutung Swamp plant height in the open area was P1 (fertilizer dose 50 gr / L) while P2 (fertilizer dose 100 gr / L) in the closed area was the best dose for plants. For the variable number of leaves, in open and closed areas, P1 (50 g / L fertilizer dose) is the best fertilizer dose for plant growth.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Culture of Palangka Raya
University and the farmers who helped me in this research.
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