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encourage it in the space state (the state), and the style of his thinking and behavior, the semiotics of his life and representation of «inner speech» in the communicative community (United States). Dedicated language quanta make true faith, and therefore in accordance with the concept R. B. Russell, can be called «verifiers» faith.
Verifiers of faith are identical to Leybnits’ monads, which are expressed in the world that we exist as a series of inherent predicates. If the deployment of Russian semantic truth is provided with Logos and variability of «inner speech» (multiplicity of semantic frameworks, programmed by Cyrillic graphics and specially designed for fixing ofmental activity, plasticity ofEastern Christians (Slavs), then the deployment of semantic, or existence of American truth is only possible when available series of predicates repeat in different sign systems and ethnic axiology. Series of predicates are presented in Article I.
It is created a special serial of model finding «I» by the individual reflexivity (focus on the experience to
himself) in the social process, based on the production of the sign of the organization [6].
Coherent discourse XVIII century. is an abstract depiction of reality, in which the signs keep clean quantities among which sign of reflexivity should be recognized as dominant, which opens the access to semantic oppositions and the system of semantic-cognitive arguments.
Common to philosophical and linguistic views of the XVIII century. the need for greater awareness of access live speech within the scope of state-legal relations should be recognized, due to semiotization reality [7] inherent in the historical perception and transforms simple events in historical events, making them subject to review. State-legal relations take on the form of the communication process, mediating the relationship knowing the individual consciousness and reality. Stable correlation between language (text generation mechanism) and the consciousness of the addressee (vector deployment of mechanism events) is established through the speech, which.
References:
1. Ionov S.V. Approximation content of secondary texts. Volgograd, 2006.
2. Lane A. Brain of the Firm. London, Herder and Herder, 1972.
3. Apel K. O. Linguistic meaning and intentionality. The ratio of the a priori language and consciousness in the light of the a priori transcendental semiotics or linguistic pragmatics//Language, Truth, existence/Comp. VA Surovtsev. Tomsk, 2002. P.204-224.
4. Russell B. Human knowledge: its scope and boundaries. M. 2000.
5. Fabius Quintilian Mark. Twelve books rhetorical instruction. St. — Petersburg, 1834
6. Mead G. H. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago, 1963.
7. Assumption BA Sketches of Russian history. St. Petersburg, 2002.
8. Golovin B.V. Fundamentals of speech culture. M., 1980.
Yusukhno Svitlana Ivanivna, Korets Tetiana Vasylivna, Chernihiv National University of Technology, lecturers, the Faculty of Foreign Languages E-mail: expectation2009@yandex.ru
The importance of terminological competence developing for business English learners
Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to deal with the main issues to the learning terminological collocations in business English. The main emphasis is laid on the importance of collocations for learners of English as a foreign language as well as the actuality importance of their use in the cross cultural business communication. The examples of some frequently used business collocation patterns are provided.
Keywords: communicative competence, collocation, intercultural communication skills, business environment.
In the modern business world of globalization, special attention is paid to the development of the intercultural communication skills. Intercultural communication takes place in the environment of major
cultural differences in communicative competence ofits participants. These differences have significant influence on the communication success. Communicative competence refers to a language user’s knowledge of
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grammar, morphology, syntax, phonology and social knowledge about how and when to use it appropriately according to the principles of communicative interaction.
These days, forming communicative competence is essential not only for the participants of international conferences, symposia or meetings, but also for every professional in any field of science and technology, and especially businesses. English, being an intermediate language for communication between representatives of different nations and cultures has a special role in the intercultural communication.
An important place in international communication in the business environment is given to commercial and business documentation, special scientific and professional literature, participation in negotiations and other international events. In order to have a stable and positive image, one should use vocabulary which is stylistically correct, i. e. lexical units corresponding to the appropriate subject, following rules, typical of the particular language environment. The knowledge of English terminological collocations in the field of business is considered to be an important condition for intercultural communication.
The use of stylistically correct lexical units in speech improves the speaker’s status, shows the level ofhis awareness and competence, as well as contributes to the success of international business project implementation. The knowledge and well developed skills of business collocation use in practice contributes to bilingual and bicultural development of learners which facilitates the process of communication with other cultures.
Undoubtedly, in order to maintain diverse and multilevel contacts, learners should not only know the rules of a foreign language culture, but the value of language in culture can hardly be overestimated. Problems often arise in intercultural verbal communication due to the fact that the word is not confined to only one denotation, and to a large extent it
depends on the lexical and phraseological compatibility and connotations. It is impossible to translate words only by using a dictionary, which gives a long list of possible meaning variations.
This article aims at studying lexical phrases (collocations) in the English language in the business sphere and making some recommendations on learning methods based on collocation combinations.
The term ‘collocation’ has been defined in various ways in the specialist literature. Thus, the Collins Cobuild Dictionary (1987) gives the following definition: “collocation — the way that some words occur regularly whenever another word is used. In a similar way, the Longman Advanced American Dictionary (2002) defines a collocation as “the way in which some words are often used together”. The number of words in a collocation varies from two to seven. John R. Firth was the first British linguist who studied collocations. He actually popularized the term collocation which derived from the Latin word collocare which means “to assemble”.
The term ‘collocation’ defines words which frequently appear together. It is a pair or group of words that are often used together. These combinations sound natural to native speakers, but learners of English have to make a special effort to learn them because they are often difficult to guess. Some combinations just sound wrong to native speakers of English. Learning collocations is an important part of learning the vocabulary of a language. Some collocations are fixed, or very strong, others are more open, where several different words may be used to give a similar meaning.
Collocations can be classified into grammatical and lexical collocations. Structurally speaking, lexical collocations consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs and propositions. They can be divided into ten main types. The following table illustrates the most common patterns of collocations used in the language ofbusiness:
Collocation type Collocation patterns Example
Type 1 Verb + Noun/Prepositional phrase to carry out/conduct/do research
Type 2 Adjective + Noun fair/tough competition
Type 3 Noun + Noun product development/launch
Type 4 Noun + Verb a competitor outbids/outsells/undercuts
Type 5 Noun + Adjective cost-effective
Type 6 Link verb + Adjective to come expensive/cheap
Type 7 Verb + Adverb to increase/rise/climb steeply/abruptly
Type 8 Adverb + Adjective fiercely/keenly competitive
Type 9 Preposition/Adverb + Noun at the bottom, at the market
Type 1 Noun + Preposition + Noun return-on-investment
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Here are some examples of the different collocation types used in the sentences.
Adjectives and nouns
Notice adjectives that are typically used with particular nouns.
• We had a brief chat about the presentation but didn't have time to discuss them properly.
• Unemployment is a major problem for the government at the moment.
Nouns and verbs
Notice how nouns and verbs often go together. The examples below are all to do with economics and business.
• The economy boomed in the 2010s, [the economy was very strong]
• The company has grown and now employs 50 more people than last year. The company has expanded and now has branches in most major cities.
• The two companies merged in 2013 and now form one very large corporation. The company launched the product in 2012. [introduced the product]
• The price increase poses a problem for us. [is a problem]
• The Internet has created opportunities for our business, [brought new opportunities]
Noun + noun
There are a lot ofcollocations with the pattern a... of....
As Sam read the lies about his business partner, he felt a surge of anger, [literary: a sudden angry feeling]
Verbs and expressions with prepositions
Some verbs collocate with particular prepositional expressions.
I was filled with horror when I read the newspaper report of the explosion.
Verbs and adverbs
Some verbs have particular adverbs which regularly collocate with them.
She smiled proudly as she looked at the training certificate she had just got.
Adverbs and adjectives
Adjectives often have particular adverbs which regularly collocate with them.
I am fully aware that there are serious problems. [I know well]
Translating English business collocations into Russian can sometimes arise certain difficulties which are caused by the lack of the grammatical and lexical knowledge. Therefore it is recommended for learners not to translate the words in a collocation separately but to memorize the meaning of the whole phrase. For example, the word "agreement” should be learned within the following collocation patterns:
Collocation patterns Russian equivalent
Keyword: Agreement (adj. + n) договор/соглашение
free (trade) agreement торговый договор, соглашение о свободной торговле
labor agreement трудовой договор
bilateral agreement двусторонний договор
collective agreement коллективный договор
operating agreement договор на эксплуатацию
collateral agreement дополнительное соглашение
Agreement (v. + n) договор/соглашение
to conclude (an) agreement заключить договор
to forge (an) agreement подготовить соглашение
to negotiate (an) agreement вести переговоры о соглашении
to ratify (an) agreement ратифицировать соглашение
to reach (an) agreement достичь соглашения
to secure (an) agreement обеспечить соглашение
to sign (an) agreement подписать соглашение
to come up to (an) agreement прийти к соглашению
The following list includes adjectives and verbs that are commonly used with the noun ‘money. Those that are similar in meaning are grouped together:
Collocation sheet Russian equivalent
1 2
Keyword: Money (adj. + n) деньги
bonus money/extra money бонусные деньги
earned money заработанные деньги
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1 2
public/taxpayers’ money деньги налогоплательщиков
pocket/spending money карманные деньги
lunch/rent money деньги на ленч/деньги за аренду
grant/scholarship money грант/стипендия
stolen money украденные деньги
bribe money взятка
pension/retirement money деньги по выходу на пенсию
counterfeit/fake money фальшивые деньги
Money (v. + n)
to coin/print money печатать деньги
to count money считать деньги
to earn/make money зарабатывать деньги
to borrow money занимать деньги
to lend money давать деньги взаймы
to bank/deposit money класть деньги на депозит
to take out/withdraw money снимать деньги
to pay out/spend money тратить деньги
to hoard/save money экономить деньги
to contribute/donate money пожертвовать деньги
to pay back/refund money выплачивать деньги
to owe money задолжать
to change/exchange money обменивать деньги
to allocate/earmark money выделять деньги
Learning collocations is a good idea because they can:
a. give the most natural way to say something
b. give alternative ways of saying something, which may be more colorful/expressive or more precise instead of repeating
c. improve the style in writing
d. provide “chunks" of English that are ready to use
e. give the text more variety and make it read better
f. save a lot of time and effort when trying to express the idea
It is not always easy to separate collocations, compounds and phrasal verbs.
In contrast to collocations compounds are units of meaning. They are formed with two or more words and they are nouns. Their meaning of compounds can often be guessed by knowing the meaning of each separate word.
However, collocations differ significantly from phrasal verbs. Collocation is considered to be a relatively free combination of words. ‘Phrasal verbs’ are formed from two or three words. Their distinctive feature is that they have a particular meaning. Phrasal verbs are words that consist of a verb and a participle. Participles can be prepositions or adverbs like: at, for, in, of, in and (a) round. Phrasal verbs don’t have to stand directly next to each other. Therefore it’s good to know the grammar patterns
of phrasal verbs. Which means the subject or object related to the phrasal verb can stand between or at the end of the phrasal verb.
H. Jackson believes that “collocation refers to the combination of words that have a certain mutual expectancy”. S. Johansson refers collocation to “habitual combinations of lexical items”. H. Jackson underlines that “it is not a fixed expression, but there is a greater than a chance likelihood that the words will co-occur” is also a collocation.
Although both components of the collocation or their order can not be replaced, unlike phrasal verbs, the mean idea of the collocation can be derived from of the meanings of its components.
Stable non-idiomatic phrases exist in all languages. For example, the Ukrainian language has quite a lot of words, which are characterized by a kind of anomaly in compatibility: their syntax position can be replaced by the fixed group of semantically similar words. (e. g. вести: преговоры, разговор, хозяйство, дела, etc.). For Ukrainians these collocations are rather common, unlike foreigners who find it quite difficult for foreigners to understand their meaning. This is one of the basic features of collocations in the Ukrainian language. Therefore, collocations belong to the peripheral units ofboth traditional lexicology which deals mainly with free compatibility
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and phraseology; which focuses on idioms. Collocations occupy an intermediate position in the language system, appearing on the border between the phraseology and lexicology. Compatibility lexemes should make a special branch of linguistics.
At the present stage collocations are examined by one of the sections of lexical semantics called lexical syntagmatics. Lexical phrases or collocations consist solely of the most significant parts of speech, i. e. noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
From the linguistic point of view, collocations are of a great importance.
Firstly, all languages are full of collocations. Due to this fact, they are of the relevant significance in any language as its grammar.
Secondly, collocations specify the meaning of the words they contain. The exact meaning of the word in any context is determined by its environment, its collocutors or words, surrounding them. Collocations always enrich languages and, as a rule, make them more specific.
Thirdly, the way ofcombining words in a collocation is fundamental to all languages; words in the language are not arbitrary and their options are limited.
Finally, collocations are important in all languages as they may help to predict the collocutor of the main word. For example, an English noun market has a predictable set of matching words: developing domestic, down, established, expanding, mass, niche, overseas, shrinking, bond, commodity, equity, free, futures, illegal, etc.
An important challenge for foreign language learners is learning a large number of words. It has been proved that a major part ofour lexicon consists ofso called ‘prefabricated chunks ofdifferent kinds’, or ready made blocks of different types of words. The most important of these blocks are collocations, which, according to many Western linguists should be a priority in the process oflanguage learning.
The mental lexicon of any native speaker is huge; where collocations are the most important in the process of communication. Linguists state that when describing a situation, phenomenon or in communication, the priority is given to using word combinations instead of single words. The most commonly used combinations, collocations, are fixed in our mind and any person’s vocabulary, his mental lexicon, includes all the words and their collocations, organized not alphabetically but thematically, and can be used according to the thematic situations. Therefore, native speakers do not make mistakes in speech because they know the correct words that should be used in the particular cases.
The every learner’s purpose of language studying is forming his own mental lexicon of, which is constructed of a huge reservoir of vocabulary. It is a known fact that, the main difference between the learners of an intermediate and advanced level is not in the use of complex grammatical structures, but in creating a sufficiently large mental vocabulary, which simplifies the communication process. Consequently, one of the main purposes of forming mental lexicon should be the understanding of the importance of the collocation study.
The study ofcollocations has to be effectively focused on the so-called ‘collocation field of words’, revealing the differences in the meanings of their combinations. It is advisable to take into consideration the way how the words are combined and used in reality, but not what they mean separately. It leads to the conclusion that it is important for a language learner not only to enrich vocabulary by learning a large number of new words but also by using their new combinations.
For example, a foreign language leaner that has mastered 2,000 words and has a idea how to use them in different combinations immediately acquires communicative competence and improves his practical language skills. Many native speakers using very limited vocabulary are perfect communicators due to their high collocation competence.
Studying collocations is both useful and productive. It allows a foreign language learner to think and speak faster. It is known that native speakers use a range ofready-made vocabulary units available in their mental lexicon. It should be acknowledged that it makes it easier to use ready-made phrases than to build a phrase using single words. The main difficulty of understanding listening and reading lies in the presence of definite amounts of unrecognized collocations in the text. Learners assimilated a greater percentage of collocations, speak a foreign language easier and in more understandable way.
The knowledge ofa large number of phrases improves speech fluency which is acquired with experience and contributes to the verbal expression of complex ideas simply and clearly. However, the correct use of collocations depends on the quantity and quality of their assimilation.
Thus, the main objectives of success communication should be oriented on developing understanding of different collocation types; expanding mental lexicon; studying various real life situations. To achieve tangible results in mastering a foreign language one should use collocation dictionaries, a relatively new resource in linguistics. These dictionaries contain multiple contexts
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and a wider range of collocations than traditional ones. However, firstly, they can not include all collocations, especially themed, and secondly, they usually monolingual, which is often an obstacle to a language learner who cannot use them productively.
As researchers have revealed learners need to
encounter a word/phrase about seven times in different contexts to be able to acquire it. Therefore vocabulary acquisition is a gradual process and it takes time and training. For instance, collocations associated with a situation familiar to students (e. g. a case study) will stimulate the students to use them.
The wrong choice ofcollocations can lead to incorrect perception of information, and often to the confusion that can complicate the communication and even affect
the image of the speaker. It is especially important in the era of globalization due to the expansion of cooperation between foreign companies with a growing volume of business interaction.
Conclusion
In recent times it has become ever more obvious that a good knowledge of specialist vocabulary plays a crucial part in enhancing the learner’s communicative competence and improving in this way the overall communication process. That is the main reasons why learners should be focused on forming their mental lexicon for effective intercultural communication in business. Intercultural communication and the effective exchange of information in the field of business is impossible without language competence.
References:
1. Benson, M., BBI Dictionary of English, Philadelphia, 2006.
2. Borisov E. G. Collocations. What is it and how to study them. Moscow, 2005.
3. Borisov E. G. Word in the text. Collocations dictionary, English- Russian dictionary of keywords. Moscow, 2008
4. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary, London and Glasgow, Collins, 2011.
5. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Oxford, OUP, 1996.
6. Catelly, Y. M. The Teaching of Collocates — Some Proposals, vol. I, No 1/2005, 7-19.
7. Denisov P. N., Collocations Dictionary Russian language. Moscow, 2010
8. Farrall C., Lindsley M. Professional English in Use — Business, Cambridge, CUP, 2008.
9. Firth J. R., Modes of Meaning, Oxford, OUP, 1957, 190-215.
Polyakova Ekaterina Nikolaevna, Chernikova Marina Pavlovna Samara State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities postgraduate student, the Faculty of philology E-mail: rina-raznova@yandex.ru
The specific use of precedent onims as Conchita Wurst’s nomination in the russian press
Abstract: The problem of a choice of the nominations for designation of the singer Conchita Vurst in the Russian press is considered in the article. The precedential onims is analyzed as an element of the nomination of a concept «Conchita Wurst». Onim «Conchita Wurst» is considered as new case antropony.
Keywords: nomination, intimate sphere, taboo, precedential onim, euphemism.
Полякова Екатерина Николаевна, Черникова Марина Павловна, Поволжская государственная социально-гуманитарная академия,
аспирант, филологический факультет E-mail: rina-raznova@yandex.ru
Специфика использования прецедентных онимов как номинации Кончиты Вурст в российской прессе
Аннотация: В статье рассматривается проблема выбора номинаций для обозначения певицы Кончиты Вурст в российской прессе. Прецедентный оним анализируется как элемент номинации концепта «Кончита Вурст». Оним «Кончита Вурст» рассматривается как новый прецедентный антропоним.
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