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6THE IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL FACTORS IN CONTROLLING THE NUMBER DENSITY OF PEST PESTS
YULDASHEVA Shokhista Kobiljonovna
Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Zoology and General Biology, Ferghana State University, Uzbekistan E-mail: sh.k.yuldasheva@fdu.uz BEKCHONOVA Markhabo Fayzullaevna Teacher of the Department of Zoology and General Biology of Fergana State University; ALMATOVA Dilafruz Abdujabbor kizi Master's degree student, Ferghana State University ASKAROVA Gulmira Numonjon kizi Student, Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
https://doi.org/10.24412/2181-2993-2022-2-114-120
One of the opportunities to increase production efficiency in agriculture is the extensive development of the system of biological protection of plants from pests and diseases. In this regard, the ecological approach that has been increasingly used in recent years, ABSTRACT giving more priority to biological methods than chemical methods in plant protection programs, further improving agrotechnical measures, controlling the spread of harmful organisms from agrocenoses in a way that does not cause economic damage to plants, Issues such as ensuring the ecological balance of the environment are at the center of the agenda. Key words: entomophagus, plant aphids, whitewing, goldeneye, candala, button beetles, Leucopis beetles, caterpillars, shieldworms, whitewings, spider mites.
Одной из возможностей повышения эффективности производства в сельском хозяйстве является широкое развитие системы биологической защиты растений от вредителей и болезней. В связи с этим все более широко применяемый в последние годы экологический подход, отдающий приоритет биологическим АННОТАЦИЯ методам перед химическими в программах защиты растений, дальнейшее совершенствование агротехнических мероприятий, контроль за распространением вредных организмов из агроценозов способом, не вызывающим экономический ущерб растениям, Такие вопросы, как обеспечение экологического баланса окружающей среды, находятся в центре повестки дня. Ключевые слова: энтомофаг, растительная тля, белокрылка, гоголь, кандала, жуки-щитовки, жуки-беляки, гусеницы, щитовки, белокрылки, паутинные клещи.
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INTRODUCTION
Pests are one of the factors that reduce the productivity of agricultural crops. Therefore, protection of plants from pests is constantly under consideration as one of the urgent issues. Since it is economically, materially, and morally important to preserve crops with the help of beneficial insects without poisoning nature, people, and the environment, great importance is attached to the use of biological methods against harmful insects in agriculture. [1,4]
In the fight against pests, great importance is attached to the use of ecologically clean and harmless biological methods, abandoning the use of toxic substances that are harmful to the environment and people. In this case, useful insects of trichogramma, golden eye, and bracon are bred in large quantities in biolaboratory conditions and released into the field. Especially in unfavorable conditions of winter, many useful insects are killed, and at the beginning of the season, when the possibility of damage by pests is high, due to the small number of beneficial insects, it is not possible to eliminate their damage or to keep them at a level that does not harm the farm. [2,3]
Therefore, biolaboratories have been established in our country to multiply beneficial insects and apply them to the required places at the right time and in the right amount.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The first information about the use of biological means in the protection of plants from pests dates back to the beginning of the previous era. In ancient times, gardeners in ancient Arabia used predatory ants to get rid of pests on date palms. In 1762, in the fight against red locusts, birds of prey were brought to the island of Mauritius from India. In different countries, several attempts have been made to distribute the beetles to plants affected by pests. In 1840, in France, Suajiro was the first to use weevil beetles against silkworms in poplar. In 1843, he published several articles describing the success of his work. The researches of this scientist attracted the attention of the "Society for the Promotion of Arts and Crafts" in Italy. In 1845, this society established a gold medal for successful experiments on artificial insemination of predatory insects in the fight against plant pests. [5,6].
In particular, the German naturalist V. Koller wrote how entomophages affect the number of pests. His advice to farmers, foresters and gardeners on the use of entomophages was published in Austria in 1837. He wrote: "Only after a good study of the interactions of insects with each other can we protect ourselves from the harmful effects of insects. To achieve this, we need to study whether humans are directly or indirectly harmful species, the different stages of development of insects,
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their reproduction, how much it is necessary to live and, finally, to know the natural entomophages of my family. [7]
The decisions taken by the government in 1973, 1976, 1979, 1980 were of great importance in the history of the development of the biological method against pests of agricultural crops in our republic. In particular, more than 500 mechanized lines for mass reproduction of trichogramma were produced at the Tashkent "Mikond" plant. For the first time, V.I. Tobias showed that about 2,000 species of brakonids have been identified in the territory of the CIS (Tobias, 1986). All of them are natural killers of pests - entomophages. Many species of braconids play an important role in limiting the number density of pest insects. Braconids also occupy the main place in the garden agrocenosis, as E.N. Abdullaev studied the apple parasite. V.I. Tobias gave information about braconids in the part of the insect identifier (part 4 of the European part of the insect identifier). Later, V.I. Tobias and E. Yuldashev included 3 species and 2 new genera of braconids in the science. E. Yuldashev was the first to organize a significant effect of the worms of different species of the leguminous family, which gnaw on the main tissues of the plant from the vegetation period to the end of the generation period. E.Yuldashev published his article on the fauna of braconids, which he studied in the Kizilkum region, in the journal of biology of Uzbekistan. [8,9,10,11]
V. V. Yakhontov, A. N. Luzhetsky and other scientists made a significant contribution to the study of biological protection of plants in our republic. A.G. Davleshina, Kh.R.Mirzaliyeva, B.P.Adashkevich, S.N.Alimukhamedov, N.Eremyants, T.G.Sronshtein, A.Sh.Hamrayev, Z.K.Odilov and others made their worthy contribution to the development of this field from the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. they are The services of E.T. Dikasova, E.N. Troitskaya, F.K. Rasulov Sh.A. Sharafutdinov in the direction of microbiological protection of plants from pests are also invaluable.
RESULTS
Among the main natural species, it is possible to highlight the types of the khanqizi beetle that are common in our conditions. In almost all of the cultivated fields that we observe, species of the really beetle can be found. Coccinella septempunctata L. In addition, the two-spotted hornbill Adonia vipunetata L is found. Female beetles feed on copious amounts of aphids during their adult and larval stages. [12,13]
The seven-spotted beetle can be found singly or in groups in places where it has wintered, among trees, under piles of weeds. Since they are carnivorous, when they leave the village, they feed on the sap of the orchards and evergreens, and then switch
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to cabbage. They lay their eggs in clusters and masses among the saplings. 1 bush can contain up to 40-60 eggs. Hatched larvae feed on aphid larvae. The larvae can eat and lose up to 100-150 nectaries before they turn into pupae. They are curled up with their heads hanging down on the leaves.
Mature forms also eat a lot of sap. The more aphids there are, the more beetles are observed. The two-spotted beetle-Adonia bipunebabo L. is a lighter red color and a smaller species. It is less conspicuous compared to the seven-spotted beetle due to its greediness, egg-laying, and feeding. moves. Beetles are 5-7 mm in size and have black dots on their bodies. Other species of the really beetle are rare in number. [14]
One honeybee beetle can benefit by eating 50-70 nectaries in a day, and up to 45 mints in its lifetime.
Net-winged birds - Chrysopidae family from the order Neuropteratur. Chrysopa carnea Steph. is found in the fields we observed. In the territory of Uzbekistan, it is possible to observe the effectiveness of ordinary golden eye and beautiful golden eye-Chrysroysapa dubitansles Lach. in the fight against phytophages. [15,16,17]
In mountain and sub-mountain areas, mature forms of broad-winged golden eye - Chysapa carnea Steph are quite large, 10 mm wingspan, and have clear bluish color. If the large forms are touched, they give off an odor. The laid eggs are located on a long stem. Mature forms feed on flower nectar. Bark of trees and various crevices are used for goldfish wintering.
In the Central Fergana region, it leaves the village at the end of February and after feeding for a certain period, pairs and lays eggs singly on different substrates. We observed single eggs on cabbage leaves in the control areas. 3-4 eggs can be found in 1 seedling. [18,19]
Aphids can also be found in large numbers of eggs. At first, the eggs are dark in color when the eggs hatch, then the larvae are about to hatch. The larva is a predator and is highly effective in biological control. The larva is greenish-yellow, turning yellowish-brown before pupation. In natural conditions, eggs are more common than larvae. The reason is that larvae are often killed by aphids, 1-2 larvae can be found in 2-3 cabbage plants in places where aphids are abundant. 1 maggot larva can feed on more than 50 larvae in 1 day. A 5-10-day-old larva can feed on spider mites, whiteflies, and spider mites.
Syrplidae syrphida flies, gollets, lekopets flies, golden eye flies, which belong to the Diptera family of diptera, are plant aphids from cabbage pests, whitewings feed on their larvae, and make cabbage free from pests in its natural state.
The main productivity of dipterans is their larval phase. Adult forms feed only on pollen. This species hatches and actively moves, first feeding on plant sap and
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later on their larvae. Representatives of the category develop with complete metamorphosis.
Tachinidae family - Tachinidae. The body is covered with hard hairs, the larvae lead a predatory life. Taxina- Compisilura connkinafa Mdh. Tachins were brought to America and acclimatized due to their high effectiveness in biological control. These are specialized voracious parasites that harm their host in various ways. Some beetles lay their eggs under plant tissue. When an egg falls into the stomach of a rodent that feeds on this part, the larva hatches from the egg as a result of gastric juice and destroys the worm's stomach and intestines. His metamorphosis is fully realized in the body of the owner. The mushroom is formed in the body of the host, and flies out of the body in the imago state. The second type of tachins directly pierces the body of the worm and lays eggs. This situation is more often observed in phytophages that feed on the underground organs of the plant. Egg-laying and activation of these flies depends on the release of the phytophagous to the surface layers of the soil. During the first vegetation of cabbage, the tissues of young seedlings (in the period of isolated and common seeding) are soft, tender, the cell contents are filled with liquid, rich in nutrients, and new cells begin to form quickly. Due to the abundance of photosynthesis in the tip of the plant, there is an excess of sugar in the tissue fluid there, so the main damage occurs in the tips of the branches. The main pests of cabbage during the first vegetation period are suckers and aphids. [8,9,20]
Aphids increase in size and attract natural pests. Natural pests of cabbage during the first growing season: caterpillars, golden eyes, beetles, button beetles, leukopis beetles, larvae, ophedeoids are the main factors in controlling their quantitative density takes over. These fungi are active in places where pests multiply. As a result of our field and laboratory observations, a number of important natural compounds have been identified. In the natural range of phytophagous species during the first vegetation period of cabbage, scaly-winged birds occupy a special place. They lay their eggs in cabbage juice. Scavengers find insect larvae hiding inside the body of a plant and lay eggs on its body. For example, the Rissa beetle, a member of the original beetle family, pinpoints a spot with bark-eating beetle worms, and the female beetle pierces the bark with her ovipositor and lays eggs on the caterpillar's body. puts Larvae develop at the expense of living food and turn into sponges here. [11]
The eggs laid on the aphid's body also develop there and turn into a mushroom, and fly out of its body in the form of a mature caterpillar. A hole in the body of dead aphids is clearly visible. More than 25 types of natural fungi have been identified in the reduction of the quantitative density of pests in the common cabbage plant. Female and male forms are almost equal in the population of skiers. Habrabracan
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helerton Soy is a rather large ovipositor, which differs from the above species in that it lays its eggs both on underground pests and on the bodies of above-ground pests of cabbage. The next characteristic feature is that the female forms 2-20 eggs that are stuck to the body of the paralyzed worm at the base of the abdominal legs. This is the main reason why it is called an ectoparasite, that is, its development takes place at the expense of the host's body temperature. The larva that hatches from the egg initially pierces the host's body and lives on body fluids. Later, he eats all his being and destroys the worm. The fungus takes place outside the host's body. In 8-10 days, it will fly out of the cocoon as an adult. It is observed that this type of yaks give birth 45 times.
CONCLUSION
Among the main natural species, it is possible to highlight the types of the khanqizi beetle that are common in our conditions. In almost all the cultivated fields we observe, species of the really beetle can be found. Coccinella septempunctata L. In addition, the two-spotted hornbill Adonia vipunetata L is found. Ladybird beetles feed on copious amounts of aphids during their adult and larval stages.
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