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30Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 10 |October, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-10-46-49
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY IN THE DIAGNOSIS
OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Farangiz Sadriddinovna Nabieva Khilola Bahronovna Fayzullayeva Fariza Salimovna Rayimova Department of Clinical and laboratory diagnostics, Biological chemistry Samarkand State Medical University Department of Genetics and biotechnology Samarkand State University
ABSTRACT
At this time, there is a huge problem of quick and accurate diagnosis of some diseases that pose a threat to the life and health of the entire population. The rapid and uncontrolled spread of infectious diseases can lead to the development of an epidemic or even a pandemic. The most important component of the fight against infectious diseases is their timely laboratory diagnosis, which includes enzyme immunoassay. This article discusses the range of areas used and the principle of the enzyme immunoassay.
Keywords: enzyme immunoassay, ELISA, antigen, antibody, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis.
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ИММУНОФЕРМЕНТНОГО АНАЛИЗА В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ
ИНФЕКЦИОННЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данное время существует огромная проблема быстрой и точной диагностики некоторых заболеваний, которые представляют собой угрозу для жизни и здоровья всего населения. Быстрое и неконтролируемое распространение инфекционных болезней может привести к развитию эпидемии или даже пандемии. Важнейшей составляющей частью борьбы с инфекционными заболеваниями является их своевременная лабораторная диагностика, к которой можно отнести иммуноферментный анализ. В данной статье рассматривается спектр применяемых областей и принцип работы иммуноферментного анализа.
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 10 |October, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-10-46-49
Ключевые слова: иммуноферментный анализ, ELISA, антиген, антитело, качественный анализ, количественный анализ.
INTRODUCTION
Enzyme immunoassay is a laboratory immunological method for the qualitative or quantitative determination of various compounds, macromolecules, viruses, etc., which is based on a specific antigen-antibody reaction. Enzyme immunoassay includes a number of successive stages, and the result itself can be assessed visually or by optical density [3, 9].
The process of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be divided into three main stages: immunochemical process - the formation of an antigen-antibody complex attachment of a label to it and its visualization. The essence of ELISA is the specific interaction of an antibody and an antigen, followed by the addition of a conjugate (anti-species immunoglobulin labeled with an enzyme) to the resulting complex. The enzyme causes the chromogenic substrate to decompose to form a colored product that can be detected either visually or photometrically. Registration of the results of the reaction is carried out on special photometers with a vertical beam at a certain wavelength. The result is expressed in units of optical density [1, 4].
Among laboratory methods, ELISA is widely used in health care, various fields of agriculture, industrial biotechnology, environmental protection and research. [2,11,12].
Clinical examination of the population, epidemiological surveys, the presence of drugs in the blood, the detection of poisoning, the determination of the content of medicinal compounds in tissues, viral diseases of plants, the determination of antibiotics, vitamins and other biologically active compounds in the selection of active strains-producers in industrial biotechnology, quality control of medicines from donor blood for the absence of viruses that cause AIDS and hepatitis B - this is just a small list of practical applications of enzyme immunoassay [7,13].
In the diagnosis of infectious diseases, enzyme immunoassay has the highest information content. The advantages of this method are the possibility of early diagnosis of infection, the ability to track the dynamics of the development of the process, speed and ease of use as an express test. Studies performed to detect pathogen antigens and specific antibodies to them in infections are available laboratory diagnostic methods. ELISA is used to diagnose viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic infections. The method is also indispensable in the diagnosis of viral
Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 10 |October, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-10-46-49
diseases, where direct methods of pathogen detection are difficult in addition, in some cases, serological studies remain the only method of screening for the diagnosis of infections, for example, toxoplasmosis, toxocariasis, trichinosis [6, 8, 10]. ELISA is also one of the most reliable modern methods of laboratory diagnosis of syphilis, HIV infections, and viral hepatitis [5].
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is used in two directions: the detection of antibodies in the blood serum of the subject for diagnostic purposes and the determination of pathogen antigens to establish its genus or species. Given the dynamics of the synthesis of certain classes of immunoglobulins in the immune response, the presence of IgM antibodies indicates a primary acute infection, while the detection of only IgG marks a long-standing process or the presence of immunological memory without active disease. IgG also includes post-vaccination antibodies. The determination of specific IgA is informative for further control of the cure of the disease, because IgA, having a short half-life, disappear from the circulation after successful treatment for two weeks. The avidity of IgG antibodies makes it possible to judge the duration of infection, which is especially important when screening pregnant women for intrauterine infections [5,13].
Based on the foregoing, enzyme immunoassay is one of the most sensitive, specific, reproducible, clinically informative and publicly available methods of laboratory research. Proper application of this method can significantly expand the diagnostic capabilities of medical laboratories.
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Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)
ISSN (online): 2181-2454 Volume 2 | Issue 10 |October, 2022 | SJIF: 5,965 | UIF: 7,6 | ISRA: JIF 1.947 | Google Scholar |
www.carjis.org DOI: 10.24412/2181-2454-2022-10-46-49
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