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13«ШУШМУМ-ЛШИГМаУ» #24Ш)), 2021 / ECONOMIC SCIENCES
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УДК 3 33 338 338.2
Эрматов А. А. Кандидат экономических наук, доцент Андижанский машиностроительный институт
Андижан, Узбекистан Р01: 10.24412/2520-6990-2021-24111-33-37 ВЛИЯНИЕ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ НА МАЛЫЙ БИЗНЕС И НА ЕГО ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ
Ermatov A.A.
Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor Andijan Machine-Building Institute Andijan, Uzbekistan
THE IMPACT OF INFRASTRUCTURE ON SMALL BUSINESS AND ITS EFFICIENCY
Аннотация.
Статья посвящена исследованию развития малого бизнеса. Также анализируется один из важных факторов развития малого бизнеса - инфраструктурная деятельность. В ходе исследования оценивалось расположение инфраструктуры в районах и городах Андижанской области, их структура. Автор анализирует взаимосвязь между инфраструктурой и занятостью в малом бизнесе и отраслевым кредитованием. При этом был изучен уровень инфраструктуры в районах и городах. По полученным результатам раскрываются структурные особенности инфраструктуры и особенности ее территориального расположения. На основе этого исследования были разработаны предложения и рекомендации по развитию инфраструктуры, усилению ее положительного воздействия на малый бизнес и, в конечном итоге, на развитие малого бизнеса.
Abstract.
The article explores research on small business development. It also analyzes one of the important factors in the development of small business - infrastructure activities. The study assessed the location of infrastructure in the districts and cities of Andijan region, their structure. The author analyzes the relationship between infrastructure and small business employment and industry-oriented lending. At the same time, the level of infrastructure in the districts and cities was studied. According to the results obtained, the structural features of the infrastructure and the specifics of its territorial location are revealed. Based on this research, proposals and recommendations have been developed to develop infrastructure, increase its positive impact on small business, and ultimately for small business development.
Keywords: small business, infrastructure, employment, credit, efficiency, security, interdependence.
Ключевые слова: малый бизнес, инфраструктура, занятость, кредит, эффективность, безопасность, взаимозависимость.
Introduction
A number of positive results have been achieved as a result of systemic economic reforms aimed at further development of the country's economy. This is reflected in ensuring macroeconomic stability and, on this basis, a solid foundation for sustainable economic growth, creating a favorable socio-economic environment for the development of private entrepreneurship, especially small business.
In recent years, the role of small business and private entrepreneurship in society has become much stronger. Today, the total number of small businesses and private entrepreneurs has reached about 437,000, their share in GDP is 53.9%, and their share in the number of people employed in the economy is 73.8%. [1. 5 p] The environment created for small business development is the infrastructure environment.
In assessing the impact of infrastructure on small business and its effectiveness, it is useful to analyze the conditions created for small business on the basis of an analysis of the performance of the system of small business infrastructure by components, namely:
1. Political conditions
2. Social conditions
3. Economic conditions
The political context includes legal and regulatory documents designed to develop small businesses in the country. At the same time, it is necessary to expand the base of normative documents developed in accordance with the legislation of the republic, taking into account the socio-economic situation in the region. That is, we propose the following to introduce a system of placement of small businesses, taking into account the interdistrict distribution of resources:
- Development and implementation of legal regulations aimed at the placement of small businesses with capital in areas with low labor resources, such as Ulugnor, Boston, in the placement of small businesses;
- Development of normative documents aimed at specialization of regions, taking into account the existing factors of production.
In order to develop small business, taking into account the social conditions, it is necessary to take into account the expansion of existing specialties of vocational schools and technical schools in the districts, ie the types of employment of existing vocational schools and technical schools in the organization of new small businesses. This will require the provision of soft loans
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were obtained. The efficiency of infrastructure facilities is taken into account based on the economic conditions created for small business. In this case, the sensitivity of small businesses to the level of existing infrastructure will be studied, and the results will be able to determine the normative amount of infrastructure.
In determining the efficiency of the existing infrastructure in Andijan region, first of all, 1 infrastructure facility is evaluated by how many small businesses it serves (Table 1).
As of 2020, small businesses in the region account for 68.9% of GDP. The number of small businesses reached 9.1 units per 1,000 population. In 2020, the number of small businesses served by the unit infrastructure facility was 65.8, while the situation in its regions varied. The lowest rates were in Andijan (27.7), Asaka (22.3) and Khanabad (29.4). This is due to the fact that these areas are the centers of the provinces and districts, respectively, and the infrastructure facilities here are concentrated not only in the city, but also as the centers of service organizations in the provinces and districts.
Table 1
The ratio of small businesses and infrastructure in the districts and cities of Andijan region in 2020 (in units)_
N Indicators Small business and infrastructure in the ratio
1 Andijan city 27,7
2 Asaka city 22,3
3 Khanabod city 29,4
4 Andijan dist 92,3
5 Asaka dist 132,6
6 Balikchi dist 134,5
7 Bulokboshi dist 52,9
8 Buston t 72,0
9 Jalakuduk dist 119,6
10 Izboskan dist 78,4
11 Kurgontepa dist 39,8
12 Ulughnor dist 162,5
13 Markhamat dist 165,4
14 Oltikul dist 87,9
15 Pakhtabod dist 121,7
16 Khujaabod dist 135,8
17 Shakhrikhan dist 81,1
By region 65,8
and tax incentives to small businesses that employ college graduates.
Materials and methods. Methods such as system analysis, economic-statistical, grouping, comparative analysis, sample observation, comparative analysis were used in the research process.
The statistics for 2010-2020 in Andijan region were also analyzed during the study of small business development and the impact of infrastructure on them. In particular, the relationship between infrastructure and small business and indicators of its development has been studied. In particular, the relationship between infrastructure and small business employment, the impact of infrastructure on the level of lending to the sector, the number of small businesses, and infrastructure has been studied. The study used statistics on the number of small businesses in the region, the number of bankruptcies and loans to the sector, as well as the number of infrastructure facilities and their structure.
As a result of research on real indicators of Andi-jan region, practical suggestions and recommendations
Source: Author's calculation based on data from Andijan regional statistics department.
The highest rates are in Asaka (132.6), Balikchi (134.5), Jalal-Abad (119.6), Markhamat (165.4), Pakh-taabad (121.7) and Khojaabad (135.8) districts. coincided. In general, the existing infrastructure in the cities of Asaka and Khanabad is relatively inefficient, and the number of serviced small businesses is lower than in other districts, even below the regional average (65.8). expressed in (Table 2.9).
This indicator does not fully assess the efficiency of infrastructure. Because when the total number of infrastructure facilities changes, the share of organizations in it does not change in the same way. This makes it necessary to assess the impact of the above on the structural changes in infrastructure.
As a result, we will be able to identify the infrastructure that has a strong impact on the activities of small businesses.
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Table 2
The structure of the system of small business infrastructure
in Andijan region * (in%)
№ Indicators 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1. Total number of infrastructure facilities 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2. Small Business Support Information and Counseling Center 8,0 8,3 8,2 8,3 8,2 8,0 5,6 5,2 4,8
3. Consulting firms 9,4 9,7 10,7 10,7 9,7 8,9 9,8 9,1 8,5
4. Audit firms 12,3 5,6 8,2 9,2 11,1 13,1 17,2 16,2 15,0
5. Engineering company 0,4 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,3 0,6 0,8
6. Educational structures 12,8 13,9 15,3 14,6 14,0 13,6 19,8 21,6 22,6
7. Brokerage offices 28,1 30,6 32,1 30,6 30,4 29,6 28,2 29,0 29,7
8. Wholesale and retail wholesale system 27,2 29,6 21,9 22,8 22,7 22,1 15,2 14,3 13,3
9. Insurance agencies 0,4 0,5 1,5 1,9 1,9 2,8 3,2 3,0 4,0
10. Business incubator 0,85 0,9 1,0 0,97 0,97 0,9 0,6 0,6 0,8
11. Transport Expeditionary Enterprise 1,4 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 3,2 0,3 0,6
Source: Author's calculation based on data from Andijan regional statistics department. * excluding commercial banks
The process of structural change in the number of infrastructure facilities serving small businesses in the region shows that with the change in the number of small businesses serving an average of one infrastructure facility, audit firms and water average agencies are meeting the change indicators. In other words, the share of insurance agencies has also changed in recent years (Table 2).
Another way to assess the effectiveness of the existing infrastructure organizations in Andijan region is
to compare the infrastructure organizations with the existing small businesses.
When examining the changes in the number of small businesses with infrastructure organizations in the districts and cities of Andijan region, it was found that both indicators are linked in the right proportions. That is, the small or large state of one indicator represents the correspondingly small or large state of the other indicator.
Table 3
Comparative analysis of the existing infrastructure system and small business in Andijan region in 2020
№ Indicators Number of small businesses Number of infrastructure facilities*
1 Andijan city 5770 208
2 Asaka city 512 23
3 Khanabod city 235 8
4 Andijan dist 2307 25
5 Asaka dist 2386 18
6 Balikchi dist 2824 21
7 Bulokboshi dist 793 15
8 Buston t 1152 16
9 Jalakuduk dist 2153 18
10 Izboskan dist 1254 16
11 Kurgontepa dist 1392 35
12 Ulughnor dist 2600 16
13 Markhamat dist 2316 14
14 Oltikul dist 1934 22
15 Pakhtabod dist 2069 17
16 Khujaabod dist 1765 13
17 Shakhrikhan dist 2432 30
By region 33894 515
Source: Author's calculation based on data from Andijan regional statistics department. * excluding commercial banks
While the lowest number of infrastructure facilities in the region falls on the city of Khanabad (8), accordingly, the lowest number of small businesses in the region falls on this area, amounting to 235. The highest rates are in Andijan with 208 infrastructure facilities and 5,770 small businesses (Table 3).
To make the above comparative analysis more accurate, we take the proportions of both indicators relative to the total in the region (see Figure). As you can see in the picture, both pointers represent the corresponding shapes. The lowest points are in the city of Khanabad, which accounts for 1.6% of the total number of infrastructure organizations and 0.7% of the total
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number of small businesses. The highest peaks are in Andijan, at 40.4% and 17.0%, respectively. The non-compliant area is the city of Asaka, with an infrastructure share of 4.5%, followed by Andijan (4.9%), Kur-gonteppa (6.8%) and Shahrikhan (5.8%) districts. while the share of small businesses in the total was only 1.7% higher than in Khanabad. This is due to the fact that Asaka is the center of Asaka district, the infrastructure facilities located in the city serve not only the city, but also small businesses in the district.
The share of small businesses in Asaka district is one of the highest in the region (7.0%), after Andijan (17%) and Shahrikhan district (7.2%). while the share of infrastructure is 7th in the region at 3.5%.
Thus, the study of the change in the number of small businesses operating in the regional situation revealed that it is directly related to the regional location of infrastructure facilities, their change.
It is necessary to pursue a policy based on the regional program to increase the efficiency of infrastructure facilities serving small businesses in the region, and to take measures to expand infrastructure organizations in Khanabad. It is also necessary to develop small business in Asaka on the basis of integration of small business and big business, and the automotive industry should be the basis of activity. In other words, the UzAutoMotors joint venture should have a regional policy aimed at expanding small businesses that produce certain parts.
When studying the impact of small business infrastructure activities in the Andijan region on the number of people employed in small business, the figure for the
region was 1.8 units, of which smaller areas were Andijan (0.8), Asaka (1,0) and Khanabad (1,5) cities and Bulokboshi (1,1), Kurgontepa (0,4) districts. However, as mentioned above, since the cities of Andijan and Asaka are the central regions, the infrastructure facilities located there serve not only the city but also the district. In the case of Asaka district, this district has the highest efficiency, 3.8 units.
The number of infrastructure facilities in Andijan also serves Andijan district, as well as other districts and cities in the region. That is why Andijan district efficiency is in 2nd place with 2.9 units. In general, the survey of infrastructure activities in the region in relation to small business employment revealed that the city of Khanabad and Boston and Ulugnor districts are relatively low.
It is necessary to develop small businesses specializing in manufacturing in the above-mentioned inefficient areas, which will increase the number of employed and improve the overall employment rate. This will ultimately lead to an increase in efficiency, which is measured by the level of employment as a result of changes in infrastructure.
A comparative study of the total volume of loans provided to small businesses in Andijan region and the number of infrastructure facilities serving small businesses revealed that loans were issued less than in the region with the smallest infrastructure facilities.
This means that the high number of infrastructure facilities, in turn, ensures high performance for small businesses.
Table 4
The relationship between small business, infrastructure and employment
№ District (city) Level of availability of infrastructure facilities The relationship between employment and infrastructure index Loan security (million soums)
1 Andijan city 29,5 0,8 68,1
2 Asaka city 23,4 1,0 27,2
3 Khanabod city 30,0 1,5 3,8
4 Andijan dist 99,9 2,9 4,0
5 Asaka dist 139,0 3,8 1,1
6 Balikchi dist 137,5 2,5 7,2
7 Bulokboshi dist 56,9 1,1 1,5
8 Buston t 74,4 2,4 1,9
9 Jalakuduk dist 123,6 2,8 5,2
10 Izboskan dist 79,8 4,3 4,1
11 Kurgontepa dist 40,3 0,4 0,9
12 Ulughnor dist 168,9 3,7 12,0
13 Markhamat dist 172,7 3,4 4,1
14 Oltikul dist 93,2 2,1 2,8
15 Pakhtabod dist 123,2 2,8 4,6
16 Khujaabod dist 139,1 2,3 3,8
17 Shakhrikhan dist 84,1 2,8 14,2
Total by region: 68,6 1,8 166,4
Source: Compiled by the author on the basis of data from the Andijan regional department of statistics.
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The methodology of infrastructure development in Andijan region should prioritize appropriate needs and take into account the coordination of regional and sectoral interests in their implementation. In this case, it should be realized through the development and implementation of a comprehensive program of its development and placement in terms of structural-functional approach, the main indicators of which are based on the local need, determined by the level of efficiency of its components.
This means that the development of small business requires, first of all, the development of infrastructure that serves it. The above-mentioned local infrastructure development programs should be developed and implemented based on the specifics of the region, as well as programs for financing from local budgets and soft bank loans.
Conclusions and suggestions
1. The share of small business in GDP in Andijan region increased from 36.6% in 2012 to 51.2% in 2019, an average of 1.4 times, while the share of small business in employment It increased 1.4 times from 56.2% in 2012 to 81% in 2019. In general, the change in these two indicators is growing accordingly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop measures to expand small business in order to further increase employment in the region. One of the main ways to do this is to increase the efficiency of infrastructure.
2. When comparing small business with large business in terms of labor factor, small business was found to be relatively inefficient. The main reason for this is that the existing labor force is not adequately provided with capital. In terms of capital, large businesses
are inefficient, while relatively small businesses make good use of capital. It is necessary to increase the level of capital supply to increase labor productivity by increasing the efficiency of small business. One effective way to do this is to strengthen the integration between small businesses and large enterprises.
3. The share of closed small businesses in the total increased from 2.1% in 2012 to 11.1% in 2015, and decreased in subsequent years to 5.0% in 2019. brought When the reasons for their closure were studied, the main reasons remained the lack of working capital (61.2%) and the shortage of raw materials (17.2%). That is, both reasons are related to funding, and to address them, it is necessary to strengthen the activities of credit and financial institutions that expand the financial capacity of small businesses.
References
1. Official web site of Andijan regional statistics department www.andstat.uz
2. Ulmasov A., Vahobov A. Economic theory. -T.: "Shark", 2006.
3. Ekonomicheskaya theory. Ucheb. for stud.vyssh. ucheb. zavedeniy. Pod. Red. V. D.Kamaeva.-7-e izd, pererab i dop. - M.:. "Humanitarian publishing house VLADOS center", 2000 [in Russian]
4. Abdullaev A., Muftaydinov K., Aybeshov Kh., Small business management -T .: Finance. 2003. 192 p
5. Web resources: http://www.dit.perm.ru
6. http://www.refportal.ru
