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_СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЕ НАУКИ / AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES_
DOI: https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2020.100.10.021
ВЛИЯНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ РЕКУЛЬТИВАЦИИ НА ДЕГРАДИРОВАННЫЕ ПАСТБИЩНЫЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИ В УСЛОВИЯХ СУХОСТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ АКМОЛИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН
Научная статья
Кульжанова С.М.1' *, Сапаров К.2, Кенжегулова С.О.3, Байдюсен А.А.4, Ботабекова Г.Т.5
1, 3, 4, 5 Казахский агротехнический университет им.С.Сейфуллина, Нур-Султан, Казахстан;
2 Евразийский университет им.Гумилева, Нур-Султан, Казахстан
* Корреспондирующий автор (bota-madi[at]mail.ru)
Аннотация
Целью данной работы является разработка приемов биологической рекультивации, обеспечивающее возобновление процесса почвообразования, повышение самоочищающей способности почвы и воспроизводство биоценозов в условиях сухостепной зоны Северного Казахстана.В статье приведены результаты исследований биоразнообразия фитоценозов, формирующихся в условиях повышенного антропогенного воздействия. Были применены методы биологической рекультивации. Исследования проводились в селе Семеновка Целиноградского района, Акмолинской области Республики Казахстан. Для проведения полевых опытов было изучено экологическое состояние экосистем. Исследования проводились по двум направлениям. По первому направлению проводился экологический мониторинг исследуемых территорий, по второму направлению проводились биорекультивационные работы. По первому направлению проводился экологический мониторинг исследуемых территорий по 4 основным трансектам (север, юг, запад, восток), по второму направлению велись наблюдения над заложенными в 2015 году опытами в поле.
По результатам экологического мониторинга местности было выявлено, что пастбищные территории были сильно деградированы. Анализ видового состава и количества растений показал, что увeличение количества рaстений на квадратный метр сказывается на продуктивности биомассы. В изучаемых территориях, растения были представлeны в основном мелкими растениями не превышающих высотой 2-3 см. На территории населенного пункта Семеновка выявлено 26 видов растений из 11 семейств. Эдификаторами выступают главным образом Artemisia absinthium, Agropyron cristatum. Среднее количество растений в селе Семеновка составило от 58,5 шт/м2 в северном и до 145,4 шт/м2 южном направлении. В результате исследований было выявлено, что на большей части степных пастбищ состояние растительного покрова находится на 2-ой и 3-ей стадиях дигрессии.
По результатам наблюдений за биологической рекультивацией нарушенных земель на опытном участке второго года исследования было выявлено 7 видов растений, из 6 семейств. Эдификаторами травостоя выступали Agropyrum cristatum, Bromopsis inermis. Среднее количество которых составило соответственно 46:60 шт/м2. Следует отметить, что доля полыни и типчака довольно снизилась, но встречаются практически во всех вариантах. Средняя высота травостоя увеличилась до 29-28 см. Прибавка зеленой массы в сравнении с контрольным составила от 6,9 ц/га до 12,9 ц/га (житняк+эспарцет).
Ключевые слова: опустынивание; деградация растительного покрова; фитоценозы; деградация почв; степные экосистемы.
THE IMPACT OF BIOLOGICAL RECLAMATION ON DEGRADED PASTURE AREAS IN THE DRY STEPPE ZONE OF AKMOLA REGION, THE REPUBLIC OF THE KAZAKHSTAN
Research article
Kulzhanova S.M. 1 *, Saparov K. 2, Kenzhegulova S.O. 3, Baidyusen A.A. 4, Botabekova G.T. 5
1,3,4,5 S.Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan; 2 L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
*
Corresponding author (bota-madi[at]mail.ru)
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to develop methods of biological reclamation, ensuring the renewal of the soil formation process, increasing the self-cleaning ability of the soil and the reproduction of biocenoses in the conditions of the dry steppe zone of Northern Kazakhstan. The article presents the results of studies of the biodiversity of phytocenoses formed in conditions of increased anthropogenic impact. Methods of biological reclamation were applied. The research was carried out in the village of Semenovka, Tselinograd district, Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the conduct of field experiments, the ecological state of ecosystems was studied. The research was conducted in two directions. In the first direction, ecological monitoring of the studied areas was carried out, in the second direction, biological reclamation was carried out. In the first direction, the ecological monitoring of the areas was carried out in 4 main transects (north, south, west, east), in the second direction observations were made of the field experiments established in 2015.
According to the results of the ecological monitoring of the area, it was revealed that the pasture areas were severely degraded. Analysis of species composition and a number of plants showed that the increase in the number of plants per square meter affects the productivity of biomass. In the studied territories, the plants were mainly represented by small plants not exceeding 2-3 cm in height. On the territory of Semenovka, 26 plant species from 11 families were identified. Edificators are mainly Artemisia absinthium and Agropyron cristatum. The average number of plants in the village of Semenovka was from 58.5 pcs/m2 in the northern direction and up to 145.4 pcs/m2 in the southern direction. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the state of the vegetation cover is on the 2nd and 3rd stages of the digression on most of the steppe pastures.
According to the results of observations of the biological reclamation of disturbed lands, 7 plant species, from 6 families, were identified in the experimental site of the second year of the study. Agropyrum cristatum and Bromopsis inermis were the Edificators of the grass stand the average number of which was 46:60 pcs/m2, respectively. It should be noted that the share of wormwood and fescue has decreased quite enough, but they are found in almost all variants. The average height of the grass stands increased to 29-28 cm. The increment of green mass in comparison with the control one was from 6.9 c/ha to 12.9 c/ha (barnyard + sainfoin).
Keywords: Desertification; Degradation of vegetation cover; Phytocenoses; Degradation of soils; Steppe ecosystems.
Introduction
One of the problem areas in the steppe, where intensive desertification processes are observed, is the territories around populated areas. Here the vegetation is highly degraded, usually represented by several species of plants that are mostly eaten by cattle poorly, resistant to trampling and able to withstand harsh winter conditions. On such lands, there are areas with very thin vegetation, areas with bare soil, which are increasing every year. Degraded areas of land without reliable cover undergo wind and water erosion, the fertile soil layer is lost, the biological productivity of steppe ecosystems decreases.
According to Manteaux J.P., Manteaux in Lower Normandy, pastures, where the thoroughbred horses graze, occupy large areas. A survey of 11 stud farms and a pedological and floristic study of 30 pasture areas with a different grazing intensity yielded the following results:
1) Upon the termination of grazing, a soil is substantially enriched by P and K, but this tendency is not so clearly expressed for CaO, MgO and SO, and Mn enriched with soil overgrazing.
2) The botanical composition of plants in pastures with a regressive regime and overgrazing is the same, but the contribution of different species to the formation of a common biomass is different.
3) 10 classes of plant communities are distinguished distributed depending on grazing, P- and K-feeding regimes and the location of the stud farms.
African foxtail grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) is widely used in many tropical and subtropical arid types of grassland around the world because of its high resistance to drought, erosion control, plant growth. According to V.M. Marshall, M.M. Lewis, B. Ostendorf, African foxtail grass grows like a weed along the roads and cleared areas or touched the ground outside its natural range. It spreads very quickly and often replaces native plants.
Problems of degradation of soils and vegetation as a result of anthropogenic activity are dealt with in Kazakhstan; in southeastern Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea region dangerous and potentially dangerous desertification areas were revealed; a priority forest reclamation is planned for sand fixation and to control desertification; a work on industrial and civil construction is planned in these areas.
Grazing at high load leads to pasture digression: changing cereals and grassland with grassroots species (Poa pratensis, Trifolium repens, Festuca rubra, Dandelion, Leontodon): with a strong grazing occurs failure of the pasture herbage and dominance of Polygonum aviculare, Poa annua, Plantago major and other species, resistant to grazing.
Such unsatisfactory state of pasture ecosystems puts forward the task of developing methods of biological reclamation to restore degraded areas and increase their productivity. In the biological reclamation of degraded lands, it is possible to use different zonally typical forage plants.
The most degraded are pastures, adjacent to rural settlements, milking machines, and wells. In this regard, agricultural natural lands adjoining the auls and villages located in the subzone of the dry steppe of Northern Kazakhstan are identified as research objects. Geobotanical and soil studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016. The place of research is Semenovka village, Tselinograd district, Akmola region, the Republic of Kazakhstan (N51020'002 "- E070066'2284").
The investigated natural agricultural lands are located in the subzone of dry steppes. The climate of the region is sharply continental, characterized by the following indicators: the sum of positive temperatures above 10°C is 2,400-2,500°C, the average annual precipitation is 312 mm, 60% of which falls during a warm period. The coefficient of moistening is 0.4. The soil covers is represented by dark chestnut ordinary, alkaline and carbonate soils, humus content is 2-4%.
Intensive anthropogenic activity significantly affects the floristic composition of plants. The vegetation cover is thinned, open areas of the ground are exposed to wind and water erosion. Dry steppes in the south border on the natural and climatic zone of semi-deserts, therefore, uncontrolled intensive anthropogenic activity here increases the risk of manifestation of desertification processes.
The investigated object, that is, the agricultural land adjacent to the settlement, are systematically subjected to anthropogenic impact. Here the small and large cattle of the local population are regularly grazed, machinery passes, etc.
Materials and methods
The research was conducted in two directions. In the first direction, ecological monitoring of the investigated areas was carried out (experience 1). In the second direction, phyto-meliorative work was carried out (experience 2). A method of variable squares was used to conduct studies on the account (Experiment 1) of steppe vegetation. In the investigated section of the phytocenoses, sites were laid with a size of 50 x 50 cm; the number of sites was 96. The choice of accounting sites was carried out by the random number method. The studies were conducted on 4 transects - 1) north 2) east 3) west 4) south. The number of plants, the number of shoots, the biological yield, the abundance of plants, the protective coating, the true coating, the lumpiness and erodibility of the soil cover were determined. Observations of the vegetative cover were carried out at different distances from the settlement - 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 m. The study of steppe vegetation was carried out in the first and second halves of the growing season [8], [2].
For biorecultivation works (experiment 2), the investigated site was selected in the village of Semenovka. The area under investigation was divided into 84 m2 plots, the total plot area was 0.3 ha. For the experiment, grass mixtures were used from the following perennial grasses: wheatgrass, sainfoin, brome grasses, medick, couch grass, Elytrigia. Selection of mixtures for the restoration of degraded lands:
1. wheatgrass + sainfoin;
2. brome grasses + medick;
3. wheatgrass + brome grasses;
4. wheatgrass + brome grasses + couch grass;
5. wheatgrass + brome grasses + couch grass + Elytrigia [1], [9].
Results and discussion
At the experimental site, the studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016. In the surveyed area grazing is carried out without observing the system of pasture use. We have studied the agro ecological state of pasture lands in different stages of degradation. In accordance with the methodology approved in the Republic of Kazakhstan for measures to combat degradation and desertification of pastures, including arid, the degree of degradation is divided into five stages (Table 1) [10], [16], [15].
Table 1 - Changes in the parameters of fodder lands during their transformation at different stages of pasture digression
Transformed
Parameters 0 non-degraded I weakly degraded II medium degraded III heavily degraded IV failure
General protective coating 75-95 70-80 60-70 40-50 20-30
Average height of grass stand 35-45 20-25 20-25 10-15 5-10
Specific saturation per 100 m2 (1 m2) 35-45 20-30 15-20 10-12 5-8
Yield per cent/ha of dry mass 3-5 3 1-3 0,5-1 >0,5
As can be seen from Table 1, changes in the parameters of forage lands during their transformation can be divided into five different stages of pasture digression.
As a result of anthropogenic influences, the number of feather grasses gradually decreases from the fescue-feather grass steppes. They do not tolerate the deterioration of aeration when compacting the surface horizons of the soil that occurs when pasturing cattle and, first drop out of the grass stand. Together with them, the most nutritious fodder grasses disappear; these are usually grasses - co-Edificators and leguminous herbs selectively eaten by cattle in the first place. Resistant to grazing species of plants with poor fodder qualities grow in its place and the share of wormwood (Asteraceae) increases. This plant species occur on almost every test site. The mass share of wormwood in the grass stand occupies almost 40% of the total mass. Dominant species in the communities are small-turf cereals - a fescue and a wormwood, low-value in the fodder land [7], [11], [12].
The analysis of the biometric indices of the plants in the study area showed, on average, that the vegetation cover was thinner in the first and second vegetation periods of 2015, respectively 27.1: 30,8%, and in 2016 56.8:
44,8%. (Tables 2 and 3). Separate exposed areas of land ranging from 50 to 150 m2 were identified on individual transects; these areas were formed as a result of systematic overgrazing of livestock and trampling. The most degraded transects are the west (a distance of 1000 m from the settlement) and the north (a distance of 1000 m from the settlement).
A pasture land at a distance of 1000 meters or more is the most commonly used land for the needs of the local population in the village of Semenovka [6], ]13], [14]. According to the species composition, the vegetation in the investigated areas is mainly represented by turf (Festuca sulcata) and Agropyron repens cereals, Artemisia austriaca, grasses (Astragalus pubiflorus, Rumex confertus willd). For two years of research, with increasing pasture load, the floristic composition of the herb has decreased to 25-20 species. The height of the grass stand was reduced to 17-25 cm. The yield of such sites in 2015 was 3.0 c/ha and in 2016 -6.9 c/ha. The high productivity in 2016 is related to the amount of precipitation during the period from September 2015 to April 2016, it was 214 mm (at a rate of 136 mm), which exceeded the average annual value of 78 mm, or by 57% [5], [17], [18].
Table 2 - Biometric indicators of dry steppe plants in conditions of increased anthropogenic load, 2015 (accounting area 1 m2),
during the first vegetation period/the second vegetation period*
The direction of the transect Plant weight, g Number of plants, pcs Number of shoots, pcs Average height of grass stand Protective coating, %
Distance from the settlement 500 m
North 18.0* 31.2 25.0 29.0 125 126 10.5 13.6 48.3 32.2
East 84.6 7.1 36.0 45.5 375 622 90 7.4 41.7 32
South 47.8 52.2 49.5 17.6 727 136 11.9 15.6 56.7 26.0
West 27.2 18.5 42.3 37.0 541/ 65 19.6 22.6 40.0 40.1
Average 44.4 27.3 38.2 32.3 442 337.3 12.8 14.8 46.7 32.5
Distance from the settlement 1000 m
North 13.5 53.1 33.0 13.2 264 106 43 12.9 19.2 59
West 10.8 32.0 31.5 57.8 252 463 10.5 13.5 22.5 18.0
Average 29.1 42.6 32.3 35.5 258 284.5 74 13.2 20.85 38.5
Distance from the settlement 1500 m
North 13.9 67.8 18.6 7.0 149 57 6.8 12.9 19.7 37
West 67.8 25.6 44.4 46.6 355 373 10 11.7 14.2 23
Average 20.4 18.1 31.5 26.8 252 215 6.9 12.3 17.0 30.0
Distance from the settlement 2000 m
North 12.4 15.9 40.8 9.3 326 74 34 11.7 4.3 37
West 49.1 27.6 37.6 36.9 301 295 5Л 11.6 19.2 37
Average 15.4 21.8 39.2 23.1 313.5 184.5 4.3 11.7 11.8 37
Average 500-2000 m 31.8 27.3 35.3 29.4 316.4 255.6 6.9 10.9 24.1 30.35
Note:*- The first vegetation period is in the numerator, the second vegetation period is in the denominator
In the first year of the study, the general average value of the protective coating was only 27.2%, the minimum value of this indicator was found in the first vegetation period in the northern direction at the distance of 2000 m (4.3%), the maximal indicator secured the southern transect at a distance of 500 m from the settlement, here the protective coating was 56.7% in the average. Based on the mathematical processing, it means that the value of a protective coating on experimental sites decreased by the distance from the settlement and a correlation ratio was 0.82%.
Hence it follows that the distance from the village has an effect on the protective coating, equal to 82%, and the corresponding rate of the compensated dependence is weak (Figure 1) [24], [23], [22].
Ty
x
X- destination from the settlement, m Y- projective covering, %
Fig. 1 - Influence of the distance from the settlement on a protective coating in Semenovka village in 2015
Table 3 - Biometric indices of dry steppe plants under conditions of increased anthropogenic load, 2016 _(accounting area 1 m2), during the first vegetation period/second vegetation period*_
The direction of the transect Plant weight, g Number of plants, pcs Number of shoots, pcs Average height of grass stand Protective coating, %
Distance from the settlement 500 m
North 38.0 33.4 278 18.2 77
51.7* 15.7 109 11.6 49
East 68.5 34.3 274 10.3 80
35.7 14.6 117 24.6 37.5
South 73.3 18.4 147 12.3 22
59.6 25.8 206 22.3 74
West 124.0 22.4 179 14.3 87
56.2 14.9 119 17.6 42
Average 76.0 27.1 219 13.8 66.5
50.8 17.8 137.8 19.0 50.6
Distance from the settlement 1000 m
North 88.8 13.9 111 17.6 53
40.4 11.3 90 10.8 57
West 71.3 16.9 135 12.3 85
55.8 18.3 146 22.6 25
Average 80.1 48.1 15.4 14.8 123 118 14.9 16.7 69 41
Distance from the settlement 1500 m
North 84.6 73 58 18.9 67
73.5 14.9 119 11.8 34.2
West 120.2 20.0 165 15.6 61
58.9 7.5 60 17.8 69
Average 102.4 66.2 13.7 11.2 111.5 89.5 17.3 9.8 64 51.6
End of the table 3 - Biometric indices of dry steppe plants under conditions of increased anthropogenic load, 2016 _(accounting area 1 m2), during the first vegetation period/second vegetation period*_
The direction of the transect Plant weight, g Number of plants, pcs Number of shoots, pcs Average height of grass stand Protective coating, %
Distance from the settlement 2000 m
North 101.3 50.5 14.0 22.5 112 180 12.6 19.8 27 39.5
West 77.8 48.8 13.0 7.9 104 63 15.4 21.8 31 24.5
Average 89.6 49.7 13.5 4.0 108.0 121.5 14.0 20.8 29 32
Distance from the settlement 2500 m
West 71.0 53.8 35.5 4.0 284 33 12.6 13.4 35 41
Average 71.0 53.8 35.5 4.0 284 33 12.6 13.4
Average 500-2500 m 85.8 53.7 21.0 12.6 169.2 100.0 14.5 39.8 52.7 45.2
Average 102.4 66.2 13.7 11.2 111.5 89.5 17.3 9.8 64 51.6
Distance from the settlement 2000 m
North 101.3 50.5 14.0 22.5 112 180 12.6 19.8 27 39.5
West 77.8 48.8 13.0 7.9 104 63 15.4 21.8 31 24.5
Average 89.6 49.7 13.5 4.0 108.0 121.5 14.0 20.8 29 32
Distance from the settlement 2500 m
West 71.0 53.8 35.5 4.0 284 33 12.6 13.4 35 41
Average 71.0 53.8 35.5 4.0 284 33 12.6 13.4
Average 500-2500 m 85.8 53.7 21.0 12.6 169.2 100.0 14.5 39.8 52.7 45.2
Note: *- The first vegetation period is in the numerator, the second vegetation period is in the denominator
In the second year of the study, the general average value of the protective coating was 48.9%, the minimum value of this indicator was revealed in the second vegetation period in the western direction at the distance of 2000 m (24.5%), the maximum indicator provided a western transect at a distance of 500 m from the settlement, here the protective covering averaged 85%. Based on the mathematical processing, it means that the value of a protective coating on experimental sites decreased by the distance from the settlement and a correlation ratio was only 0.33%. Hence it follows that the distance from the village has an effect on the protective coating, equal to 33%, and the corresponding rate of the compensated dependence is weak (Figure 2) [19], [20], [21].
о
X
X - destination from the settlement, m Y - projective: covering. %
Fig. 2 - Influence of the distance from the settlement on a protective coating in Semenovka village in 2015
In conditions of increased anthropogenic influence, natural vegetation characteristic of the dry steppe was replaced by low-eaten vegetation and vegetation, resistant to eating. Once floristically and phytocoenically fully fledged vegetative communities turned into incomplete, biologically depleted.
Thus, as a result of the investigations carried out on most of the steppe pastures, the state of the vegetation cover is in I and II stages of the digression.
In addition, we conducted the biorecultivation.
For the restoration of degraded soils, we used grass mixtures from the following perennial grasses: wheatgrass, sainfoin, brome grass, medick, couch grass, Elytrigia. Since, according to the biological characteristics of these herbs, the root system is very powerful, they can be used to secure lands subject to erosion [4], [25], [26], [27].
Seeds of perennial grasses were sown in the spring of 2015, when physical ripeness of the soil came, in the terms and rates of seeding recommended in the region. In 2015, after sowing, the field germination was recorded in the full germination phase and before leaving for winter. In 2015, the field germination of the wheatgrass in the grass mix (wheat grass: sainfoin) was higher than in the other variants of the experiment. The highest field germination of the wheatgrass was found in the first variant (124 pcs/m2 - 140 pcs/m2), and amounted to 86% of all sown seeds, the lowest field germination is presented in the third variant in the grass mix (wheatgrass: brome grass), field germination of the wheatgrass was from 17.6 pcs/m2 to 37 pcs/m2 (32%). In the composition of the grass mixture, the valuable fodder crop was also used for many times. The amount of brome grass also increases in the mixture with leguminous plants (variant 2, brome grass: medick). In this variant, its quantity varies from 73.2 pcs/m2 to 94 pcs/m2 which is 54% of the total number of seeds (Bhatt et al., 2007; Methodology for the determination).
On average, the number of plants in the experimental area in 2015 in the second growing season was 30.75pcs/m2. In the first year after surface improvement, the species composition of the vegetation varied from 7 to 10 species of plants belonging to Fabaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Lamicaeae. Since the experiments were conducted for the first year, the number of plants in the experimental area was lower compared to the control one (Table 4).
According to the results of the second year of the study of Geobotanical monitoring, it was revealed that the species composition of vegetation varied from 5 to 7 species of plants belonging to cereals, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Orobanchaceae, and Polygonaceae. The total number of plants in the experimental plot varied from145 pcs/m2 to176 pcs/m2. A comparatively high index was found in Variant 1 (wheatgrass + sainfoin) (Table 5). It should be noted that in all experimental plots the amount of Artemisia austriaca species was lower by 93-99% compared to the control plot (Table 5).
Table 4 - Biometric indicators of dry steppe plants in biological soil cultivation, 2015 (accounting area 1 m2), during the first vegetation period/the second vegetation period
Types of grass mixtures Plant weight, g Number of plants, pcs. Average height of grass stand Projective coverage,%
wheatgrass + sainfoin 23,5 140 28,5 48,3
Brome grass + medick 12,0 94 19,9 38,5
wheatgrass + brome grass 14,2 77 18,6 41,2
wheatgrass + brome grass + couch grass 11,0 89 17,8 38,5
wheatgrass + brome grass + couch grass + Elytrigia 14,4 55 15,6 43,4
Control 27,3 29,4 10,9 30,5
Table 5 - Biometric indicators of dry steppe plants in biological soil cultivation, 2016 (registration area 1 m2), _during the first vegetation period/the second vegetation period_
The direction of the transect Plant weight, g Number of plants, pcs. Average height of grass stand Protective coverage,%
wheatgrass + 129,5 72,4 38 50,7
sainfoin 128,5 119,6 41 48,8
Brome grass + 113,2 77,6 29 46,4
medick 138,5 102,4 32 40,5
wheatgrass + 93,8/ 80,0 31 46,25
brome grass 18,8 88,4 29 47,4
wheatgrass + brome grass + couch grass 74,9 78,0 34 48,6
161,9 103,2 42 49,4
wheatgrass + brome grass + couch grass + Elytigria 77,2 142,1 74,0 98,4 29 35 49 40,0
Control 85,8 53,7 21,0 12,6 14,5 39,8 52,7 45,2
Note: *- The first vegetation period is in the numerator, the second vegetation period is in the denominator
According to the biometric indices of the experimental site, the average for the first and second vegetative periods was higher than in the control areas. The projective coverage of the variants the highest result Variant No. 1 (wheat grass +sainfoin) showed the highest result of the projective coverage, Variant No. 3 (brome grass +medick) showed the lowest result.
The reclamation means a whole range of different works aimed at restoring and the possibility of new targeted use of waste territories, depending on the type of which the direction of reclamation is being carried out. At the same time, it is necessary to agree with the statement that to date neither clear-cut and reliable criteria for optimization of landscapes have been worked out either in domestic or in foreign practice by recultivation of disturbed and subject to violation of land.
The formation of soil cover and vegetation from the moment of destruction to achieving a complex structure in conditions of optimal temperature and humidity is not a process of one hundred years. The duration of the transformation of the man-made landscape into a natural landscape is different. It is determined, on the one hand, by the specifics of the properties and modes of the framework base laid on the technogenic phase, and on the other hand by the peculiarities of the bioclimatic situation in the given area. In extreme, but very common cases, this will take many millennia. Under adverse conditions, the soil and vegetation cover will never form and will remain in the evolutionary dead end.
In foreign countries, the problem of accelerated soil formation is solved in various ways. In Germany, for accelerated soil formation, a large number of fertilizers are introduced into the soil, and special attention is paid to regulating the water regime. In order to improve the physical properties of the dump rocks, along with deep loosening, liming, the application of polystyrene flakes, and the use of bitumen emulsions are used.
In Bulgaria, the reclamation is carried out in a traditional way depending on the landscape and ecological conditions of the region and the degree of pollution, taking into account disturbances in the soil cover and vegetation. The ways of land reclamation for agricultural use are being sought without applying the soil layer. A good result was obtained when 15% of coal and mineral fertilizers were applied. Experiments are carried out using peat and lignite.
In Poland, for the reclamation of disturbed lands in the coal industry, along with land use, fertilizers or composts from sewage sludge, waste from the pulp and paper or pharmaceutical industry, ashes of power plants are used.
The essence of the method consists in liming the acid substrates of the heap with lime to pH = 7.0. Then, with or without composting, sewage sludge of 120-134 t/ha, calculated on a dry matter, is introduced. After plowing, sowing of perennial grasses is carried out.
Observations over a period of 5 years have confirmed the beneficial effect of sewage sludge on the surface and root biomass, the accumulation of organic matter in the soil. Another way to use sewage sludge is anaerobic fermentation and dehydration of the sediment (to a consistency of about 25%), mixing with sawdust in a 1:2 ratio and composting. The resulting compost is mixed with the precipitate in a ratio of 1: 1 and is introduced into the substrate of the dumps in an amount of 12 -13.4 kg/m2. At the same time, the restoration of disturbed lands occurs much faster than when using mineral fertilizers. The analysis for the presence ofheavy metals in the grown products produced negative results.
Attention is also drawn to the experience of the use of sewage sludge in Hungary, where more than 2.0 thousand hectares were recovered by the method of biological injection after the development of brown coal. The essence of the method consists in preparing, on the basis of sewage sludge, a mixture of lignite, sawdust or straw with fertilizers and injecting it into the surface of the dump. The practice has shown that wheat, rye, oats, barley, vegetables, arboreal and shrubby crops are successfully growing on the so prepared areas.
As a result of economic activity and irrational nature management, significant areas of disturbed lands are formed, where the vegetation and soil cover, groundwater are completely or partially destroyed, the terrain has been changed, etc.
The formation of disturbed lands most often occurs under the influence of a complex of anthropogenic factors: fires, mechanical loads, spontaneous recreation, logging, development of mineral deposits, domestic and aerotechnogenic pollution.
As sites of reclamation, areas of heavily transformed lands should be considered, where natural ecosystems are completely destroyed. Such areas include waste lands; lands exposed to industrial pollution, rock dumps, and developed quarries.
When extracting minerals in the open way, huge territories (up to hundreds of hectares) are taken away, while the depth of quarries can reach more than 500 m. Over the past 150 years, as a result of mining, on our planet quarries of40- 50 km3 have been formed.
As a result of the extraction of 1 million tons of iron ore, up to 650 hectares of land are disrupted; 1 million tons of coal to 45 hectares; 1 million tons of ore for the production of mineral fertilizers - up to 100 hectares. It has been established that for every inhabitant of the planet As a result of industrial emissions, agricultural lands, human settlements, forest plantations, water basins are polluted with toxic substances. The largest emissions of pollutants fall on the following types of economic activity: processing industries, extraction of minerals and fuel and energy resources, metallurgical and foundry production, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
One of the strategic tasks of rational nature management is the restoration of the productivity of disturbed lands through their reclamation.
Before the beginning of the remediation works it is necessary to determine the most effective directions for the further use of disturbed lands, ensuring their stable functioning and the earliest recoupment of the invested investments.
There are various options for using recultivated land: the creation of fish farms, recreational recreation areas, farmland, reservoirs, forest nurseries, forest tracts, etc.
When land reclamation is possible not only economic benefit, but also social. The social effect is achieved by improving the ecological situation in the recultivated area and, as a consequence, reducing the incidence of the population, improving the quality of agricultural products, drinking water and air. The economic effect is manifested in the possibility of obtaining income from the use of restored land and increasing their cadastral value.
The effectiveness of the implementation of the investment project for remediation depends on the type of violation, the condition of the territory and the chosen direction of use of disturbed land. So, for example, the costs of creating haymaking on the developed peat bogs will pay off the next year after reclamation, and the creation of forest tracts - in a few dozen years. In the case of strong and large-scale violations of land, significant investments are required, which complicates the search for sources of financing for remediation projects.
As of today, own and borrowed funds as well as funds from state budgets of various levels can be used as sources of financing of investment projects for reclamation.
As one of the ways to attract your own funds is the attribution of the costs of reclamation to:
- the cost price of the enterprise's products when developing mineral deposits;
- cost of facilities for the construction of buildings and structures;
- the cost of work in the conduct of survey work.
According to the species composition, the vegetation in the investigated plots is represented mainly by valuable wheatgrass and brome grass. It should be noted that the proportion of wormwood and fescue has decreased quite a bit, but they are found in almost all the plots. The average height of the grass stand increased to 29-28 cm. The increment of green mass in comparison with the control one was from 6.9 c/ha to 12.9 c/ha (wheat grass +sainfoin)
Conclusion
The main cause of degradation of the grass stand is soil compaction due to the constant trampling of its livestock, which is associated with an increase in capillarity and knocking out the dead grass cover that protects the soil surface from desiccation. Excessive grazing turns good pastures into malfunction, unsuitable for any use. According to the species composition, the vegetation in the investigated areas is mainly represented by turf (Festuca sulcata) and Agropyron repens cereals, Artemisia austriaca, grasses (Astragalus pubiflorus, Rumex confertus willd). Pasture land at a distance of 1000 meters or more is the most commonly used land for the needs of the local population in the village of Semenovka.
Such an unsatisfactory state of pasture ecosystems raises the task of developing methods of biological reclamation to restore degraded areas and increase their productivity.
The method of biological reclamation will ensure the renewal of the soil formation process, increase the self-cleaning ability of the soil and the reproduction of biocenoses, and increase the productivity of degraded lands in the dry-steppe zone. As a result of studying the properties of forage plants, promising species for the radical improvement of natural forage lands, which contribute to the restoration of the productivity of degraded arid lands by creating agrophytocenoses.
Финансирование
Данное исследование проводилось в рамках бюджетной программы № 055 "Научно - техническая деятельность", подпрограммы № 101 'Трактовое финансирование научных исследований" Министерства образования и науки Республики Казахстан. О приоритете "рациональное использование природных ресурсов, переработка сырья и продукции".
Конфликт интересов
Не указан.
Funding
This research was carried out within the framework of the budget program No. 055 "Scientific and technical activity", the sub- program No. 101 "Grant financing of scientific research" of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. On the priority "Rational use of natural resources, processing of raw materials and products".
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
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