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10ВЕНГЕРСКАЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ РЕФОРМА 1968 ^A С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ _КОММУНИСТИЧЕСКОЙ ПАРТИИ ЧЕХОСЛОВАКИИ
Жолт Хорвулак
Адьюнкт
Университет Александра Дубчека в Тренчине, Словакия Факультет социальных и экономических отношений THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMIC REFORM IN 1968 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK COMMUNIST PARTY
Ing. Mgr. Zsolt Horbulak, PhD., Assistant Professor University of Alexander Dubcek in Trencin, Slovakia Faculty of Social and Economic Relations
АННОТАЦИЯ
Эта статья рассматривает вoзможности проведения экономических реформ в Венгрии и Чехословакии во времена социализма. Мы сосредоточили свое внимание на новый экономический механизм, реализованный Венгерской социалистической рабочей партии в 1968 году и на мнение КПЧ об этом. Архивный материал показывает, что взгляд меняется. Во время событий Пражской весны КПЧ в начале согласилaсь с венгерскими реформами, но потом КПЧ была все менее и менее согласна.
ABSTRACT
This paper compares the willingness to make economic reforms in Hungary and Czechoslovakia during socialist era. We focused on New Economic Mechanism realized by the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party since 1968 and the opinion of the Czechoslovak Communist Party about it. The archive material shows that the view was changing. Around the events of Prague Spring the Czechoslovak Communist Party rather agreed with the Hungarian reforms, but as the times were passing did it already less and less.
Ключевые слова: Экономическая реформа, Новый экономический механизм, Венгрия, Чехословацкая коммунистическая партия.
Keywords: Economic Reforms, New Economic Mechanism, Hungary, Czechoslovak Communist Party.
The communist economic system could be characterised as a centrally regulated planning economy with very narrow company independence, central redistribution of raw materials, regulated prices and wages. Despite the effort of unification there were taking shapes differences among the communist states. During the first period - from 1948 to early 1960s - these differences were relatively small. After the first appearance of discontents (demonstrations
As the Table 1 shows, in the 60s, 70s and 80s were formed several "national" socialisms. We can see that the achievement of certain level of independence from Moscow did not mean automatically democracy. In spite of autonomous tendencies Rumania remained Stalinist dictatorship until the fall of the iron curtain.
After the World War II the establishment of communist governance in Czechoslovakia and Hungary took place in very similar undemocratic way. The following period, the Stalinist age of personality cult, as well as in Hungary and Czechoslovakia lasted until 1953, to fall of Matyas Rakosi respectively Klement Gottwald. During this era the economic policy was completely same too. The huge parts of investments were directed to heavy industry. Already this fact led to deepen the difference among Hungary and Czechoslovakia. While the industrially developed Czechoslovakia could keep in touch with it, the still agrarian
in Berlin and in Poznan in 1953, the Hungarian revolution in 1956), some leaders of the communist parties began to try to change the course. In late 1960s the formerly unified communist bloc started to fall apart. Andrew C. Janos, based on the political dependence on Soviet Union during the post Stalinist era, divides the satellite communist states into the following groups [1]:
Table 1
Hungary suffered.
The roots of Hungarian economic reforms can be found in this period. In 1954 appeared the first ideas and scientific papers about how to improve the structure of economy. The authors of these proceedings were outstanding Hungarian economists like Tibor Liska, Antal Marias, Gyorgy Péter, Sandor Balazsy or Janos Kornai. All these scientists lately became the leading theorists of Hungarian economic reforms. [2]
In 1955 in Hungary the hard conservatives returned for a while. However, in the next year the political situation changed radically. Under the leadership of Imre Nagy the reformist wing strengthened. The public mood rapidly transformed. The event of 23rd October 1956 became the turning point in Hungarian history. The Hungarian revolution could be defeated only by assistance of the Soviet Army.
The Type of Communist Regimes
Independency Pretended submission Solidarity
"Soft" liberalism Yugoslavia Poland, Hungary
"Hard" conservatives Albania Rumania Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, GDR
At that time in Czechoslovakia the situation was already different. While in Hungary M. Rakosi was "dethroned", K. Gottwald was died. This event in one hand the process of destalinization made easier but the other hand the positive progression was immediately stopped. The nomenclature remained stable. The relatively strong economic performance and social stability did not force the Communist Party to make any reforms. [3, 4]
The preparation of Hungarian economic reform began in 1964. Its main creator was Tamas Nagy and idea was taken from Polish theorist Wlodimierz Brus and as well as from Yugoslavian and Czechoslovak experiences. The Czechoslovak reforms began two years earlier. A group of economists under the leadership of Ota Sik also attempted to make changes in economic policy and was inspired by Polish economists too. The Czechoslovak economic experiment had an important share in the events of Prague Spring. Unfortunately, the progress was stopped by the Russian military intervention. While in Czechoslovakia under the leadership of Gustav Husak came to power a rigid neostalinist regime, in Hungary the process of reform could continue. [5]
In 1968 the Economic Committee of Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party approved the introduction of the so called New Economic Mechanism. The political leader of the reform movement was Rezso Nyers. The changes can be summarized briefly as follows: the annual five-year plans for companies was finished; corporate autonomy increased; the supervisory body could not regulate companies anymore; the central allocation of production factors were replaced by their market purchase; to the small private property were recognized equal rights as to state and cooperative forms of ownership; companies could made decisions relating to routine production alone; companies could realize their developments from their profit fund or bank loans; in the National Planning Office some functions and departments were reduced or eliminated; the plan and the market became not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary categories; the price of about 25 % of consumer goods was liberalized; the general government deficit began to increase; for foreign trade, the dollar and rouble currencies were introduced; tension on the labour market was eased. [6]
The initiation of reform was caused by the weak performance of the economy and was also supported by the permissive international climate inside the soviet bloc.
According to documents available in the Czech National Archive the reaction of the Czechoslovak Communist Party on Hungarian reforms was ambiguous. In the years near to Prague Spring the Czechoslovak communist leaders mainly supported the Hungarian efforts. In a resolution made in June 24th 1969 by the government of Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the reform in the socialist countries is a conscious activity, long-range preparations with maintaining the leadership of the party which bases on mutual ownership, taking into account the market forces and retaining the regulation. [7]
As I already mentioned the end of reforms in Czechoslovakia had not influence on Hungarian economic reforms. In the meeting of political leaders is November 5th 1968 in Budapest the Hungarian side quite openly told to Czechoslovak representatives that "The main stress is on the increasing of independence of socialist companies in reason to expand of the responsibility of economic
units..." The Hungarians evaluated the introduction of the new economic mechanism positively. [8]
The situation in Czechoslovakia for a short time was partly similar. The Soviet occupation did not stop the reformist activity immediately. In June 3rd 1969 a delegation of outstanding economist visited Hungary to study the Hungarian economic reform. While the visitors were very content with the results of the meeting they added that the only negative detail was the ignorance from the members of the Czechoslovak embassy. This moment stresses that while the economic experts were yet curious about the reform the official political representation already changed the course. In their long dispatch the Czechoslovak guests stressed that the leading role of the party nothing endangered. They stated that at that time there were three types of economic policies: the old planning model practiced in USSR, GDR, Poland, Bulgaria and Rumania; the Yugoslavian model; the Czechoslovak and Hungarian model. [9]
As the political climate had changed in Czechoslovakia altered the official political attitude toward the Hungarian reforms. A dispatch made by Czechoslovak embassy in Budapest about the Hungarian economy (the date of drafting is unknown, approximately year 1971) is writing about specific solutions and great problems. In Hungary they do not invest in heavy industry; the production is concentrating in the cooperatives; the economy and the external trade are loss-making; the plans are not obligatory. All these processes lead to crisis. [10]
It is quite true, that the condition of the Hungarian economy got worse. The inflation and the external debt began to rise. From 1973 in the policy of Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party the hard conservative members took over the guidance. However, the external influence, the first oil shock, had share in the deterioration also. Since 1970 in Czechoslovakia the whole political life was frozen. There was no possibility to make any reforms. The following years between Czechoslovakia and Hungary were characterized by deepening opposite.
Bibliography:
1. JANOS, A. C. 2003. Haladas, hanyatlas, hegemonia Kelet-Kozep-Europaban. Helikon, Szekszard, 473 p. ISBN 963 208 796 6
2. SZAMUELY L. - CSABA L. 1998. Rendszervaltas a kozgazdasagban - kozgazdasagtan a rendszervaltasban. Kozgazdasagi Szemle Alapitvany, Budapest, 185 p. ISBN 963-04-9790-5
3. ROMSICS I. 2005. Magyarorszag tortenete a XX. szazadban. Osiris, Budapest, 668 p. ISBN 963 389 719 X
4. RENNER, H. - SAMSON, I. 1993. Dejiny Ceskoslovenska od roku 1945. Bratislava, Slovak Academic Press, 207 p. ISBN 80-85665-16-6
5. SULC, Z. 1996. Strucne dejiny reforem v Ceskoslovensku (Ceske republice) 1945-1995. Doplnek, Brno, 117 p. 80-7239-005-8
6. HONVARI J. 2005. Magyarorszag gazdasagtortenete Trianontol a rendszervaltasig. Aula, Budapest, 819 p. ISBN 963 9585 57 2
7. Czech National Archive, Czechoslovak Communist Party, Central Committee, 1945-1989, vol. 99, 165/3
8. Czech National Archive, Czechoslovak Communist Party, Central Committee, 1945-1989, vol. 86, 136/k info 3
9. Czech National Archive, Czechoslovak Communist 10. Czech National Archive, Czechoslovak Communist Party, Central Committee, 1945-1989, vol. 101, 167/k info Party, Central Committee, Gustav Husak 1945-1989, box 2 384, GH10961
СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ УСЛУГИ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ РЕШЕНИЯ _НЕБЛАГОПРИЯТНЫХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ КЛИЕНТА
Мария Давидекова
Доцент
Университет Св Кирилла и Мефодия в Факультетсоциальныхнаук Трнава
Словакия
SOCIAL SERVICES AS A TOOL FOR CLIENTS'HELP WITH SOLVING THEIR UNFAVOURABLE SOCIAL SITUATION Doc. PhDr. Maria Davidekova, PhD., Associate Professor, University of Ss Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Social Sciences Trnava, Slovak Republic
АННОТАЦИЯ
В связи с увеличением количесва различных кризисных ситуациях,
с продолжающейся тенденциуй старения населения, социальные услуги как инструмент социальной помощи набирают силу и акцентируют нужду повышения качества в их обеспечивании. Вопрос социальных услуг, а также качество и эффективность их предоставления социально незащищенным имеет значительное и важное место в политиках модерных современных стран. Целью нашей работы является подчеркнуть важность и значительность социальных услуг в решении неблагоприятных социальных ситуаций в жизни человека.
ABSTRACT
Recent increase of various crisis situations leads to population aging, so the social services as one of the social assistance tools, has been gaining its importance with emphases onthe quality of provided services. The issue of social services and the quality of their efficient providing forthe socially deprived persons has its significant and is to highlight the importance of social services in dealing with the adverse social situations in human life.
Ключевые слова: Социальные услуги. Уход. Клиент. Социальный кризис.
Keywords: Social services. Care. Client. Social crisis.
Social services with their complexly codified form create a part of social assistance system, and belong to the fundamental pillars of social protection system for all citizens.
During recent "speed-up time", traditional human values have been gradually ceasing, and in the casesof serious problems, the mutual closeness and understanding from thefamily members starts declining. During the life, a person meets numerouscrises with different intensities and circumstances, but connected with subjective perceptionof the load rate during the crisis period, the individuals are often found with the feelings rooted in their expectations, such as fear, disappointment and frustration, and further in the personality structure can come to reorders, changes, and moves of the life goals, needs and values.
Social services play important role in the lives of people, they represent one of the ways how to help those who find themselves in unfavourable social situations, because every individual has its own value, thusin the case of disadvantage, social services try to protect him via salutary activities [6]. Important is that help must come out of the individual client's needs and must be aimed at support and development of client's independence, as well as on his social inclusion and strengthening.
In Slovakia, in the field of social services demand
prevailsover the supply, because various facilities providing such services has only limited or insufficient capacities. From demographic point of view, among the objective reasons can be included increase of elderly citizens, permanent increase of people with impaired health, mainly with seniors but also the increasing amount of combined severe disabilities among young people.
1 Diversity of crisis and unfavourable social situations during human life
Life of a person and all his human activities represent creation and protection of values, or the efforts for their maintaining and further development. The values are the results of relations between our needs and what enables their satisfaction.
Matel [5] states that meeting the needs is commonly affected by the following circumstances: disease, disability of a person, human relations.
The importance of interest in human needs comes out from the fact that adverse social situation can be affected by recently unmet needs. Human needs vary and develop throughout the life. What one person considered an essential, for the otherit might have no relevance. There exist several generally accepted theories of human needs one of the most famous is Abraham Maslow's psychological theory of motivation. (See picture 1)
