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2019
ВЕСТНИК САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ИСТОРИЯ
Т. 64. Вып. 1
ВСЕОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯ
The History of the Medieval Papacy at the Imperial St. Petersburg University
I. P. Potekhina
For citation: Potekhina I. P. The History of the Medieval Papacy at the Imperial St. Petersburg University. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2019, vol. 64, issue 1, pp. 136-158. https:// doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.108
The purpose of this article is to investigate the history and content of scholarly studies devoted to the history of the medieval papacy at St. Petersburg University of pre-revolutionary times. The tasks of the article include both the study of historiographical sources, and a survey of disciplines related to the history of the medieval papacy taught at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University in 1819-1917. The author draws attention to the fact that this subject of educational courses and scholarly research for a long time remained "unpopular" among St. Petersburg medievalists. However, a real outline of university research in the field of "papal history" in historiography still hasn't been done. The main way to identify the required courses of historical and ecclesiastical nature was to analyze university editions known as "The Announcements of Public Teaching of Sciences" and "Surveys of the Teaching of Sciences at the Imperial St. Petersburg / Petrograd University" and now accessible to a wide audience thanks to the portal "History St. Petersburg University in Virtual Space". The author also refers to the materials collected during the biographical and prosopographical studies of the Center for History of St. Petersburg State University and concentrated in a number of network dictionaries ("The Network Biographical Dictionary of Professors and Teachers of St. Petersburg
Irina P. Potekhina — PhD in History, Associate Professor, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology, 26, Moskovsky pr., St. Petersburg, 190013, Russian Federation; [email protected]
Ирина Павловна Потехина — канд. ист. наук, доц., Санкт-Петербургский Государственный технологический институт (Технический университет), Российская Федерация, 190013, Санкт-Петербург, Московский пр., 26; [email protected]
This research was supported by RFBR (Russian Foundation for Basic Research), project No. 16-0600528 "Petersburg Historical School (XVIII — beginning of the XX century): Biographical database and information resource".
Статья подготовлена при поддержке РФФИ (Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований), проект «Петербургская историческая школа (XVIII — начало XX в.): биографическая база данных и информационный ресурс», проект № 16-06-00528.
© Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, 2019
University" etc). On the basis of the data obtained, the author draws a conclusion about the extent to which the pre-revolutionary university research in the field of the history of the Holy See was developed and promising in reality.
Keywords: history of St. Petersburg University, history of the medieval papacy, history of the high school, St. Petersburg historical school, faculty of history and philology.
История средневекового папства
в Императорском Санкт-Петербургском университете
И. П. Потехина
Для цитирования: Potekhina I. P. The History of the Medieval Papacy at the Imperial St. Petersburg University // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История. 2019. Т. 64. Вып. 1. С. 136158. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2019.108
Цель настоящей статьи — исследовать историю и содержание научных штудий, посвященных истории средневекового папства в Петербургском университете дореволюционного времени. В задачи статьи входит как изучение историографических источников по заявленной теме, так и обзор дисциплин, в той или иной степени связанных с историей средневекового папства и преподававшихся на историко-филологическом факультете (в 1835-1850 гг. — философском) Санкт-Петербургского университета в период с 1819 по 1917 г. Автор обращает внимание на то, что данная тематика учебных курсов (а также научных исследований), важность которой для понимания средневековой истории в целом трудно оспорить, в течение долгого времени вообще оставалась «непопулярной» среди петербургских медиевистов, и реальная характеристика университетских изысканий в области «папской истории» в историографии до сих пор отсутствует. Основным способом выявления искомых учебных курсов исторической и историко-церковной направленности стал анализ внутриуниверситетских изданий, известных как «Объявления публичного преподавания наук в Императорском Санкт-Петербургском университете» и «Обозрения преподавания наук в Императорском С.-Петербургском / Петроградском университете», в наши дни доступных широкой аудитории благодаря порталу «История Санкт-Петербургского университета в виртуальном пространстве». Автор также обращается к материалам, собранным в результате биографических и просопографических изысканий, проведенных сотрудниками Центра истории СПбГУ, и сконцентрированным в ряде сетевых биобиблиографических словарей («Сетевой биографический словарь профессоров и преподавателей Санкт-Петербургского университета (1819-1917)», «Сетевой биографический словарь историков Санкт-Петербургского университета (XVIII-XX вв.)», «Петербургская историческая школа (XVIII — начало XX в.): информационный ресурс»). На основании полученных данных, сведенных в специальную хронологическую таблицу, автор делает заключение о том, насколько в действительности были развиты и продуктивны дореволюционные университетские исследования в области истории св. Престола. Ключевые слова: история Петербургского университета, история средневекового папства, история высшей школы, петербургская историческая школа, историко-филологический факультет.
For many years, Russian medievalists, including those working at St. Petersburg University, have been aspiring to a prominent place in world medieval studies and openly declaring their achievements to be comparable to those of European and American medieval studies. Indeed, sometimes such persons as Eugene Shmurlo, Lev Karsavin, paleographers
Olga Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya and Alexandra Lyublinskaya, and few other Russian historians appeared to be familiar to the Western scholarly public — mainly thanks to their outstanding activity in some specific historical spheres. Meanwhile, the overwhelming majority of medievalists who worked (and are working now) in Russia remains unknown to foreign colleagues. Among them one can mention a number of specialists in the history of the medieval papacy — a theme that remains invariably marginal in our medieval studies as a whole. This very feature of Russian and particularly St. Petersburg "school of medievalists"1 seems to be more than remarkable.
As the coryphaeus of European medieval studies Georg H. Pertz (1795-1876) wrote after his brief visit to Vatican archives in 1823, "the keys of Peter are still the keys of the Middle Ages"2. Thus, to deny the importance of papal and ecclesiastical subjects for understanding the entire medieval history is at least unreasonable. Despite this, St. Petersburg school of medievalists has produced a very small number of works on the history of the medieval papacy and prominent names of historians who dealt with this topic. Without going into detail about the reasons of this historiographic situation, let us try to clarify a number of specific "statistical" issues connected with St. Petersburg studies of papal history. How many experts on the history of the medieval Catholic Church and papacy who worked at St. Petersburg University during the period of its pre-revolutionary heyday (1819-1917) can be mentioned? Who introduced the Holy See to local students? How did it happen and what was the scale? From what positions was the history of the medieval pontiffs presented to students? On what historiographical foundation did the teachers and professors rely? And, finally, what potential of Russian pre-revolutionary scholarship about the medieval papacy can be discovered on the basis of the pedagogical practice of the capital's capita university?
To answer these questions, we used the latest network databases created by members of the Center of the History of St. Petersburg University in 2011-20183. Among them there are the electronic library of the portal called "History of the St. Petersburg University in Virtual Space"4 and series of biobibliographic network dictionaries of university
1 Concerning the question of particular St. Petersburg school of medievalists medievalist school see: Kaganovich B. S. Russkie medievisty pervoi poloviny XX v. SPb., 2007; Sveshnikov A. V.: 1) Nauchnaia shkola kak konstruktsiia. O priemakh formirovaniia peterburgskoi shkoly medievistov nachala XX v. // Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography. 2012. Vol. 5, no. 1. P. 121-158; 2) Ivan Mikhailovich Grevs i peterburgskaia shkola medievistov nachala XX v. Sud'ba nauchnogo soobshchestva. M.; SPb., 2016.
2 Pertz G. H. Italiänische Reise vom November 1821 bis August 1823 // Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde zur Beförderung einer Gesammtausgabe der Quellenschriftendeutscher Geschichten des Mittelalters. 1824. Bd. V. S. 24.
3 Concerning these projects and the possibilities they give to researchers, see especially: Rostovt-sev E. A., Amosova A. A., Yanchenko D. G. Proekty po istorii Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta na istorich-eskom fakul'tete // Vestnik of Saint-Petersburg University. History. 2013. Iss. 3. P. 203-206; Sosnitskii D. A. Is-toriia Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta v setevom prostranstve // Klio. 2013. No. 10 (82). P. 145-148; Rostovtsev E. A. Problematika proektov po universitetskoi istorii i istorii vysshei shkoly (Sankt-Peterburg-skii universitet) // Novoe Proshloe / The New Past. 2016. No. 3. P. 145-158; Dvornichenko A. Yu., Rostovtsev E. A., Barinov D. A.: 1) The department of Russian history at St. Petersburg University (1821-1917): a group portrait // Vestnik of Saint-Petersburg University. History. 2016. Iss. 3. P. 46-56; 2) "Petersburg Historical School" XVIII — early XX Century: Historiographical Context and Research Methods // Bylye Gody. 2018. Vol. 49, iss. 3. P. 1046-1060; Potekhina I. P. Portal "Biografika SPbGU" i novye vozmozhnosti v izuchenii peterburgskoi medievistiki // Srednie veka. 2018. Vol. 79, no. 3. P. 180-195.
4 Istoriia Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta v virtual'nom prostranstve (kul'turnoe nasledie, muze-inye kollektsii, biografika) // Saint-Petersburg University. URL: http://history.museums.spbu.ru/ (accessed 15.07.2018).
professors and teachers (particularly historians) and employees5. First of all, we examined the internal university publications available in the electronic library and known as "The Announcements of Public Teaching of Sciences at the Imperial St. Petersburg University" and "Surveys of the Teaching of Sciences at the Imperial St. Petersburg / Petrograd University". Secondly, materials of the biographical articles on the teachers of the Department of World History and the Department of Church History (and also the all-university Department of Theology) were analyzed as well. On the basis of the data obtained we succeeded in forming a table reflecting the teaching of disciplines somehow related to the history of the medieval papacy, for the period from 1819 to 1917.
Courses and disciplines potentially connected with the history of Medieval Papacy (1819-1917)
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1819/20 — — [World History] E. B. Raupach —
1820/21 — — [World History] E. B. Raupach —
1821/22 — — [World History] E. B. Raupach (up to Sept., 1821) —
1822/23 — — [World History] A. A. Degurov, T. O. Rogov —
1823/24 — — History of the Middle Ages and Modern History A. A. Degurov —
1824/25 — — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
1825/26 — — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
5 Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' professorov i prepodavatelei Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta (1819-1917) / ed. board: R. Sh. Ganelin, A. Yu. Dvornichenko (ed.), T. N. Zhukovskaia, E. A. Rostovtsev (ed.), I. L. Tikhonov // Biografika SPbGU. Saint-Petersburg University. URL: http://bioslovhist.spbu.ru/uni-versity.html (accessed 15.07.2018) (henceforward — Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' professorov i prepodavatelei ...); Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta (XVIII-XX vv.) / ed. board: A. Yu. Dvornichenko (ed.), R. Sh. Ganelin, T. N. Zhukovskaia, E. A. Rostovtsev (ed.), I. L. Tikhonov. URL: http://bioslovhist.spbu.ru/history.html (accessed 15.07.2018) (henceforward — Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov.); Peterburgskaia istoricheskaia shkola (XVIII — nachalo XX v.): informatsionnyi resurs / ed. board: T. N. Zhukovskaia, A. Yu. Dvornichenko (ed.), E. A. Rostovtsev (ed.), I. L. Tikhonov. URL: http://bioslovhist.spbu.ru/histschool/index.html (accessed 05.08.2018) (henceforward — Peterburgskaia istoricheskaia shkola.) .
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1826/27 [Church antiquities] G. P. Pavskii — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
1827/28 — — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
1828/29 — — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
1829/30 — — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
1830/31 — — Middle History A. L. Krylov —
1831/32 — — [Ancient and Medieval History] N. G. Ustrialov —
1832/33 — — [Ancient and Medieval History] N. G. Ustrialov —
1833/34 — — [Ancient and Medieval History] N. G. Ustrialov —
1834/35 — — History of the Middle Ages N. V. Gogol' —
1835/36 Church History A. I. Raikovskii (from Febr., 1836) — Ancient and Medieval History M. S. Kutorga —
1836/37 Church History A. I. Raikovskii — History of the Roman Emperors and Historical Events up to the End of the Crusades M. S. Kutorga The Rest of Time up to the Discovery of America M. S. Kutorga —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1837/38 Church History and Dogmatic Theology A. I. Raikovskii — Ancient and Medieval History up to the late 15th century M. S. Kutorga —
Church History and Dogmatic Theology A. I. Raikovskii Ancient and Medieval History up to the late 15th century M. S. Kutorga Continuation and conclusion of the History of the Middle Ages M. S. Kutorga
1838/39 Imperial Period of the Roman History and the History of the Middle Ages up to the End of the Crusades A. V. Shakeev Continuation and conclusion of the History of the Middle Ages up to the Discovery of America A. V. Shakeev
1839/40 Church History A. I. Raikovskii — — —
1840/41 Church History A. I. Raikovskii — Middle History M. S. Kutorga (?) Middle History M. I. Kastorskii (?) —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
Church History A. I. Raikovskii Conclusion of the Medieval History and Modern History M. S. Kutorga
1841/42 — Imperial Period of the Roman History and the History of Middle Ages up to the Suppression of the Carolingian Dynasty in Germany M. I. Kastorksii Conclusion of the History of the middle Ages from the Suppression of the Carolingian Dynasty in Germany to the Reformation M. I. Kastorksii —
Church History A. I. Raikovskii Middle History M. S. Kutorga
1842/43 — Medieval History M. I. Kastorskii Middle history from the Death of Charlemagne and Modern History M. I. Kastorskii —
1843/44 Church History A. I. Raikovskii — Middle History M. S. Kutorga Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
1844/45 Church History A. I. Raikovskii — Middle History M. I. Kastorskii Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
1845/46 Church History A. I. Raikovskii — Middle History M. S. Kutorga Middle History M. I. Kastorskii Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1846/47 — — Middle History M. I. Kastorksii Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
1847/48 — — Middle History M. I. Kastorskii Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
1848/49 — — Middle History M. S. Kutorga Middle History M. I. Kastorskii Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
1849/50 — — Middle History M. S. Kutorga Middle History M. I. Kastorskii ?
1850/51 — — Roman History and the First Half of the Middle Ages M. I. Kastorskii Conclusion of the Medieval History M. I. Kastorskii Pedagogical and critical lessons on the World History M. S. Kutorga
1851/52 No information available
1852/53
1853/54 — — Middle History up to the early XVIth cent. M. M. Stasiulevich —
1854/55 — — History of the Feudal Epoch M. S. Kutorga Middle History up to the early XVIth cent. M. M. Stasiulevich —
1855/56 — — [Middle History up to the early XVIth cent. M. M. Stasiulevich —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1856/57 — — Middle History up to the early XVIth cent. N. A. Astafev —
1857/58 — — Middle History up to the Seizure of Constantinople by the Turks N. A. Astafev —
1858/59 — — Core course of the History of the Middle Ages M. M. Stasiulevich Supplementary course of the History of the Middle Ages M. M. Stasiulevich
1859/60 — — Core course of the History of the Middle Ages M. M. Stasiulevich Supplementary course of the History of the Middle M. M. Stasiulevich
1860/61 — — Core course of the History of the Middle Ages M. M. Stasiulevich ?
1861/62 Break in the University (from the Fall of 1861 to the Fall of 1863)
1862/63
1863-67 No information available
1867/68 — — Core course of the World History M. S. Kutorga [Critical exercises on historical sources] M. S. Kutorga
1868/69 — — — —
1869/70 No information available
1870/71 — — History of the Middle Ages V. G. Vasilevskii —
1871/72 — — Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1872/73 — — Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1873/74 — — Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1874/75 [History of Church, mainly Eastern] I. E. Troitskii — Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1875/76 [History of Church, mainly Eastern] I. E. Troitskii — Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1876/77 — — Core Course of Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1877/78 — — Core Course of Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1878/79 — — Core Course of Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1879/80 — — Core Course of Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1880/81 — — Core Course of Middle Medieval History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1881/82 History of the Western Church I. E. Troitskii — Core Course of Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1882/83 History of the Western Church I. E. Troitskii — Core Course of Middle Medieval History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1883/84 History of the Western Church I. E. Troitskii — Core Course of Middle History V. G. Vasilevskii —
1884/85 No information available
1885/86 — — History of the Middle Ages up to the late 10th century V. G. Vasilevskii —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1886/87 History of Ancient Universal Church up to the East-West Schism and of the Eastern Church up to the Seizure of Constantinople by the Turks I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church from the East-West Schism to the Reformation I. E. Troitskii — History of the Middle Ages from the Roman times to the Disintegration of the Charlemagne Monarchy V. G. Vasilevskii History of the First Crusade V. G. Vasilevskii —
1887/88 — — General Review of History of the Middle Ages V. G. Vasilevskii —
1888/89 History of Ancient Universal Church up to the East-West Schism and of the Eastern Church up to the Seizure of Constantinople by the Turks I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church from the East-West Schism to the Reformation I. E. Troitskii — History of the Crusades V. E. Regel' —
1889/90 History of the Western Church from the East-West Schism to the Modern time I. E. Troitskii Review of sources and manuals on the History of both Churches I. E. Troitskii History of the Middle Ages V. G. Vasilevskii —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1890/91 History of Ancient Universal Church up to the East-West Schism I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church from the East-West Schism to the Modern time I. E. Troitskii Review of sources and manuals on the History of the Eastern and Western Churches I. E. Troitskii The Empire and Papacy in the Middle Ages V. E. Regel' —
1891/92 — History of the Ancient Church. History of Dogmas I. E. Troitskii History of Church Historiography I. E. Troitskii Core Course of Middle History up to the Disintegration of the Charlemagne Monarchy V. G. Vasilevskii —
1892/93 No information available
1893/94 History of Ancient Church up to the East-West Schism I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church after the East-West Schism I. E. Troitskii — History of Western Europe from the Great Western Schism (1378) to the Reformation G. V. Forsten —
1894/95 History of Ancient Church up to the East-West Schism I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church (up to the Reformation) I. E. Troitskii — The Crusades V. E. Regel' Practical lessons on the western medieval history V. G. Vasilevskii
1895/96 History of the Ancient Church I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church (period of the Reformation) I. E. Troitskii — The Crusades V. E. Regel' History of the Middle Ages up to Charlemagne I. M. Grevs —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1896/97 History of Ancient Church from Con-stantine the Great to the East-West Schism I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church from the East-West Schism to the Reformation I. E. Troitskii — — —
1897/98 History of Ancient Church up to the East-West Schism (I-IX) I. E. Troitskii History of the Western Church up to the Reformation I. E. Troitskii — Papacy and Empire in Western Europe up to the late 13th century G. V. Forsten History of the Middle Ages I. M. Grevs —
1898/99 History of the Universal Church in IVth-IXth Centuries B. M. Melioranskii — The Crusades V. E. Regel' History of the Middle Ages (feudal period) I. M. Grevs —
1899/00 History of the Latin Church from the East-West Schism in IXth Century to the Reformation in 1517 I. E. Troitskii History of Universal Church from Con-stantine the Great to the East-West Schism B. M. Melioranskii — History of Western Europe in the period of the Great Western Schism G. V. Forsten —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1900/01 General course of the History of the Ancient Church (up to the mid-IXth Century) B. M. Melioranskii — The Crusades V. E. Regel' History of the Middle Ages E. D. Grimm Feudal Europe V. V. Novodvorskii —
1901/02 No information available
1902/03
1903/04 — Reading from the sources on the history of the Universal Church (V-VIII) B. M. Melioranskii Core Course of Middle History I. M. Grevs —
1904/05 General course of the History of the Ancient Church B. M. Melioranskii — History of the Papacy and the Empire from the mid-13th century G. V. Forsten History of the medieval social system in its heyday I. M. Grevs The Crusades V. E. Regel' Dante's "De Monar-chia" in connection with the conflict between Philip IV the Fair and Boniface VIII G. V. Forsten
1905/06 General course of the History of the Ancient Church, IV-IX B. M. Melioranskii — — —
1906/07 — — History of the Crusades V. E. Regel' —
1907/08 — — History of the 14th and 15th centuries (papal and imperial decline and the Renaissance) G. V. Forsten —
1908/09 — — — —
Academic year Department of Theology / Department of Church History (or The History of Church) Department of World History
Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons Core course Supplementary course or Practical lessons
1909/10 History of the Papacy I. D. Andreev Abstracts on the papal history in connection with studying of "Liber Pontificalis" I. D. Andreev — —
1910/11 Core course of the Church History I. D. Andreev (?) ? ? ?
1911/12 Core course of the Church History I. D. Andreev (?) ? ? ?
1912/13 Core course of the Church History I. D. Andreev (?) ? ? ?
1913/14 No information available
1914/15 Core course of the Church History I. D. Andreev — — Origin of the Papal State in connection with studying sources P. B. Shaskol'skii
1915/16 Core course of the Church History I. D. Andreev — — Origin and early history of the Papal State (VIII-X) P. B. Shaskol'skii
1916/17 Core course of the Church History I. D. Andreev — History of the Medieval Papacy P. B. Shaskol'skii Evolution of the form of the papal bulla (course with practical exercises) O. A. Dobiash-Rozh-destvenskaia The development of the ideas of papal secular power and theocracy in the Middle Ages (by letters, decrees and essays of the epochs of Gregory VII and Boniface VIII) P. B. Shaskol'skii
Despite some lacunae, the table represented here clearly shows that courses that could affect the history of the medieval papacy were taught at the Faculty of History and Philology (in 1835-1850 at the I Department of the Faculty of Philosophy) almost regularly. At the same time, the topic of our interest was touched on either within the framework of courses on secular (political) history or within the theological and church-historical courses. However, with reference to the studies devoted to the University of the 19th cen-
tury6, we can assume that the success of this "touching" in terms of giving any significant and voluminous information about the Holy See was comparatively rare. Between the 1810s and the 1840s the theme of the Catholic Church remained strictly secondary for the members of the University. Most of them in their own scholarly research (and apparently in lectures as well) focused more on the problems and subjects of Antiquity (M. S. Ku-torga)7 or on the history of the Eastern and Russian Orthodox churches (G. P. Pavskii, A. I. Raikovskii, especially after 1846)8. The only work on the history of the medieval papacy originating from St. Petersburg University in the middle of the 19th century was the essay by M. S. Kutorga "History of the Papal Power before Charlemagne and the Restoration of the Western Roman Empire" (1850)9. Among the most frequent manuals for students (in case when we can find references to them in the "Announcements of Public Teaching of Sciences") there was a variety of home-grown and translated textbooks of the late 18th — early 19th century10, and sometimes even non-attributable lecturer's "own notes"11. And only with M. S. Kutorga's joining the Department of World History (1835), some "German textbooks" were put into practice12. As for the Department of Theology, its teachers usually recommended that their students learn church-history courses from manuals for church schools and theological academies13. It is worth adding that the excessive fascination with the "Latin West" and the "Latin Church", even from an exclusively scientific point of view, at that time also could not develop because of specific political and ideological position of the university leaders and the Ministry of Enlightenment14.
6 Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet v techenie pervykh piatidesiati let ego su-shchestvovaniia. SPb., 1870.
7 Zhukovskaia T. N. Kutorga Mikhail Semenovich (1809-1886) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' is-torikov...; Okun S. B. Osnovanie Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta i nachal'nyi period ego deiatel'nosti (1819-1855) // Istoriia Leningradskogo universiteta. 1819-1969. Ocherki / ed. by V. V. Mavrodin. L., 1969. P. 50; Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 217. Cf.: Sidorchuk I. V., Kudriavtse-va E. A., Zhukovskaia T. N. Kastorskii Mikhail Ivanovich (1809-1866) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' is-torikov...; Kudriavtseva E.A., Sidorchuk I. V., Zhukovskaia T. N. Shakeev Aleksandr Venediktovich (18121870) // Ibid. — As we can see from the table in 1831-1834 Ancient, Middle and Modern history happened to be taught even by a specialist in the history of Russia N. G. Ustrialov. However, as V. V. Grigor'ev writes "the first two sections did not occupy him" (Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 91).
8 See: Sidorchuk I. V., Zhukovskaia T. N.: 1) Pavskii Gerasim Petrovich (1787-1863) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' professorov i prepodavatelei.; 2) Raikovskii Andrei Ivanovich (1802-1860) // Ibid.; Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 132.
9 Kutorga M. S. Istoriia papskoi vlasti do Karla Velikogo i vosstanovlenie Zapadnoi Rimskoi Imperii // Sovremennik. 1850. T. XXI, no. 5. Part. II. P. 41-86; Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 217.
10 See for example: Kaidanov I. K.: 1) Rukovodstvo k poznaniiu vseobshchei politicheskoi istorii. SPb., 1821. Pt. 2. Istoriia srednikh vekov; 2) Obzor vseobshchei istorii, ili Ukazanie na glavneishie sobytiia, slu-chivshiesia v svete ot sotvoreniia mira do nashikh vremen. SPb., 1836; 3) Uchebnaia kniga vseobshchei istorii. (Dlia iunoshestva). Istoriia srednikh vekov. SPb., 1837. University teachers also used the educational books of Johann Matthias Schreck (1733-1808) and Ivan (Johann Georg) Koch (1739-1805). See: Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 15, 51.
11 Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 55-56.
12 Ob'iavlenie publichnogo prepodavaniia nauk v Imperatorskom Sankt-Peterburgskom universitete na 1837-1838 akademicheskii god. Ot rektora i soveta. SPb., 1837. P. 10.
13 See, for example: Innokentii (Smirnov), archim. Nachertanie tserkovnoi istorii ot bibleiskikh vremen do XVIII veka, v pol'zu dukhovnogo iunoshestva. SPb., 1817; Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 48-49, 132. The only medieval theme that drew their attention was apparently the problem of the East-West schism.
14 Zhukovskaia T. N. Universitety i universitetskie traditsii v Rossii: kurs lektsii. Petrozavodsk, 2011. P. 49-50.
Anyway, the dismissal in 1821 of E. B. Raupach, the chief "specialist" on the world history, and his accusation within so-called "Professors case" of lecturing "in the spirit opposing Christianity" (in fact, Orthodoxy)15 unambiguously demonstrates the ideological and religious obscurity of the then university system of the Russian Empire. Similarly, various bans on overseas academic trips or internships of students to some specific foreign universities (for example, to Heidelberg, Jena, Wuerzburg)16 could not contribute to raising the level of teaching secular and ecclesiastical world history.
The situation began to change for the better in the 1850s, when Kutorga's student Mikhail Stasyulevich now considered in historiography to have been the first true St. Petersburg medievalist17 was employed by the Department of World history. His attention to the comprehensive coverage of the entire history of the Middle Ages, including that of the Western Church, manifested itself in his anthology called "History of the Middle Ages in Its Writers and Investigations of the Modern Scholars"18 — a number of its sections being directly devoted to the development of the papacy and papal authority. However, the period of his work at the university appeared to have been vexingly short. After Stasyu-levich's retirement, the tradition of systematic teaching of the history of the Middle Ages at St. Petersburg University was continued by another Kutorga's student V. G. Vasil'evsky19.
In the 1860s, another important event occurred for St. Petersburg pre-revolutionary scholarship of medieval Western Christianity: a special Department of Church History was created at the University in order to "intercept" the historical courses of the former Department of Theology (1863). Since the middle of the 1870s, "Surveys of the teaching of sciences" systematically had informed of the titles of disciplines taught by the professors of this department — among them "History of the Western Church", "History of the Western Church from the East-West Schism to the Reformation" (I. E. Troitsky)20, "History of the Universal Church from Constantine the Great to the East-West Schism" (B. M. Melioransky)21. Unlike the courses of the Department of Theology, their lectures were based primarily on foreign studies and textbooks (though not always "fresh" enough in comparison with the contemporary European scholarship dynamically developing),
15 Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet... P. 35, 37-38; Margolis Yu.D., Tish-kin G. A. "Edinym vdokhnoveniem". Ocherki istorii universitetskogo obrazovaniia v Peterburge v kontse XVIII — pervoi polovine XIX v. SPb., 2000. P. 153-154; Zhukovskaia T. N. Universitety i universitetskie tra-ditsii... P. 74-75.
16 Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 126; Margolis Yu. D., Tishkin G. A. "Edinym vdokhnoveniem"... P. 168.
17 Potekhina I. P., Rostovtsev E. A., Malinov A. V. Stasiulevich Mikhail Matveevich (1826-1911) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov...; Grigor'ev V. V. Imperatorskii S.-Peterburgskii universitet. P. 220; Buzeskul V. P. Vseobshchaia istoriia i ee predstaviteli v Rossii v XIX i nachale XX veka. Chast' pervaia. L., 1929. P. 111.
18 Istoriia srednikh vekov v ee pisateliakh i issledovaniiakh noveishikh uchenykh. SPb., 1863-1865. T. 1-3. See also: Stasiulevich M. M.: 1) Sviatoi Bernard, abbat de Klervo // Moskvitianin. 1853. No. 9. P. 1-36; 2) Obshchii kurs istorii srednikh vekov. (Ot padeniia Zapadnoi Rimskoi imperii v 476 g. po R. Kh. do pa-deniia Vostochnoi Rimskoi imperii v 1453 g.). SPb., 1856.
19 Barinov D.A., Rostovtsev E.A.Vasil'evskii Vasilii Grigor'evich (1833-1899) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov.; Vasil'evskii V. G. Lektsii po istorii srednikh vekov / comp. by L. N. Zalivalova; eds G. E. Lebedeva, S. E. Fedorov. SPb., 2008.
20 Barinov D. A., Rostovtsev E. A. Troitskii Ivan Egorovich (1832-1901) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov.; Vvedenie v istoriiu Tserkvi. Chast' 2. Obzor istoriografii po obshchei istorii Tserkvi: Ucheb-noe posobie / ed. by V. V Simonov. SPb., 2015. P. 350.
21 Barinov D. A., Rostovtsev E. A. Melioranskii Boris Mikhailovich (1870-1906) // Setevoi biografi-cheskii slovar' istorikov.
such as "General History of Christian Religion and Church" by A. Neander22, "Studies in Church History, Archeology and Liturgy" by K. J. Hefele23, "Handbook of General Church History" by J. Hergenrother24 and so on. Finally, the manuals on the history of the Western church began to be created by the teachers of the department themselves25. The inclusion of practical lessons on sources and historiography of the Eastern and Western Churches into the curriculum of the department also seemed to be a very important innovation (1889-1892, 1903-1904).
The lithographically published lectures of the 1880s and 1890s clearly demonstrate that the professors of the Department of Church History were fully aware of the importance of the phenomenon of papal authority and the papacy institution for studying Western Christianity as a whole. Let us pay attention at least to the introductory remarks made in the lectures of I. E. Troitsky:
"The center of all church events in my lectures will be Rome, or rather, the papacy, which was a great driving force in the history of the Western Church"26.
"The central point to which all the functions of the Western Church <.. .> were reduced, about which its vital interests were grouped, which finally set the tone and direction of its activity, created its history, was the papacy"27.
The presentation of the specific historical material in these lecture manuals was arranged in accordance with a clear periodization (dividing the history of the Western church into the epochs from Nicholas I (858-867) to Gregory VII (1073-1085) and from Gregory VII to the Reformation28), and sometimes was extremely detailed. Actually, in some aspects of papal history, the author of the lectures, I. E. Troitsky, showed an acquaintance with the latest and most relevant European historiography29. Nevertheless, some nuances remained for the lecturer — and, therefore, for his audience — a kind of terra incognita (alluding, for example, to papal administrative body, papal finances and sources of income and so on30).
And yet, it is no exaggeration to say that up until the end of the 19 th century there had been regrettably few works on the history of the medieval papacy written by St. Petersburg university historians . It was especially surprising as in the other university centers of the Russian Empire there had been already a little army of historians dedicating themselves to the "papal" studies — moreover, some of them were graduates of St. Petersburg Historical
22 Neander A. Allgemeine Geschichte der christliche Religion und Kirche. Hamburg, 1825-1845.
23 Hefele K. J. Beiträge zur Kirchengeschichte, Archäologie und Liturgik. Tübingen, 1864.
24 Hergenröther J. Handbuch der allgemeine Kirchengeschichte. Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1876-1880.
25 See for example: TroitskiiI. E.: 1) Istoriia Zapadnoi tserkvi so vremeni razdeleniia Tserkvei do Refor-matsii (IX-XVI vv.). Lektsii chitannye professorom Troitskim v 1881-82 uchebn. godu v S.-Peterb. Univer-sitete na istoriko-filologicheskom fakul'tete. SPb., [1882]; 2) Istoriia khristianskoi tserkvi. [SPb.], 1897.
26 Troitskii I. E. Istoriia Zapadnoi tserkvi. P. 6.
27 Troitskii I. E. Lektsii po istorii tserkvi. SPb., [1892]. P. 1 (al. pag.).
28 Troitskii I. E. Istoriia Zapadnoi tserkvi. P. 18.
29 See, for example, the citation of the monograph by Wilhelm Martens (Martens W. Die Römische Frage unter Pippin und Karl den Großen. Stuttgart, 1881): Troitskii I. E. Istoriia Zapadnoi tserkvi. P. 11.
30 Ibid. P. 64-66.
and Philological Faculty but began to study the history of the Holy See only after leaving their alma mater31.
Similarly, St. Petersburg historians did not hurry to settle down in the Vatican archives — although there already had been such an opportunity for Russian scholars in general since the mid-1810s, when, after the Napoleonic wars, in the wake of the formation of the new system of international relations, the papal throne officially admitted representatives of such countries as Austria, England, Denmark, Russia and Sweden to its library and the archives32. The turning point for the community of world medievalists that happened in 1881, when Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) opened for the researchers and students of Catholic universities a substantial part of the Vatican Secret Archive (Archivium Secretum Apostolicum Vaticanum, now Archivio Segreto Vaticano (ASV)), also remained unnoticed in Russia33.
More or less substantial scholarly interest in this huge and undoubtedly significant collection of documents in Russia began to arise slowly only at the very turn of the 19th-20th centuries, and in terms of academic science manifested itself in the appointment of a special scholarly correspondent of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Rome (since 1903 E. F. Shmurlo) and publication of a series of academic collections under the general title "Russia and Italy"34. However, the most promising scholarly projects of this time connected with the creation of the Russian Historical Institute in Rome (analogous to the other "Roman Historical Institutes"35), were doomed to stay unrealized36.
Some, albeit peculiar and one-sided, revival of interest in the medieval papacy (primarily among secular historians of St. Petersburg University) occurred only in the 1890s, when a series of courses on the late medieval church (especially the period of the Avignon Captivity of popes and the Great Western Schism), was introduced by professor G. V. Forsten, previously specializing in the history of Scandinavia and the Baltic region37. Unfor-
31 Biography of V. A. Bilbasov shows an excellent example of such situation. See: Rostovt-sev E. A. Bil'basov Vasilii Alekseevich (1837-1904) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov...; Buze-skul V. P. Vseobshchaia istoriia i ee predstaviteli... P. 114 et al.
32 See: Berlière U. Aux archives Vaticanes. Extrait de la Revue Bénédictine. Bruges, 1903. P. 6-8; Boyle L. E. A Survey of the Vatican Archives and of its Medieval Holdings. Toronto, 1972. P. 14. Cf.: Prozoro-va V. B. "Lux in arcana — sekretnye arkhivy Vatikana": Razmyshleniia o dokumental'nom nasledii, predstav-lennom na vystavke v Rime // Vestnik arkhivista. 2013. No. 2. P. 299-308; Potekhina I. P. Bogatstvo i bednost' sviatogo Petra. Administrativno-finansovaia sistema srednevekovogo papstva (VI-XIV vv.). SPb., 2018. P. 9.
33 Berlière U. Aux archives. P. 10-13; Lunt W. E.: 1) Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages. New York, 1934. Vol. I. P. I—II; 2) The Financial System of the Medieval Papacy in the Light of Recent Literature // The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1909. Vol. XXIII, no. 2. P. 253-254; Boyle L. E. A Survey of the Vatican Archives. P. 14; Haskins C. H. The Vatican Archives // The American Historical Review. 1896. Vol. 2, no. 1. P. 42-43. Cp.: Korolev G. I. Medievisticheskaia arkheografiia za rubezhom. Trudy XIX — nachala XX v. M., 2003. P. 123. On the consequences of this step of the pope Leo XIII see: Potekhina I. P. Bogatstvo i bednost' sviatogo Petra. P. 10-17.
34 Shmurlo E. F.: 1) Ob uchrezhdenii russkoi istoricheskoi komissii v Rime. Moscow, 1900; 2) Vatikan-skii arkhiv // Rossiia i Italiia. Sb. istoricheskikh materialov i issledovanii, kasaiuschikhsia snoshenii Rossii s Italiei. Vol. I, iss. 1. SPb., 1907. P. 15-114.
35 Baumgarten P. M. Roman Historical Institutes // The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York, 1910. Vol. 8. URL: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08061a.htm (accessed 04.02.2017); Potekhina I. P. Bogatstvo i bednost' sviatogo Petra. P. 11-14.
36 See: Rostovtsev E. A. A. S. Lappo-Danilevskii i peterburgskaia istoricheskaia shkola. Riazan', 2004. P. 170-173; Potekhina I. P. Bogatstvo i bednost' sviatogo Petra. P. 26.
37 Kan A. S. Istorik G. V. Forsten i nauka ego vremeni. M., 1979; Potekhina I. P. Forsten Georgii Vasil'ev-ich (1857-1910) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov.
tunately, his own interest did not go beyond lecture classes with students (and seminars in 1904-1905). Grave disease and death in 1910 prevented him from developing this new research topic in the framework of any notable scholarly scientific publications, and the interests of his numerous students (the so-called "forstenyata") practically did not concern the history of the Western church. The same can be said about the Slavic historian V. E. Regel (by coincidence, he read the course of the history of the Crusades)38 and about professor I. D. Andreev, who entered the department of church history in 1909 and led lectures (and, more importantly, seminars) on the history of Western Christianity and the papacy for more than ten years. His own scholarly interests, reflected in the articles and essays, were concentrated exclusively on the Byzantine church. And the overwhelming majority of his students also chose the Byzantine studies39.
In this context, the development of the "school" of the professor of the Department of World History I. M. Grevs, nowadays (and even in the Soviet times) represented in historiography as the founder of St. Petersburg professional medieval studies) seemed to be more promising. Anyway, it was I. M. Grevs who had brought up by the beginning of the 1910s a number of specialists among his numerous students whose studies appeared to be purposely dedicated to the different issues of the Western Church. From the point of view of the papal history, the central place in his school belonged to P. B. Shaskolsky, whose activities in both pedagogical and scholarly spheres were entirely devoted to the medieval pontiffs (in the spotlight of his articles and courses there were issues related to the formation of the monarchical power of the early medieval papacy)40. However, other I. M. Grevs' university students — L. P. Karsavin, O. A. Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya — also did not ignore the papal history, touching on the Holy See (in their publications, as well as in the courses taught at the University and other educational institutions of St. Petersburg / Petrograd) in the context of their own research topics, such as the development of medieval culture and religiosity, the daily life of medieval society, and so on41.
An important aspect of this situation, in our opinion, was that both the educational courses and the scholarly achievements of this generation of St. Petersburg university medievalists (in their own research and work in the section of the Middle Ages of the editorial board of the New Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, etc.) in a certain sense, supplemented each other, illuminating the history of the medieval papacy and the process of its emergence as a powerful institution from quasi different sides. It seems quite probable to us that if these historians had been able to continue their studies at the same pace and in the same field (using newly arising institutional possibilities such as investigation of ASV), by the 1920s and 1930s in Petersburg / Petrograd University, there
38 Potekhina I. P. Regel' Vasilii (Adnreas Fridrikh Vil'gel'm) Eduardovich (1857-1932) // Ibid.
39 Potekhina I. P. Andreev Ivan Dmitrievich (1867-1927) // Ibid.
40 Shaskol'skii P. B.: 1) Rol' rimskoi tserkvi v oborone Italii v epokhu nashestviia langobardov // K dvadtsatipiatiletiiu ucheno-pedagogicheskoi deiatel'nosti Ivana Mikhailovicha Grevsa. 1884-1909. Sb. statei ego uchenikov. SPb., 1911. P. 341-393; 2) Vopros o "Dare Konstantina" v noveishei istoriografii // Nauchnyi istoricheskii zhurnal. 1914. Vol. 2, iss. 3, no. 5. P. 87-102; 3) Kritika "Donatsii Konstantina" v epokhu guma-nizma. K voprosu o zarozhdenii istoricheskoi kritiki // Nikolaiu Ivanovichu Kareevu ucheniki i tovarish-chi po nauchnoi rabote. K sorokaletiiu professorskoi deiatel'nosti Nikolaia Ivanovicha Kareeva. 1873-1913. SPb., 1914. P. 252-272. See also: SveshnikovA. V.: 1) P. B. Shaskol'skii kak istorik rannego papstva // Antichnyi vestnik. Iss. 6. Almaty, 2002. P. 18-26; 2) Ivan Mikhailovich Grevs. P. 98-107; Potekhina I. P. Shaskol'skii Petr (Teodor) Borisovich (Berngardovich) (1882-1918) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov.
41 Potekhina I. P.: 1) Dobiash-Rozhdesvenskaia Olga Antonovna (1874-1939) // Setevoi biograficheskii slovar' istorikov.; 2) Karsavin Lev Platonovich (1882-1952) // Ibid.
would possibly have developed a distinctive school of the history of the medieval papacy. But the subsequent political and socio-cultural changes that occurred in Russia upon the establishment of Soviet regime, in fact, brought to a close the achievements (though not very great) of this young historiography. The only "bridge" that connected the pre-revolu-tionary studies of the papacy and its Soviet "successor" was the author of the first Marxist "History of the Papacy". It was Samuil G. Lozinsky (1874-1945), the principal and, in fact, the only researcher who dealt with the issues in question for almost the entire Soviet period. Yet, his contact with the university's historical scholarship was extremely fleeting42.
Thus, having a sufficiently large potential and nearly all the institutional opportunities for development, St. Petersburg university studies in the history of the medieval papacy remained practically in a rudimentary state — and this situation continued up to beginning of the post-Soviet period.
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Received: July 27, 2018 Accepted: November 30, 2018 Статья поступила в редакцию 27 июля 2018 г. Рекомендована в печать 30 ноября 2018 г.
