CC BY
7SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
THE HISTORY OF KASHKADARYA OASIS DURING THE TIMURIDS
In the article, the history, culture and development of urban planning during the period of Amir Temur and the Timurids is covered by the example of Kashkadarya. primary sources of the Middle Ages were studied as the main source for the coverage of the topic. The unique aspects of the architecture and crafts of the Timurid period, which are considered important in Kashkadarya, are proven on the basis of sources
Keywords: Ko'shk, architecture, palace, administrative center, house, dome, peshtoq
В статье на примере Кашкадарьи освещается история, культура и развитие градостроительства в период правления Амира Темура и Тимуридов. первоисточники средневековья изучались как основной источник для освещения темы. На основе источников доказаны уникальные аспекты архитектуры и ремесел тимуридского периода, которые считаются важными в Кашкадарье.
Ключевые слова: Кошк, архитектура, дворец, административный центр, дом, купол, пешток.
INTRODUCTION
The city of Karshi, located in the lower Kashkadarya oasis, occupies an important place in the culture and development of the ancient urban history of Uzbekistan and Central Asia. The Karshi oasis in the Kashkadarya basin, where this huge city was formed, was very convenient for traditional irrigated agriculture, crafts and trade, and was located at the crossroads of the Great Silk Road.
The construction of the Karshi fortress marked the beginning of the third stage of the town-planning culture of this oasis. This situation shows that the city of Karshi has changed its location twice in its 2700-year history and has gone through three stages.
During the reign of the Mongols, Movarounnahr was included in the Chigatai ulus, and from the second half of the 13th century, its position in the ulus grew stronger. In the first quarter of the 14th century, Kebek Khan (1318-1325), the khan of the Chigatoi clan, created a new settlement for himself in Movarounnahr, more precisely, 8 km south-east of the ancient Nakhlab.
Guchchiev Zayniddin Gulmurodovich
Master student of Karshi State University
ABSTRACT
АННОТАЦИЯ
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
The famous historian of that time, Hafizi Abro', writes in "Geography" that: "In Turkish, the king's palace is called "Karshi". The king (Kepek Khan) built a palace there and it became famous by this name. [1:170].
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The Russian Orientalist V.V. Barthold in his article "Against" said that this toponym is actually a Uighur word and was later transferred to the Mongolian language. Summarizing the above information, it becomes clear that "Karshi" is a Turkish toponym [2:503].
According to the historian Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi in "Zafarnoma", "Karshi Chigataikhani Kopakhan (1309, 1318-1326) built a fortress (Karshi mog') located 2.5 farsakhs (15 km) from the ancient Nahab (Nasaf) in the Kashkadarya oasis. he is called Kasr in the hive formed around him" [2:41]. "Later, after the destruction of Nahab, it became the capital of the oasis" [2:314]
Kebek Khan was killed by his brother Tarmashirin in 1326. Tarmashirin was also destroyed by his son Bozan in 1329. At the beginning of the 14th century, under Kebek Khan, it was the political and administrative center of the Karshi Chigatai state, and then under Tarmashirin Khan.
Tokhtamysh easily entered the Zeravshan valley and plundered towns and villages. After he failed to take Bukhara, he plundered the environs of Movarounnahr to the Amu Darya and several regions. Zanjirsaray, located to the west of Karshi, in the Kashkadarya basin, was badly damaged [3:285]. On November 15, 1387, Zanjirsarai was burned down by Tokhtamysh and subsequently was not restored.
The Kazakh council was attended by Muhammad Taragai from the Shakhrisabz ulus and Joku Barloslar from Karshi. Joku Barlos agreed to marry his daughter to the son of Taragay Bahadirkhan Temurbek. Shortly thereafter, Temurbek was recognized as emir and began to participate in the councils on behalf of his father. Kazakhstan married his grandson Oljay Turkon (Hussein's sister) to Temurbek as his second wife. Temurbek was closely acquainted with Amir Hussein (Kazogan's grandson). As mentioned above, Temurbek's first wife was the daughter of Joko Barlos.
The city of Karshi occupied a very important place in the military actions of Amir Temur until his accession to the throne in 1360-1370. It was during this period that the city was surrounded by defensive walls, and the Mosque of Odin was built in the city. In Soviet times, the facades and domes of this monument were demolished, and its premises were turned into a prison. In December 2004, in connection with the 2700th anniversary of the city of Karshi, the detention center was moved and the mosque and cistern were repaired. The area of the fortress is 40 hectares.
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
Young Burun visited Temurbek Karshi several times and got acquainted with the location of the city. Amir Temur laid siege to the city with his army in the autumn of 1363. The city of Karshi played an important role in Amir Temur's entry into the political arena, and this was also reflected in the historical sources of the Timurid period.
Among the written sources of the 15th century, among the important works of major historians that have come down to our time, we can distinguish "Zafarnama" in Persian by Nizamiddin Shami, "Zubdat at-Tavarikh" by Hafizi Abro, "Zafarnama" by Sharafuddin Ali. Yazdi, "Muntahab ut-Tawarikh" Muiniddin Natanzi, Fasih "Mujmali Fasihi" Ahmad Khavafi, "Matlay Sa'dayn wa Majmay Bahrain" Abdurazzak Samarkandi, "Ravzat us-safo" Mirkhand, "Habib us-siar" Khondamir, "Adjaib al -makdur fi history of Tai-mur" in Arabic by Ibn Arabshah, "Kitab al-ibar" by Ibn Khaldun, "Diaries" of the Ambassador of Spain (Castile) Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo, "History of the Four Nations" by Mirza Ulugbek and "Baburnom" by Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur and others. At the beginning of this list of the most important sources, it is appropriate to mention the "Laws of Temur" created by Sakhibkiran.
It seems that in the XIV-XV centuries the city of Karshi, one of the largest cities of Turonzamin, was mentioned a lot in the historical sources of the Timurid era. Sahibkiran wrote in "Tuzuklar" that Amir Hussein's jealousy increased as his power strengthened, he violated the agreement concluded with an oath, and, despite the fact that he went to him a lot and showed mercy, he did not go over to his side and took the fortress of Karshi by cunning: "Tuzuklar" "The thirteenth advice of Jeta and Ilyas Khodja about the harm to the army" is written: "Seven thousand horsemen led by the Emir of Kurganbek Musa were appointed to guard the fortress of Karshi." Later he sent another five thousand horsemen there. Not content with that, he tried to kill me. The zeal of kingship in me came to an end and prompted him to take the fortress of Karshi from him. Some of my emirs advised me to go there and take the fortress by force. I began to build a plan for taking the fortress of Karshi. As they say, war has many dangers. I said to myself: "If I want to take the Mabodo fortress by battle, what if the evil eye of my army comes on my army?" I thought. Then I temporarily gave up the struggle and began to use another measure. Turning towards Khorasan, I wanted to collect the memory of the guards of the Karshi castle. Then I planned to return with my army (secretly) and suddenly attack the fortress at night and capture it. So I moved there and went to Khorasan.
When I was crossing the river Amu, I met a caravan going to Karshi from Khorasan. The head of the caravan presented me with gifts. I asked him about the
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
state of the Khorasan emirs and told them that I was going to the province of Khorasan, and then let them go. (But) I sent a spy to the caravan and waited for news from somewhere on the river bank. According to intelligence reports, people in the caravan told Amir Musa: "We saw Amir Temur on the banks of the Amu River, he was going to Khorasan." When this news reached the army of Amir Musa and Amir Hussein, they rejoiced and indulged in entertainment and pleasures.
As soon as I heard this news, I chose two hundred and forty-three of the bravest, bravest, most experienced young men in my army and sent them ahead across the river. I got to the Shirkent region and stayed there for one day and night. I ordered (the people) to make a ladder by tying the ropes together. At that moment, Amir Jaku knelt down and said: "A group of bakhadirs is behind, we must wait for their arrival." Then a thought came into my head: I wanted to inspect the castle myself until my companions arrived. I went to the fortress of Karshi, accompanied by forty horsemen. Seeing the castle from afar, I stopped my companions where they came from and took with me Mubashshir and Abdullah, who were born and raised in our house. I got to the ditch. I saw that the trench was full of water. Tewarak looked around and noticed a water pipe laid over the moat and supplying water to the castle. Leaving my horse in Mubashshire, I crossed the ditch through that tarn and reached the hokrez of the castle. I went to the gate and knocked on the door. (But) the gatekeepers were asleep (not a sound was heard from inside). (Just in case) the outside of the gate was covered with rocks and mud. I looked around the castle wall and found a place where I could put a ladder and steps. (Then) I turned around and drove to my friends.
The rest of the army arrived with ladders. Everyone gathered, took the ladders and went to the castle. From the trench to the castle they walked along the moat. They also took a ladder and attached it to the wall. Forty young men went up the hill and entered the castle. I was about to go up the stairs and enter the castle when they pulled out a trumpet and played a drill. I conquered the fortress with the help of Almighty God [4:46-49].
During this period, Karshi was considered a regional city, and Amir Temur's uncle Haji Barlos was the governor. When Tugluk Temurkhan captured Movarounnahr in 1360, Haji Barlos fled to Khorasan. Amir Temur followed him to the banks of the Jeyhun (Amu Darya) and there he said goodbye to his uncle and returned to Tughluk Temur Khan.
In the second half of the 14th century, more precisely, during the years of Amir Temur's struggle for the liberation of Movarounnahr from the Mongol occupation, the city of Karshi was of great political and military importance. After all, Amir Temur (1364-1365) stayed here in the winter season and ordered to restore the fortress of the
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
city. As the historian Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi wrote: "Hazrat Sahibkiran spent the winter and occupied the castle building of Karshi. That winter they completed the castle" [5:41].
According to sources, the battle between Amir Temur and Amir Hussein took place near the city of Karshi. Amir Hussein invaded with an army of 3,000 men. Hussein's hand was raised in the conflict at a place called Chokdalik (Kotilish) in the Guzor oasis (on the site of the current Pachkamar reservoir). Temurbek and his supporters gathered around the well of St. Isaac's (Olot). Temurbek crossed the Amu Darya and went to Mokhon (Marv) and walked for 2-3 months. Then, passing Gubdin, he goes to the Kokhna Fazly region and unexpectedly finds himself in Shirkent with 243 fighters. There were 12,000 soldiers on the opposite side. Temurbek carefully studied the situation, separated 40 young men, crossed the walls at night and attacked the sleeping horde.
Panic set in and everyone fled. Mukhammedbek, the son of Musabek, was a kutval (head of a fortress) of the city of Karshi, who was brought to Temurbek, this young man made a great impression on Sahibkiron. He later married his beloved daughter, Togaisha Okabegim, and Sultan Hussein was born from them. In this case, Musabek's pregnant wife, Princess Orzu, also falls asleep, and Mist Ak is born. Later Tuman Aga became one of Temurbek's queens [6:48 - 49].
In the main historical sources of the Timurid era, information about the city of Karshi is similar and there are features in the description. If each of these sources is analyzed separately, then, of course, the history of the Timurid period of the city of Karshi will be more fully covered. From the analysis of the information recorded in the written sources of the Timurid period, it can be concluded that, although the main fortress of Nakhlab was destroyed in the Mongol period, it retained the status of a small town for some time at the beginning of the 14th century. At the same time, the fortress and the political and administrative center moved to the city of Karshi. During the reign of Amir Temur, the fortress of the city of Karshi was rebuilt and fortified, more prosperous settlements appeared in the city and its environs.
CONCLUSION
The city of Karshi developed in every possible way in the XIV-XV centuries. In this city, much attention was paid to the development of all areas, traditional since ancient times. Later, the king and poet Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur in his "Baburnom" described the city of Karshi as follows: "... Karshi province is also called Nasaf and Nahab. In Mongolian they say to sit opposite, in Mongolian gorkhana is called opposite. This horse became the winner after the reign of Genghis Khan. There are few deposits, the spring will be good, and the harvests and melons
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
will be good. Samarkandtin is located in the south, slightly inclined to the west, by eighteen wooden roads. I'm a thorn in the grass, they call it a dovetail. In order to be happy and peaceful in the Karshi region, it is said that it is against the murga in the village [7:54].
So, the great Amir Temur began his first campaigns for independent power from this blessed and great city - Karshi. Temurbek's attention to the city of Karshi, considered the cradle of freedom, was very strong. Because this city was considered a hometown, which was the main support for Sahibkiran's entry into the world political arena. Therefore, the historical and geographical sources of the Timurid period help to more deeply and objectively study the past and future of the great city of Karshi in the medieval period (XIV-XV centuries).
REFERENCES
1. Hofizi Abro'. Geografiya. Fors tilidan o'zbek tiliga tarjimon Omonullo Bo'riyev. Temuriylar davri yozma manbalarida O'rta Osiyo (tarixiy-geografik lavhalar). - T.,
2. Бартольд В.В. К,арши. - Сочинения. - М., 1963. - 503 с.
3. Grekov B.D., Yakubovskiy A.Y. Oltin O'rda va uning qulashi. - T., 1957.
4. Temur tuzuklari. - Т., 2016.
5. Sharafuddin Ali Yazdiy. Zafarnoma. - T., 1997.
6. Sattoriy H. Hazrat Sohibqiron. - T., 2005
7. Boburnoma. - T., 1989.
8. Komilov O.K. Modernization History of the irrigation System in Uzbekistan// Design Engineering, 2021.P.6111-6113.
9. Komilov O. Land reclamation and irrigation measures of virgin lands in Karshi Steppe // Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 2 (01), 2022.p.35-40.
10. Komilov O. Development of the irrigation system in Uzbekistan: achievements, problems and consequences.-Tashkent: Akademnashr, 2016. p.140.
11. Khujamuratovna, J. I. (2022). MELIORATIVE CONDITION OF LAND IN THE OASIS OF KASHKADARYA IN THE 50S OF THE 20TH CENTURY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE & INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ISSN: 2277-3630 Impact factor: 7.429, 11(10), 118-122.
12. Xujamurotovna, J. I. (2020). Study of irrigation history of the kashkadarya oasis. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6), 3047-3051.
13. ЖАББОРОВА, И. Х. (2021). УЗБЕКИСТОН СУГОРИШ ТАРИХИНИНГЗАХМАТКАШ ТАД^ЩОТЧИСИ ВА ЗУККО МЕЪМОРИ. In Uzbek Conference Publishing Hub (Vol. 1, No. 01, pp. 54-58).
1997.
SJIF 2023 = 6.131 / ASI Factor = 1.7
3(3), March, 2023
14. Khujamuratovna, J. I. (2022). MELIORATIVE CONDITION OF LAND IN THE OASIS OF KASHKADARYA IN THE 50S OF THE 20TH CENTURY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE & INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ISSN: 2277-3630 Impact factor: 7.429, 11(10), 118-122.
15. Khujamuratovna, J. I. (2022). Contributions of Irrigators Yekaterina Isaakovna Friesen and Somova Nina Nikolaevna to the Development of Kashkadarya Water Management. Miasto Przyszlosci, 30, 18-20.
