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9. World Congress on Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases - 26-29. - March - 2015. - Milan, Italy.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-12-17
Tursinbaeva Gulbakhor Sultanovna, Pedagogical State University name Nizami, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: guljon.duschanova@mail.ru
The growing and branching model of ephemera of central Asia
Abstract: It has been described a model of branching and growing of 22 species of ephemers from 4 families: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae of Kyzylkum desert. It has been distinguished 5 types of shoots growing: monopodial with apical and lateral-apical dominance, hemisympodial, sympodial and pseudo dichotomy in generative period of ontogenesis. It has been given a range of variety signs by 8 morphological indexes. The description was confirmed by 19 figures — schemes. It has been noted a predominance basitonic branching.
Keywords: growing model, branching, generative period, ephemer, Kyzylkum.
Introduction
The shoot system structure is an important characters hereditary fixed feature of biomorphs, reflecting of meristem the activity in the growing. F. Halle (1975) has invented the term and defined the porpoise of "architectural model" as accounting of structure formation, i. e. growing strategy, fixed by the genetic code. "Architectural model" — is not a synonym of life forms, but one of its essential indexes, visually reflecting the formation process.
Material and methods
At determination of the growing and branching models, we proceeded from the definition of I. G. Serebryakov (1964), A. E. Vasi-lyev et al. (1988) and M. V. Markov (1989) for herbaceous plants. On the basis of growing, branching and growing analysis among ephemera, it has been distinguished 5 architectural models dramatically differ in growing form and habitus.
Results and discussion
I. Monopodial growing with apical dominance, type of
L2<1/2/L;( L1- shoots ofthefirst order;L2- shoots ofthe secondorder) . It includes plants with clear terminal (apical) domination, well-developed the 1-order shoot.
Isatis minima. Height ofthe plant upon the average is 18,5 (1285) cm. First internodes shortened, following elongated — 2-3 cm alternate. Acrotonic branching, up to II orders. The length of the shoots of the II order — 1-3 cm. Number of metameres on the shoots of the I order — 10 -14, on the shoots of the II order — 4.
Isatis violascens. Height of the plant upon the average is 35 (14-60) cm. First 3 internodes shortened, following internodes 2,0-2,5 cm long, alternate nodes. Branching is mesotonic to 2 orders. The II order shoots of 1.5-5 cm (up to 8) in length. On the I order shoots ofwith 8-12 metameres, on the II order shoots ofwith 2-14metamers (Fig. 1 a, Table 1.).
Senecio subdentatus. Height of the I order shoot are 18-25 cm. Acrotonic branching to the II order, nodes are alternate. Lower
10-12 internodes are shortened, length is 0,5-1 cm, following internodes up to 2-5 cm. Branching is to 2-3 orders (Fig. 1 b).
II. Monopodial growing with lateral-apical dominance
L2<L1-
Consolida paradoxa. Plant height of 15-20 cm. Basitonic branching to III orders. Alternate nodes. Internodes of the I order 1.5-2.5 cm in length. The II order shoots are sparse (1-2), 1-8 cm in length (Fig. 1).
Strigosella africana. Height of the I order shoot 7-15 cm. Mesotonic branching with 3 nodes to 2-3 orders. Lower nodes close together, internodes — 0.5 cm in length, following, alternate internodes — 1-3 cm in length. The II order shoots up to 12 cm in length with 7-10 metameres (Fig. 1 e, 3 a).
Strigosella grandiflora. The I order shoots upon the average is 35 cm (8-80) in height. Basitonic and mesotonic branching up to III-IV orders. At the base of the I order shoot nodes close together, leaves form a rosette. Sometimes branching starts with a cotyledonary node. Above internodes elongated: 1.5-4 cm. On the shoots of the I and II orders long internodes alternating with short (Fig. 3 b).
Londesia eriantha. Height of the I order shoot of 7-15 cm. Basitonic branching to 2-3 orders. Lower nodes close together, following internodes 1-1.5 cm long. On the I order shoots 15-25 metameres, on the II order shoots 10-18. Long internodes sometimes alternate with shorter (Fig. 1d).
Tetracm e recurvata. Height the I order shoot of 7-10 cm. Basitonic branching to the II orders. Lower nodes close together, 3-5 internodes 1-2 cm long. There is an alternation of long and short internodes. On the shoot of the I order 15-25 metameres on the shoot of the II order 7-12 metameres (Fig. 1g).
III. Hemisympodial growing with apical-lateral dominance L;=L2 The I order shoot developed, but not exceed II order shoots, which are equal to or greater than the length.
Figure 1. Monopodial (apical) (a, b) and lateral-apical rising (c-d): a - Isatis violascens; b - Senecio subdentatus; c - Consolida paradoxa; d - Tetracme recurvata; e - Londesia eriantha; f - Strigosella africana
Alyssum dasycarpum. Height the I order shoot of 10-15 cm.
2-3 shoots of the II order moving away from the base, 5-15 cm long. Alternate nodes. Basitonic branching to 3 orders (Fig. 2 a).
Alyssum szovitsianum. Height the I order shoot of 3-5 cm in length, sometimes not expressed. The II order shoots 5-7 cm in length, developed with 2-4-7 contiguous nodes, internodes are short. Basitonic branching to III orders (Fig. 2 b).
Amberdoa turanica. Height the I order shoots of 15-20 cm. The lower internodes short (0,2-0,3 mm). Shoots of the II order laid from 1 node, the first shoots are oriented plagiotropic-orthotropic, following orthotropic. Shoots of the II order 5-6, they are equal to or greater than the length of the shoots of the I order. Basitonic branching up to 5 orders. Lower internodes on the shoots of the II order shorter (0.5 mm), following — up to
3-5 cm (Fig. 2 g.).
Goldbachia laevigata. Height the I order shoot of 7-15 cm. The lower nodes (5-8) are close together, leaves form a rosette. Following internodes elongated (1-2 cm). The II order shoots in the amount of 3-4 are formed with 9-10 nodes. The length the II order shoots 8-12 cm. Their internodes are elongated (1,5-3 cm). Meso-tonic branching to 3 orders.
Leptaleum filifolium. Height the I order shoot of 5-10 cm, but anisotropic (orthoplagiotropic) position appears below. The first internodes are elongated (1-1.3 cm), branching begins with the 1 node, but the maximum number the II order shoots developed from 3-4 nodes (7-8 cm long). Basi-mesotonic branching to III orders.
Meniocus linifolius. Height the I order shoot of 7-12 cm. Shoots of the II order 5-7 cm longer than those of the I order. Branching is basi-mesotonic to the III order (2 d).
Strigosella grandiflora. Height the I order shoots of 35 cm (880). Branching is basitonic or mesotonic up to III-IV orders. At the base the I order shoot nodes close together, leaves form a rosette.
Sometimes branching from the cotyledon node. Above the inter-nodes elongated, 1.5-4 cm. On shoots ofthe I and II orders long in-ternodes alternating with short (Fig. 3b).
Figure 2. Hemi cymose rising: a - Alyssum dasycarpum; b - A. szovitsianum; c - Diptychocarpus strictus; d - Amberboa turanica; e- Memiocus linifolius
IV. Sympodial growing with lateral dominance.
Onobrychis tavernierifolia. Height of plant is 4-5 cm. The I order shoots stops to grow in the budding-flowering phase (length 2 cm). Habitus is formed at the expense of lateral shoots 5-10 cm long. Branching is basitonic to the II orders (Fig. 3c).
Streptoloma desertorum. Height of plant is 5-10 cm. The I order shoots shortened. On the rosette 6 adjacent nodes. Subsequent in-ternodes 0,5-1,5 cm in length. Branching is basitonic to the III orders (Fig. 3g).
V. Sympodial, pseudo-dichotomous.
Spergularia microsperma. Height of plant is 5-8 (10) cm. The I order shoot is not expressed. Branching is basitonic pseudo-di-chotomous from the cotyledon node up to the 4 (5) orders. The
first 2 internodes of the shoot of each order short (2-3 mm), the subsequent elongated, 1-2 (3) cm. Shoots of the II order multiple (5-7), 5-10 cm long.
Spergularia sperguloides. Height of plant is 5-8 (10) cm. The I order shoot is not expressed. Branching from the cotyledon node up to 4 (5) orders. The first 2 internodes of the shoot of each order short (2-3 mm), the subsequent elongated 1-2 (3) cm. Shoots of the II order multiple (5-7), 5-10 cm long. Branching is basitonic pseudo-dichotomous.
Garhadiolus papposus. Height of plant is 5-10 cm, branching to 3 (4) orders. The shoot of the I order is not expressed. Shoots of the II order not numerous (2-3). Branching is basitonic pseudo-dichotomous. (Fig. 4 b).
Figure 3. Sympodial (lateral-apical) rising: a - Strigosella africana; b - Strigosella grandiflora; sympodial: c - Onobrychis tavernierifolia; d - Streptoloma desertorum
Heteracia szovitsii. Height of plant is 5-10 cm, the I order shoots is not expressed (1 cm long). The II order shoots not numerous 2-3 (4), 10-20 cm long. Branching is basitonic, pseudo-dichotomous, up to IV-V orders (Fig. 4 a).
Tausheria lasiocarpa. Height of plant is 10-25 cm. The first internode short (0,5 cm), 5 following elongated — 2-5 cm branching begins with 5-6 nodes. The I order shoot is bended; the II order shoots become equal to or dominant position. Branching up to V orders, length of the II order shoots of 10-15 cm (Fig. 4 g).
Conclusion
Thus, the types of growing are varied in ephemera: from monopodial to pseudo-dichotomous. Basitonic branching (72% of the
species) is dominant. However, this sign may vary: from monopodial under stress conditions from sympodial at favorable conditions, as well as plant height varies widely, for example in Strigozella grandiflora from 8 to 80 cm. Numbers of internodes and their length vary respectively. The most common branching — to the III orders. In general, for the ephemeres it is typical lability of all growing processes, including metric readings of the shoots, internodes and quantitative: number of internodes, the branching order. A wide range of variability of signs I. I. Schmalhausen (1968) refers to the accommodation of growing and sees it as one of the manifestations of the evolutionary process, which increases the adaptive level of biomorphs.
d
Figure 4. Pseudo-dichotomous rising: a - Spergularia microsperma;b - Garhadiolus papposus; c - Heteracia szovitsii; d - Tausheria lasiocarpa
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