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УДК 551.24+553.2 https://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-3-19-26
The geological and structural controls of gold mineralization in Qala en Nahal-Um Sagata region, South Gedarif, Sudan
Musab Awad Ahmed HASSAN12*, Aleksandr Evgen'yevich KOTEL'NIKOV1**
1Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia 2Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
Abstract
Relevance and purpose of the work. The study area is located in Gedarif state in Sudan. The ongoing work is aimed at solving fundamental problems of the geological structure of the Qala En Nahal-Um Saqata Ophiolitic Complex and applied tasks of mineral exploration. Detailed studies are being conducted for the first time in this area. The purpose of the investigation is to study the geological and structural features of the region, as well as to obtain information about the localization of gold mineralization.
Methods of research. Within the study area, a geological mapping of the ophiolitic complex was carried out. It's included an analysis of structural elements for investigation of the structural evolution and the phases of deformation. Chemical analysis of the mineralized quartz veins to determine the gold was carried out by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) technique at the ALS Laboratory in Saudi Arabia.
Results of the work. The investigation of the structural evolution revealed at least three phases of deformation. The gold mineralization occurs in auriferous quartz veins, which are hosted in metavocano-sedimentary, sheared syn-orogenic granites and listvenites. The auriferous quartz veins are structurally controlled by dominantly NE main shear directions.
Conclusions. The gold mineralization in the area can be classified shear zone related mineralization, which is formed during the final event accomplished by crustal cooling, and formation of auriferous quartz vein along shear zones. Gold concentration were recorded in both quartz veins and associates alteration rocks. The area is promising for the presence of a gold deposit.
Keywords: Sudan, Qala En Nahal, Ophiolitic Complex, tectonics, structural evolution, gold, quartz vein.
Introduction
The study area is located some 70 km to the southeast of the Gedarif city, Gedarif State, in eastern Sudan near the border line between the Sudan and Ethiopia, between latitudes 13°15' and 13°43' N and longitudes 34°45' and 35°15' E (Fig. 1). It lies about 65 km to Gadarif town, 450 km SE Khartoum.
The area is part of Nubian Shield, a relatively under exploration that is known to host variable minerals including gold, Nickel, chrome and PGM. Gold has been extracted from the Nubian Shield of northeast Africa for over 5,500 years [1, 2] from hundreds of ancient mines and, today, from extensive artisanal workings and eleven modern, operating or planned, large-scale mines [3]. Recently in the study are a numerous artisanal mining and mining companies at exploration stage are working. The aim of this study are to document the geology and structure of the area and gain insight into the setting and the nature of its hosted gold mineralization.
Regional geology
The Arabian Nubian Shield (ANS) in the north and the Mozambique Belt (MB) in the south, together, formed the East African Orogen ( EAO). These two major terranes have a paramount key to understand the geodynamic and temporal evolution of the whole Pan-African orogeny in northeast Africa [4-8].
EDmusabeljah78@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2691-5703 "koteinikov-ae@rudn.ru
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0622-8391
The Egyptian Eastern Desert, Sudan, western Saudi Arabia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Jordan and Yemen belong to the so-called Arabian Nubian Shield, which formed during 900-550 Ma. Pan African event by modern type plate tectonic process. This involved accretion of intraoceanic arc/back arc complexes as well as continental micro plates [9]. The various terranes were welded together along ophiolite decorated sutures and finally collided with Nile Craton to the west [10-12] have defined a number of Late Proterozoic tectonic terranes across the Arabian-Nubian Shield. These comprise blocks of similar rock types separated by linear belts along which the ultramafic-maf-ic fragments are aligned.
Thrust faulting, shearing, mylonitization, and tectonic melange are characteristic of many contacts along which ophiol-itic remnants are not always present [13].
Local geology
Um Saqata-Qala En Nahal area comprises as isolated hilly outcrops within intervening clay-covered plains. The area is consists mainly of supracrustal metasediments of medium-grade and a dominantly low-grade juvenile ophiolitic island-arc assemblage (Fig. 2). The ophiolitic fragments, known as Qala En Nahal-Um Saqata Ophiolitic Complex;
Figure 1. Location map of the study area (red outline). Рисунок 1. Карта расположения района исследования (красный контур).
Legend
■ Stream line Faults | Superficial deposits
| Post-orogenic granites | Basic intrusions | Syn-orogenic granites | Gabbros
Ultramaficcumulates Ophiolite complex | Ultramafic tectonites J Metavolcano-sedimentary sequense ////, Meta-pellites and gneiss
Figure 2. Local geological map of the study area. Рисунок 2. Геологическая карта района исследования.
Figure 3: Macro photographs. a - rhythmic layering in cumulate gabbros; b - tight isoclinals upright fold in marble; c, d - recumbent folds in marble and metavolcano-sedimentary respectively.
Рисунок 3. Макрофотографии: а - ритмическое наслоение в кумулятивных габбро; б - вертикальные изоклинальные складки в мраморе; в, г - лежачие складки в мраморе и метавулкано-осадочных породах соответственно.
structurally overlying, a layered sequence of low-grade Me-tavolcano-sedimentary units of predominantly late Protero-zoic age.
Syn-orogenic and post-orogenic granites intrude the above-mentioned sequences. After these magmatic activities unconformable continental sedimentary sandstone Formations have been deposited on the basement rocks and subjected to extrusive basic volcanic eruptions. Recent and Quaternary deposits are manifested in the alluvial wadies deposits and recent Aeolian sand sheets.
The ophiolite complex is predominantly consists of ser-pentinites and gabbros. The serpentinites which have been altered to talc-magnesite rocks and listvenites.
The metavolcano-sedimentary unit is consist of a series of metamorphic complex rocks represented mainly by schists. They consists mainly of mica schist, graphite schist, chlorite schist and minor andalusite-quartz schist intercalated with quartzites and lenses of thin layered marbles. Metagraywacks and mtavolcanics are common.
The syn-orogenic granites are widespread in the study area, cutting all the previously described basement rocks. They are predominantly I-type granites.They consist of granites,
granodiorites and tonalities. The rocks are medium to coarsegrained, foliated with widespread xenoliths.
The post orogenic intrusions occur as reddish rounded circular shape in satellite imagery, and represented by J. Ban, J. Balos, J. Bia, J. Buweida, J. Agharr, J. Shanqiya, J. El kambaros and J. Muraba.
Methodology
Beside the geological mapping of various rock units using remote sensing and GIS, reading of various structural elements include foliation, folding and shearing have been done. Nu-mirous mineralized quartz veins and its alteration zone were documented and sampled for gold chemical analysis. The samples were submitted to ALS laboratories, Saudi Arabia using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) technique.
Structural geology
Structurally, the study area is a part of the Nubian Shield, which is formed by accretion of island-arc, back-arc terranes and continental microplates during the Neoproterozoic (900550 Ma) along E-NE-trending ophiolite decorated sutures [12, 14-16]. Major ductile shearing along strike-slip zones, trans-current faulting and overriding tectonic forces from the east or southeast are believed to have caused the major NE-trending
structures (folds and faults) in the various Red Sea Hills ter-ranes [17-19]. Oblique to, and crosscutting these sutures, are younger (ca. 640-560 Ma) N-NW-trending left-lateral strike-slip shears such as Oko and Keraf Shear Zones [20, 21].
The structural geology of the study area will be described in regional framework. The area under investigation is dominantly consists of poly deforemed greenschist volcano-sedimentary sequences, ophiolitic complex and associated syn-orogenic granites.
The primary structures have been obscured by subsequence intense deformation, nevertheless, some primary structure (S0) have been documented which includes bedding plane in metavolcano-sedimentary and rhythmic layering in cumulate gabbros (Fig. 3, a).
The investigation of the structural evolution revealed at least three phases of deformation D1-D3. Structural related to D1 deformation are represented by NE-SW tight isoclinals upright (Fig. 3, b) associated with low angle SE dipping trust folds and NW verging recumbent folds (F1) (Fig.3, c, d). D1 deformation resulted in the development of strong penetrative S1 schistosity which represents the main planar fabric observed in the area. The S1 foliation appears to be always parallel to the bedding S0. This phase is probably formed during closuring of the oceanic basin and collision between the ophiolite complex and metavolcano-sedimentary units onto the Sahara Meta Craton to the west (which represented by the amphibolites facies meta-pellitic schist and gneisses).
D2 folds (F2 are generally of large scale tending NE. Folds are tight to open, upright (Fig. 4, a) with axial planes plunging to the NE. The D2 deformation is revealed by the refolding of the recumbent D1 folds (F1). As a result of the interference of F1-F2 folds, mushroom-type interference patterns are formed (Fig. 4, b, c). The S2 crenulation cleavage in the metavolca-no-sedimentary unit is probably related to this phase of deformation.
D3 deformation is represented by dominantly NE-ENE trending ductile dextral shear zone (Fig. 5) which is vertical to oblique with steep dip. D3 was probably formed due to the compression during oblique collision during regional shortening of the area. S3 foliation associated with D3 transposed S1 foliation by shear planes. Diffident kinematic indicators (e.g. porphyroblast and Z-shape structure interfolial folds) indicating dextral sense of shear movement (Fig. 6). Minor sinistral shear trending N-NW are present.
Gold mineralization
The gold mineralization occurs in auriferous quartz veins, which are hosted in metavolcano-sedimentary, sheared syn-orogenic granites and hydrothermally altered serpentinites (listvenites). These auriferous quartz veins are structurally controlled dominantly NE, with minor NNE and NW direction followed the main shear directions. Extensional shear fractures reflected in the brittle-ductile shear zones were broadly contemporaneous with the intense compressional tectonic regime. These fractures open spaces in which mineralizing fluids penetrated [22]. Therefore the gold mineralization in the study area can be classified shear zone related mineralization, which is formed during the final event accomplished by crustal cooling, and formation of auriferous quarz veins along shear zones. The source of the ore fluids is related to subduction and associated volcanic arc magmatism. These mineralized solutions
Figure 4. Macro photographs. a - are tight to open, up-right fold; b, c - mushroom-type interference patterns as a result of the interference of F1-F2 folds.
Рисунок 4. Макрофотографии: а - складки с правым сдвигом; b, c - грибообразные интерференционного вида, образованные в результате интерференции складок F1-F2.
are produced by metamorphism or cooling magmas [23]. The apparence of carbonates, kolinitized and sericitized alteration indicate a metamorphic origin and the metal contents formed from the leaching of host rocks during rock/water interactions.
0
Strike Direction: 5.0 ° classes
Figure 5. Rose diagram showing the distribution of shear trends at the study area. Рисунок 5. Диаграмма направлений, показывающая распределение трендов сдвига на исследуемой территории.
Figure 6. Macro photographs of Kinematic indicators of D3 deformation indicating dextral sense of movement. a - rotated quartz porphyroclast in metavolcano-sedimentary; b - Z-shape structure interfolial folds.
Рисунок 6. Макрофотографии кинематических показателей деформации D3, указывающие на правое смещение. а - повернутые кварцевые порфирокласты в метавулкано-осадочной породе; б - Z-образная структура складок.
The average contents of gold in quartz veins and associated alteration in various rock units, ppm.
Среднее содержание золота в кварцевых жилах и сопутствующих измененных породах в различных местах, г/т.
Type of mineralization Numbers of analyzed samples Average of gold, ppm
Quartz-veins in listvenites 8 0.18
Alterations associated with listvenites 7 1.77
Quartz-veins in serpentinites 6 0.03
Quartz-veins in syn-orogenic granites 5 7.77
Quartz-veins in metavolcano-sedimentary 37 1.34
Alterations associated with metavolcano-sedimentary 40 0.21
The quartz veins are varying in colour, from reddish, white, gray, smoky to darck colour. The widths and lengths of the quartz veins are varying from few centimeters (stringers and veinlets) to 1 meter. The mineralized veins consist dominantly of quartz, with subordinate carbonates and sulphides. Sulphide are mainly pyrite, charcopyrite, galena and gersdorffite. Native golds occurs as minute crystals or flackes within the quartz veins. Gold concentration were recorded in both quartz veins and associates alteration rocks (Table).
Conclusions
The investigation of the structural evolution revealed at least three phases of deformation D1-D3. Structural related to D1 deformation are represented by NE-SW tight isoclinals upright associated with low angle SE dipping trust folds and NW verging recumbent folds. D2 deformation is revealed by
the refolding of the recumbent Dt folds (Ft). As a result of the interference of Ft-F2 folds, mushroom-type interference patterns. D3 deformation is represented by dominantly NE-ENE trending ductile dextral shear zone
The gold mineralization occurs in auriferous quartz veins, which are hosted in metasediments, metavolcanics, sheared syn-orogenic granites and hydrothermally altered serpentinites (listvenites). These auriferous quartz veins are structurally controlled dominantly NE, with minor NNE and NW direction followed the main shear directions. Therefore the gold mineralization in the study area can be classified shear zone related mineralization, which is formed during the final event accomplished by crustal cooling, and formation of auriferous quartz veins along shear zones.
Gold concentration was recorded in both quartz veins and associates alteration rocks.
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The article was received on April 08, 2020
УДК 551.24+553.2 https://doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-3-19-26
Геологический и структурный контроль размещения золотой минерализации в районе Кала Эн Нахаль-Ум Сагата, Южный Гедареф, Судан
Мусаб Авад Ахмед ХАССАН12*, Александр Евгеньевич КОТЕЛЬНИКОВ1**
1Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН), Москва, Россия 2Университет Аль-Нилен, Хартум, Судан
Аннотация
Актуальность и цель работы. Исследуемый район располагается в Судане, в штате Гедареф. Проводимые работы нацелены на решение фундаментальных вопросов геологического строения офиолитового комплекса Кала Эн Нахаль-Ум Сагата и прикладных задач по выявлению полезных ископаемых. Детальные исследования офиолитового комплекса проводятся впервые на данной территории. Целью данного исследования является изучение геологических и структурных особенностей района и получение информации об обстановке и характере размещения минерализации золота.
Методы исследования. В пределах исследуемой территории было проведено геологическое картирование офиолитового комплекса, включающее в себя анализ структурных элементов для установления структурной эволюции и выявления фаз деформации. Для определения золота был проведен химический анализ минерализованных кварцевых жил. Образцы были проанализированы методом атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии (ААС) в лаборатории ALS в Саудовской Аравии.
Результаты выполненных исследований. Исследование структурной эволюции района офиолитового комплекса позволило выявить как минимум три фазы деформации. Золоторудная минерализация приурочена к кварцевым жилам, которые присутствуют в метавулкано-осадочных породах, рассланцованных синорогенных гранитах и лиственитах. Золотоносные жилы кварца структурно контролируются преимущественно зоной рассланцевания северо-восточного простирания.
Выводы. Установлено, что золотая минерализация в исследуемом районе связана с кварцевыми жилами, расположенными вдоль зоны дробления, которая образовалась в ходе тектонических процессов в последнюю стадию консолидации земной коры. Содержание золота было зафиксировано как в кварцевых жилах, так и в измененных породах. Данную территорию можно охарактеризовать как достаточно перспективную на наличие золота в промышленных масштабах.
Ключевые слова: Судан, Кала Эн Нахаль, офиолитовый комплекс, тектоника, структурная эволюция, золото, кварцевая жила.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 08 апреля 2020 года
