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ГЕНОЦИД АРМЯН ПРОТИВ ТЮРКО-МУСУЛЬМАНСКОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ НА
ЮЖНОМ КАВКАЗЕ (Ш7-1920Г.)
Иса Арслан Ибрагим о.
Бакинский Государственный Университет, доктор философии по истории
В начале XX века армяне совершили массовые убийства против турецко-мусульманского населения на Южном Кавказе, в особенности на территории Азербайджана, которая охватывает большую часть региона. Эти бойня, совершенные армянами и их история были частью политики создания «Армянского государства» на территории Азербайджана.
Эта политика резни армян против азербайджанцев, которая началась еще в XIX веке, в начале XX века более расширялась, при финансовой и моральной поддержке националистических армянских партий и армянского шовинизма, под непосредственным руководством Армянской Церкви, в 1917-1920г. армяне совершили массовые убийства в большинстве регионов Азербайджана, десятки тысяч людей были убиты, десятки населенных пунктов были стерты с лица земли, сотни тысяч турецко-мусульманское население были изгнаны из своих исконных земель.
Ключевые слова: Южный Кавказ, тюрко-мусульманское население, политика геноцида, армянские зверства, массовые убийства.
THE GENOCIDE OF THE ARMENIANS AGAINST THE TURKISH MUSLIM POPULATION IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS (1917-1920 YEARS)
Isa Arslan Ibrahim
Baku State University, PhD in History, Baku, Azerbaijan
At the beginning of the XX century Armenians committed massacres against the Turkish Muslim population in the South Caucasus, especially on the territory of Azerbaijan, which covers most of the region. This massacre committed by Armenians and their history were part of a policy of creating "Armenian state" on the territory of Azerbaijan.
This policy of the massacre of Armenians against Azerbaijanis, which began in the XIX century, at the beginning of the XX century more expanded, with the financial and moral support of Armenian nationalist parties and armenian chauvinism, under the direct leadership of the Armenian Church, in 1917-1920 the Armenians committed massacres in the most regions of Azerbaijan, tens of thousands of people were killed, dozens of settlements were razed to the ground, hundreds of thousands of Turkish-Muslim population had been expelled from their ancestral lands.
Keywords: South Caucasus, Turkish-Muslim population, the policy of genocide, the Armenian atrocities, massacres.
Massacres against the Turkish Muslim population committed by Armenians in the province of Baku
Armenians that have further intensified to carry out the plans of creating "Armenian state" at the beginnig of the XX century, they were continuing this policy during the period of the First World War. The government forces of Russia shown great confidence to armenians, widely used them in the decisive battlefronts, in particular during the battle against Turkey in this period. Armenians also in the queue helped Russian troops as far as possible. Armenia's main interest related to the Russia's victory is adding the occupied territories of Turkey to Yerevan province, and so being able to create "Great Armenia". (1, 83).
Since January 1917, armenians have resorted to various provocations to commit massacres of muslim population in Baku and other regions of the South Caucasus. They were eager to acquire the most important positions in order to achieve the dominance of political influence in Baku. They appointed thier representatives to the key posts of city administration and Baku Soviet agencies. (6, 298).
The Genocide plan of Baku has prepared since 1917 by the Armenian National Committee and "Dashnaktsutyun" party (ARF). They have repeatedly incited Muslims for armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. Armenians' goal was to corporeally destroy the Muslim population by the Boldhevik's hands. (21, 31).
During this period, Armenian National Assembly and the armed military units which subordinated to "Dashnaksutyun" party were located in Baku. In Armenian-populated villages of
the former Yerevan province also were Dashnak armed forces. They had large quantities of arms left over from Russian army. Armenian National Assembly that has enough money, bought rifles from demobilized Russian soldiers. (18, 12).
Great Britain, the United States and France have also provided some financial assistance to Armenians. For example, on December 18, 1917, US Ambassador to London Page informed the Secretary of State R.Larsing about providing financial assitance to separate counter-revolutionary forces in Southern Russia as well as armenians and georgians. (24, 72).
Armenian Dashnak troops were well trained and nurtured in the spirit of deep hatred against Turks. On the eve of the March massacre, armenian national military units merged with the armed forces created by G.Korganov. But during the March massacre in Baku, the chief of staff of the Red Army, former colonel of the tsar army was Z.Avetisov. (10, 20).
In January 1918, the Muslim corps commander general Asad bay Talishinskiy's arrest in Baku caused anger among turkish-muslim population of the city. (1, 135).
Major-general Talishinskiy was participant of a heroic defense of Port - Arthur in the Russo-Japanese War. The arrest of Muslim division headquarters under Shaumyan's instruction caused anger of population. In the capital and surrounding rural areas began protests (34, 207).
Next diversion was the event of disarming of the soldiers in the "Evelina" ship from Lankaran to Baku. So that, on March 29, themuslim military units called as "Dikaya diviziya (Wild division)" by russians, boarded the "Evelina" ship for Lankaran in
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the port of Baku under the command of an officer A.Asadullayev who was the famous capitalist S.Asadullayev's son.
Bolsheviks who condoned the fact that the numerous armenian armed forces were in the city, but they disarmed the muslin officers and soldiers gathered to return to Lankaran on march 29 by ship under Shaumyan's instruction. The organizers of this diversion tried to encourage Azerbaijanis for diversion with reply actions and to get an excuse to start a real war against them (10, 19).
The attack of dashnak-bolshevik's armed groups to the "Evelina" ship and disarming of Azerbaijanis created anxiety among the population. They gathered in the yard of one of the mosques in Baku and demanded the return of confiscated weapons from the crew of the "Evelina" by Soviet. The next day the muslim representatives asked the Soviet to return the weapons.
At that day, at an emergency meeting in Military-Revolutionary Committee held with St.Shaumyan's as well as M.A. Rasulzadeh's participation- the representative of the party "Musavat", was decided to return acquired weapons via the organization "Hummat". Dzaparidze, one of the leaders of the Bolsheviks, also promised to fulfill this requirement, but meantime was started shooting in the street. (17, mhb. 4292. p.107).
The diversion prepared in advance by Shaumyan occured and this was the signal for the start of the civil war.
On March 31, by bolsheviks was established the Revolutionary Defense Committee which undertook all the fight. P.Dzaparidze, G.Korganov, I.Sukhartsev, St.Shaumyan were included in the composition of this committee. At the same time during the fights in the days of March, the chief of the Bolshevik group in Baku was N.Ananchenki, and the commissar was S.Martikyan. (19, 349).
On March 19, early in the morning, when the Muslims did not wake up yet, armenian soldiers attacked. The first attack of armenian soldiers targeted the parts of the city so-called "Kerpichkhana", "Mammadli" and "Zibilli dara". Almost all of the people who lived here were Muslims. This region and other districts in the Muslim areas of the city were fired from the sea from the the guns of "Ardahan" and "Genre" military ships, but from Armenikand side the armenians fired from cannons. Armenian military units ruthlessly and mercilessly tortured the Azerbaijanis under the pretext of defending the Soviet and Bolsheviks.
Russians' military flotilla in the Caspian Sea cannoned the neighborhoods inhabited closely by Muslims on the word of Armenians. As a result of this shooting, the minarets of the mosque "Taza pir" which was the main place of worship for Muslims, received heavy damage. According to the source, Russian sailors did not want to fight against Muslims. The armenians deceived them and persuaded that the muslims chopped russians, in general all christians. But when the sailors clearly understood that the Muslims did not touch to russians, on the contrary they defended and feeded them, and only after that they stopped to bombard with cannon.
Armenian dashnaks taking advantage of a favorable position, committed massacre against the Turkish people within three days from March 30, 1918 until the 1st of April under the banner of the Bolshevik, according to the plan prepared in advance, it also resulted in the deaths of thousands of people. (11, 228).
According to witnesses of those events stated in the documents of Extraordinary Investigation Commission established by APFP
in 1918, in march 1918, only in Baku were killed more than 15 thousand innocent Muslims from different parties including dashnaks, bolsheviks, mensheviks and etc.
Armenian dashnaks-Russian Bolshevik forces of Baku Soviet in the city have damaged the public and private buildings during the bloody massacres against Azerbaijanis. So that newspaper editorials of "Acig soz" and "Kaspi" were burnt, the largest mosque in Baku was bombed. The russian soldiers have burnt and turned to ash the building of Ismailiyah Charity Society, the Keygubad mosque built in XIV that included in the ensemble of Shirvanshahs palace in Baku, then in October the memorials of Urmiya city where the Avshars of the South Azerbaijan populated. (22, 12)
The killings of peaceful Muslims by Armenians were stopped only after the request of the 36th regiment of Turkestan and the sailors' threats. The sailors demanded that if Armenians abandon the killing of Muslims then the Armenian-populated parts will be cannoned. The "Ardahan" and "Krasnovodsk" warships approached to the port located in the eastern part of the city. Only then Armenians were forced to stop fire and the massacres.
The most important positions in Baku Council of People's Commissars established by armenian-russian bolsheviks who won the March battles, were concentrated in the hands of Armenians. The Chairman of Baku Council of people's Commissars and the Commissioner for foreign affairs was St.Shaumian, the military commissioner was G.Korganov, Justice Commissioner was A.Karinian, the Communications Commissioner was S.Markarian, the chairman of Emergency Commission was I.Ter-Gabrelyan. The leading of the nationalization of 10 various banks in Baku was assigned to Ezek Erzunkian. (39, 19).
After the massacres of Baku and Shamakhi, Armenian-bolshevik forces committed rather inhuman atrocities in other regions of Baku gubernia. Armenians committed the bloody events in Baku, Shamakhi, and then Guba, Lankoran, Goychay, Salyan and elsewhere under the pretense of founding the Soviet authority in Azerbaijan.
They atrociously oppressed the local Azernaijani population under the pretense of founding the Soviet authority in Guba. Numerous documents of Extraordinary Investigation Commission kept in the state archive, approve this massacre.
Armenian Hamazasp's "fedayi group" who sent to Guba by Baku Soviet, destroyed Guba city and 122 villages of Guba province. More than two thousand people - men, women and children were killed in Guba. Townsman of Guba Haji Ismail Orucov wrote in his explanation that according to the mullah's word who had buried the dead people, he counted that there were buried the corpses of 2,800 people. (1, 114).
In 1918, 229 settlements in Baku gubernia (including 58 settlements in Shamakhi province and 122 settlements in Guba province), 272 settlements in Ganja gubernia (115 settlements in Zangazur, 157 settlements in Garabagh), 211 settlements in Yerevan gubernia (32 settlements in Yerevan province, 7 settlements in Yeni Bayazid, 75 settlements in Surmeli, 84 settlements in Echmiedzin, 82 settlements in Kars province were razed, hundreds of thousands of people cut off and displaced from their ethnic territory by armenian armed forces (3, 158159).
The total of destroyed settlements only in the above-mentioned provinces is 794.
The policy of genocide against the azerbaijani turks in Karabakh region of Azerbaijan
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In 1918, when the independent republics established in the South Caucasus, the certain layers of the Armenian population in Nagorno Karabakh with Yerevan's promotion, encouragement and pressure, refused to recognize the authority of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The first congress of armenians in Nagorno Karabakh, which conducted in July, 1918 in Shusha (46 percent of the urban population was Azerbaijanis) declared Nagorno-Karabakh independent. Bu the issue of including it in Armenia did not express yet. The Armenian government deployed there armed forces to carry out the plans of occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh (30, 39).
Armenia wanted a military solution to the Upper Karabakh problem. Therefore, in 1918, General Andranik's armed gangs deployed in Karabakh.
Since September, 1918, attacks of Andronick's gangs to Zangazur province started to be implemented in a systematic way. As a result, Rut, Darabe, Agadu, Bagudi villages of Zanagazur region were pillaged: Arkhali, Shiakur, Malikli, Pulkand, Sheki, Gizildjig azerbaijani villages, as well as parts of Garakilse, Irlik, Pahlulu, Darabas, Gurdlar, Kotanan, Sisian and Zabazdur villages populated by Azerbaijanis were burnt, and at that time 500 men, women and children could not escape and were killed. (5, 85).
With the aim of forcible mass expulsion of Azerbaijanis living in their ancestral lands, the Armenian government aggravated the situation in the South Caucasus, followed a policy of massacre of Azerbaijanis. In this period in the declaration adopted by Azerbaijani population of Yerevan gubernia on behalf of the Government of Azerbaijan was stated that from December, 1917 until June, 1918 the armenian military forces burnt and razed more than 200 muslim villages in the gubernia. (8).
At the beginning of 1918 the government of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic appealed to the government of Armenia with an official letter of № 461, dated August 15, 1918 about the atrocities committed in Nakhchivan, Zangazur and Karabakh by Andronik, and demanded to put an end to this disgrace and withdraw Andronik's robber gang from the territory of Azerbaijan. In response to that letter the Armenian government hypocritically stated that "... general Andronik and his gang was omitted from Armenian troops and list for a long time ago, then they have refused to obey the Armenian government and its officials . So, general Andronik and his gang has nothing to do with national army of Armenia and government agencies, thus the government of the Republic of Armenia is not responsible for their irresponsible actions." (16, 5).
Let's enumerate some of the crimes committed by Armenians in Karabakh region during this period: on December 2, 1918, armenian armed group burnt Ashug Malikli village, seized the property of population and stole their cattle. The same gang burnt Khalafli and Shikhlar villages, took the property of people and stole their cattle. On December 18, the village of Sirik was burnt and destroyed.
In the winter of 1919 the armenians of Dolanlar village burnt Shikhlar village and looted the property of population. The armenians of Mulkdere village destroyed Malikli village, burnt their homes, took their property and cattle. The burning ofvillages was accompanied by killing and wounding of Azerbaijanis. So in Akhilli village were killed two men, three women and a child, in Tatar village was injured one person, in Mazra village were killed five persons, in Sirik village were killed 11 men, 10 women, 14 children, and were wounded two men.
Armenians continued uninterrupted violence against the azerbaijanis in Zangazur province. The situation in Zangazur
province was heavier than the other provinces of Azerbaijan. Because besides the armed gang of Armenian villages, Andranik's well-organized troops also attacked here. Andranik gave ultimatum to Azerbaijani people that whether to be included in the Republic of Armenia, or to leave the province. Although Azeris had no protection and assistance, they did not accept the demands. The armenians were extremely cruel. They ruthlessly killed Azerbaijanis, burned villages, robbed their property and divided their land among themselves. Only azerbaijani villages of Ovchu valley continued to heroically defend their homeland. All azerbaijani villages of the first police station of Sisian town, a large part of the 2nd station, a considerable part of 3rd, 4th and 5th stations were wrecked by Armenians. A few villages were totally razed by Armenians and approximately 50 thousand Azerbaijani refugees were settled in the 4th district of this province and Jabrayil prvince. According to official documents and witnesses, 115 villages were destroyed in the province.(7)
At that time 10068 people were killed and wounded in Zangazur province. According to the testimonies, the ruthlessness committed against azerbaijanis by armenians was a real terror, the most terrible event occurred in the village of Baqudi, 400 azerbaijanis were burnt together mosque in this village. (7)
In the summer of 1918, the Turkish government attentively observed the events in the Caucasus. The Turkish troops that went to the direction of the Sharur-Daralayaz and Yerevan-Julfa railway, have moved to Nakhchivan under the command of Kazim Karabekir. However, in such period France defended the action of the Dashnaks. Thus, the representative of France in Yerevan stated on behalf of the the Entente bloc that the Entente will support any kind of military operation of Dashnaks in Nakhchivan, Zangazur and Karabakh. (26, 39).
The massacres against Azerbaijani Turks in Karabakh region in 1914-1918 years can be seen in the chronological sequence given below:
On December 01, 1917: Dashnak terrorist group attacked to Kurdlar village of Zangazur province. They committed a number of killings which did not register. The village desttroyed completely;
On December 05, 1917: Da^nak terrorists entered Arafsa village of Zangazur province. They killed six civilians. They forced the population to leave their homes. Terrorists plundered the property of population;
On January 06, 1918: the dashnak terrorists committed the turkish massacre in Garakilse village of Zangazur province. 165 civilians were violently killed;
On January 10, 1918: the Dashnak terror groups attacked to Mulki village of Zangazur. The village was razed, 150 civilians were killed;
On January 11, 1918: the Dashnak terror groups attacked to Garakilse village of Zangazur. 49 civilians were killed, the village was cleaned out off the earth. (9, 200).
In general, in 1914-1919 years more than 150 village in the mountainous part of Karabakh, 115 village in Zangazur province were destroyed completely, A considerable part of the population were brutally killed by Armenian armed forces (2, 77-78).
The massacres committed against the turkish-muslim population in Yerevan gubernia of Azerbaijan
In 1917-1920 years one of the regions most exposed to the atrocities committed by Armenians was Yerevan. At the beginning of September, 1914, the volunteer Armenian units begun to be organized in Yerevan gubernia. 7 volunteer Armenian regiment was organized in a short period of time, in its structure were
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more than 6000 soldiers and officers during the war. Andranik Ozanian, Arshak Gavafian, Vartan Mehrpanian, Hamazasp Srvandztyan, Grigor Avsharian, Hayk Bzhishkyan (Gai), Hovsep Arghutian commanded these units in various times, more than 250 thousand armenian people living in the Russian Empire were mobilized. (35, 33).
The organization of defence of Erzurum was assigned to Andranik in February, 1918. But Andranik's armed units which could not withstand the Turkish army troops, were forced to retreat in direction of Sarigamish - Kars - Aleksandropol and organized the placement of armenian population inYerevan gubernia.
Andranik's armed units moved in direction of Dilijan-Jelenovka(Sevan) - Hor Bayazit - Martuni - Daralayaz on June 1, 1918 and arrived in Nakhchivan on June 17. At this time, Rahmankand, Baghli Husein Sarajli, Haji Ulukhan, Aghzibi, Ayrivang, Bashkand, Alichali, Karvansaray, Yanikh, Madina, Sichanli, Khartluq, Chamirli, Ashaghi Alichali, Tusgullu, Sadanakhach, Boyuk Mazra villages and some settlements along the road were destroyed. Andranik's armed troops and armenians from Turkey were placed in this villages. (35, 36).
In the documents of the state archieve of Azerbaijan was given the list of destroyed villages together their population in Yeni Bayazid province of Yerevan gubernia until March, 1918. It is clear from this official archive document that until the mentioned time 7 villages and their 668 families of Yeni bayazid province which covers the Goycha town were destroyed, in general 4649 local residents were killed ans deported.(4, 220)
In the April 1923 edition of the journal called as "Revolyussinniy Vostok" ("Revolutionary East") published in Tbilisi, was stated: "Dashnak government cut off 60 percent of Azeris in Armenia during its reign... only in Yerevan gubernia 88 villages were wrecked, 1920 houses were burnt and 131.970 people were killed in 1914-1918 years" (37).
The official chronological datas given below show the massacre of azeri turks inYerevan gubernia in 1918-1920 years:
On November 24, 1918: the Dashnak terror group bombed and destroyed Tokhluja village of Yeni Bayazit province. Escaped population of the village left their homeland. (9,27)
On January 28, 1919: the dahsnak terror group attacked to Zaghali village of Goycha town. 25 Azeri turks were killed by terrorists, the village was razed. There were women and children among the murdered people. ( 9, 30)
On February 6, 1919: the Dashnak terror group attacked to Nariman village of Yerevan gubernia where azerbaijanis populated. 29 men, 10 women, 12 children were tortured and killed, the corpses have been disfigured. Their ears were cut off and their eyes were pulled out . 37 houses were burnt (9, 31).
On May 28, 1918 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic declared its independence. At the meeting of APF National Council held on June 13 were discussed the news from Yerevan about the massacres committed against the muslims by armenians. There was stated that the number of displaced refugees from their homes on the territory of Yerevan reached to 150 thousand, 206 village were destroyed by armenians. National Council decided
to sent a representative for financial assistance to the refugees inYerevan gubernia. The command of turkish troops in Yerevan gubernia were also asked to provide food aid for refugees and impact on Armenian government to return them to their homes. (28, 4).
We can see the atrocities committed by Armenians during this period in the report sent to the government of Azerbaijan by the governor of Ganja who gave an information to the Minister of Foreign Affairs: "...There is no limit to the brutality of Armenians. It is difficult to write these lines in horror caused by datas: Women are raped, the children ware burnt, the tongues and ears are cutt off, torture, humiliation" (4, 192-194; 15, 98).
Armenian soldiers and leaders who committed massacre against the azerbaiajnis have also confessed the armenian atrocities committed during this period. (5, 50).
The massacre, violence and crime committed by armenians against the muslims in 1918-1920 years, were confessed by some Armenian historians in the next time. So, A.A.Lalayan touched this issue in his article called as "The counterrevolutionary role of Dashnaksitiun party" and stated that: Dashnaksutyun party killed the thirty five percent of armenian population and sixty percent of turkish (azeri) population in the South Caucasus within thirty months of its reign. (12, 76).
The population of Yerevan gubernia took some measures to prevent the attacks of the enemy. They counseled and prepared for the fight against Armenian gangs. In March 1919, in the battle between Sulikov's armed troops and Basarkecher and Zod villages, 400-500 Azerbaijan volunteers shattered the armenian troops consisted of 1300 people. Sulikov was captured and killed in this battle. (36, 100).
As a result of atrocities of armenian gangs against the azeri turks during 1918-1920, the azerbaijani population were seriously damaged in political, economic, and demographic point of view.
According to the information of the ApF Ministry of protection, the number of refugees only on Yeni Bayazid, Echmiedzin and Yerevan towns reached to 200 thousand at the end of 1919, but in general it was not less than 1 million people. (29, 119).
In the reminder of the muslims of Yerevan gubernia to the americans was mentioned: "88 villages were destroyed, 1920 houses were burnt, 131 thousand 970 men were killed". (25, 37).
During the period of dashnak's reign 565.000 people of 575.000 muslim turks were displaced and killed in the Western Azerbaijan. (25, 72).
Da^naklarin hakimiyy8td8 oldugu dovrd8 Q8rbi Az8rbaycanda 575.000 mus8lman turkund8n 565.000 n8f8ri oldurulmu§ v8 qovulmu^dir (25, 72).
In general, as the result of the ethnic cleansing of the muslim -turkish people in the South Caucasus in 1917-1920 by armenian fascists, in this region was committed the policy of genocide against the azeri turks, hundreds of villages were wrecked, hundreds of thousands of people were killed and exiled from their native lands. As the result of these massacres tens of villages and hundreds of families were entirely cleaned out off the earth.
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