THE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS IN SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

Saparov Mavlanbek Zokirovich

Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)

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Saparov Mavlanbek Zokirovich

Alfraganus University, teacher mavlanbek.saparov@gmail.com +998917939900

THE FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENTS IN SPEECH DEVELOPMENT NUTQ HOSIL BO'LISHIDA MIYA FAOLIYATINING ROLI VA MOHIYATI ФУНКЦИЯ МОЗГА И ЕГО ОСНОВНЫЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ В РЕЧЕВОМ

РАЗВИТИИ

Annotation: The brain is central to human spiritual life, a concept debated since ancient times. Aristotle believed the soul resided in the heart, a notion disproved by 19th-century physiologist Angelo Mosso, who demonstrated increased brain blood flow during mental activity. K.F. Sedov's "Neuro-psycholinguistics" vividly describes the brain's complex structure, emphasizing its divided hemispheres and specialized lobes responsible for various functions. The hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain collectively control vital biological processes, sensory integration, and complex motor functions. The limbic system, comprising the thalamus and hypothalamus, plays a crucial role in emotions and higher cognitive processes like thinking and learning. Speech production, involving areas like Broca's and Wernicke's, is a coordinated effort of different brain regions, ensuring fluent communication. The cortex, with its primary, secondary, and tertiary areas, processes sensory inputs, perceptual analysis, and higher-order cognitive tasks, facilitating speech and language acquisition. Modern neuroscience highlights the brain's hemispheric dominance in speech, with the left hemisphere playing a primary role and the right contributing significantly. This intricate neural interplay underscores the brain's pivotal role in human spirituality and cognitive functions.

Key words: Brain structure, Mental processes, Limbic system, Speech production, Neuroscience

Annotatsiya: Miya inson ruhiy hayotida markaziy o'rin tutadi, bu tushuncha qadim zamonlardan beri muhokama qilinadi. Aristotel ruh yurakda joylashganiga ishongan, bu fikrni 19-asr fiziologi Anjelo Mosso rad etgan, u

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aqliy faoliyat davomida miya qon oqimining ko'payishini ko'rsatgan. K.F. Sedovning "Neyro-psixolingvistika" asari miyaning murakkab tuzilishini yorqin tasvirlab, uning bo'lingan yarim sharlari va turli funktsiyalar uchun mas'ul bo'lgan ixtisoslashgan loblarini ta'kidlaydi. Orqa miya, o'rta miya va oldingi miya hayotiy biologik jarayonlarni, hissiy integratsiyani va murakkab vosita funktsiyalarini birgalikda boshqaradi. Talamus va gipotalamusni o'z ichiga olgan limbik tizim hissiyotlar va fikrlash va o'rganish kabi yuqori kognitiv jarayonlarda hal qiluvchi rol o'ynaydi. Broka va Vernik kabi sohalarni o'z ichiga olgan nutq ishlab chiqarish miyaning turli qismlarining muvofiqlashtirilgan harakatlari bo'lib, ravon muloqotni ta'minlaydi. Korteks o'zining asosiy, ikkilamchi va uchinchi darajali sohalariga ega bo'lib, nutq va tilni o'zlashtirishni osonlashtiradigan hissiy ma'lumotlar, sezgi tahlili va yuqori darajadagi kognitiv vazifalarni qayta ishlaydi. Zamonaviy nevrologiya nutqda miyaning yarim sharning ustunligini ta'kidlaydi, chap yarim shar asosiy rol o'ynaydi va o'ng yarim sharda sezilarli hissa qo'shadi. Ushbu murakkab neyron o'zaro ta'sir miyaning inson ma'naviyati va kognitiv funktsiyalaridagi asosiy rolini ta'kidlaydi.

Kalit so'zlar: Miya tuzilishi, Ruhiy jarayonlar, Limbik tizim, Nutq ishlab chiqarish, Neyrologiya

Аннотация: Мозг занимает центральное место в духовной жизни человека, и эта концепция обсуждается с древних времен. Аристотель считал, что душа находится в сердце. Это мнение опроверг физиолог XIX века Анджело Моссо, который продемонстрировал усиление мозгового кровообращения во время умственной деятельности. К.Ф. «Нейропсихолингвистика» Седова ярко описывает сложное строение мозга, подчеркивая его разделенность полушарий и специализированных долей, отвечающих за различные функции. Задний, средний и передний мозг совместно контролируют жизненно важные биологические процессы, сенсорную интеграцию и сложные двигательные функции. Лимбическая система, включающая таламус и гипоталамус, играет решающую роль в эмоциях и высших когнитивных процессах, таких как мышление и обучение. Производство речи, в котором задействованы такие области, как зоны Брока и Вернике, представляет собой скоординированное усилие различных областей мозга, обеспечивающее свободное общение. Кора головного мозга с ее

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первичными, вторичными и третичными областями обрабатывает сенсорную информацию, перцептивный анализ и когнитивные задачи более высокого порядка, облегчая овладение речью и языком. Современная нейробиология подчеркивает доминирование полушарий головного мозга в речи, при этом левое полушарие играет основную роль, а правое вносит значительный вклад. Это сложное нейронное взаимодействие подчеркивает ключевую роль мозга в духовности и когнитивных функциях человека.

Ключевые слова: Структура мозга, Психические процессы, Лимбическая система, Речевое производство, Нейронауки

INTRODUCTION

The brain has long been regarded as the center of human spiritual life, a notion that has sparked debate throughout history. Aristotle, the great philosopher, believed that the soul resided in the heart, asserting that the brain lacked blood entirely. This misconception was debunked in the 19th century by Italian physiologist Angelo Mosso, who conducted an experiment showing that mental work increases blood flow to the brain. Mosso balanced a person lying still on a special scale, with the center of gravity in the lumbar region. When the person solved an arithmetic problem, the upper body began to weigh more, indicating increased blood flow to the brain. This experiment provided the physiological basis for higher mental processes.

K.F. Sedov, in his work "Neuro-psycholinguistics," uses a vivid analogy to describe the human brain. He compares it to a bowl of cold oatmeal, emphasizing its seemingly simple appearance yet complex structure. The cerebrum, the large convoluted part at the top, is divided into right and left hemispheres, and into the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The cerebellum, located lower and further back, resembles two bundles of wool. Hidden within the brain are structures like the pons, medulla oblongata, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and corpus callosum.

The human brain contains approximately 10A12 nerve cells. Each nerve cell receives information from hundreds or thousands of other cells and transmits it to just as many. The brain is composed of the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. At the base of the spinal cord is the medulla oblongata, which controls vital biological functions such as cardiovascular and respiratory systems, reflexes like swallowing and sneezing, and balance. The

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cerebellum, an essential component of the hindbrain, programs the coordination of individual movements into complex motor activities, like playing tennis or carpentry.

The midbrain controls auditory and visual stimuli formation and transforms simple spinal cord movements into more complex ones. The thalamus and hypothalamus, part of the midbrain, form the basis of the limbic system, often called the "animal brain" due to its functions shared with other mammals. The limbic system, located above the brain stem and below the cortex, plays a crucial role in emotions, which are mental phenomena related to the satisfaction of needs. The emotional sphere is an ancient evolutionary achievement, present even in primitive life forms like worms and mollusks. However, only highly developed animals have a limbic system, which is also linked to human thinking and learning processes.

The thalamus, a pair of egg-like structures, acts as a sensory control panel for the brain, receiving impulses from sensory neurons and transmitting them to higher regions. It also sends signals from the upper brain parts to the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. The hypothalamus, a critical structure of the limbic system, controls blood chemistry and receives commands from other brain parts. It stimulates hormone production in response to thoughts about sex.

The forebrain consists of two cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum, a bundle of nerve fibers. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. The cortex, which makes up 80% of the brain, is only 2-3 mm thick but highly folded, covering an area of about 2500 sq.cm when flattened. The cortex is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital, each responsible for different functions. The occipital lobe handles vision, the temporal lobe deals with hearing, the parietal lobe responds to sensory stimuli and controls movements, and the frontal lobes play a significant role in emotions and personality.

Speech production is a complex process involving coordinated activity across different brain parts. The left hemisphere, particularly the frontal and temporal lobes, is crucial for speech formation.

Broca's area in the frontal lobe plans and executes speech, while Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe processes language comprehension. The supplementary motor area and premotor cortex ensure the initiation and sequencing of speech movements. The integration of these brain regions

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enables fluent speech production.

Speech production involves three main stages: conceptualization, formulation, and articulation. During conceptualization, the speaker formulates the message or idea, involving activation in the frontal and temporal regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The formulation stage involves choosing appropriate words and grammatical structures, relying on Wernicke's area. The articulation stage generates motor commands to produce speech sounds, involving the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum.

The human brain's hemispheric cortex is divided into lobes with different structures and functions, each contributing uniquely to speech. The occipital lobe is associated with visual perception, while the parietal lobe handles tactile perception and kinesthetic signals during speech. The parietal cortex also processes spatial, quantitative, and temporal concepts, crucial for language morphology.

The cortex's primary areas provide basic functions like hearing and vision, while secondary areas handle differential analysis of perceptual stimuli, enabling recognition and imitation of sounds. Tertiary areas involve the conceptual aspects of speech, including reading and writing, requiring the combined effort of different cortical regions.

Advances in neuroscience have highlighted the dominant role of the brain's hemispheres in speech production, with the left hemisphere playing a primary role and the right hemisphere contributing significantly. The cortex's primary, secondary, and tertiary areas ensure the proper functioning of speech, from basic sensory input to complex cognitive processes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The exploration of the brain's role in human spiritual life reveals critical insights into its intricate structure and functions. Angelo Mosso's experiment demonstrated that mental activities increase blood flow to the brain, providing a physiological basis for higher mental processes. This finding underscores the brain's active involvement in cognitive tasks, directly challenging Aristotle's belief that the heart is the soul's seat.

The detailed anatomy of the brain, as described by K.F. Sedov, shows a complex organ divided into specialized regions. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem each contribute to different aspects of human function. The cerebrum's lobes—frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital—are responsible

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for various sensory and motor activities, with the frontal lobes playing a crucial role in emotional regulation and personality.

The limbic system, including the thalamus and hypothalamus, is central to emotional and cognitive processes. It integrates sensory inputs and modulates emotional responses, highlighting its evolutionary significance. The limbic system's role in emotions and higher cognitive functions demonstrates the brain's capacity to handle complex mental states, aligning with the concept of the brain as the center of human spiritual life.

Speech production, a key aspect of human communication, involves multiple brain regions. Broca's and Wernicke's areas, located in the frontal and temporal lobes respectively, are essential for planning, executing, and understanding speech. This coordinated activity illustrates the brain's sophisticated neural network, enabling complex cognitive functions and fluent communication.

Advancements in neuroscience have confirmed the dominant role of the left hemisphere in speech and language functions, while the right hemisphere also significantly contributes. The primary, secondary, and tertiary cortical areas process sensory inputs, perform perceptual analysis, and manage higher-order cognitive tasks, facilitating language acquisition and usage.

The findings highlight the brain's complexity and its pivotal role in human cognitive and emotional life. The increased blood flow during mental activity, the detailed anatomical structure, the integral role of the limbic system, and the sophisticated neural coordination required for speech underscore the brain's centrality in human spiritual and mental processes. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of the brain's functions, reinforcing its significance as the core of human spirituality and cognition.

REFERENCES

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2. Седов К.Ф. Нейро-психолингвистика. Учебное Лабиринт, 2007. - C.16.

3. Hickok G. & Poeppel D. The cortical organization of speech processing // Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2007. - № 8(5). - P.393-402.

4. Guenther F.H. Neural control of speech. - MIT Press, 2016.

5. Tourville J.A. & Guenther F.H. The DIVA model: A neural theory of speech

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Central Asian Research Journal For Interdisciplinary Studies (CARJIS)

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acquisition and production // Language and Cognitive Processes, 2011. -№ 26(7). - P.952-981.

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8. Guenther F.H. Neural control of speech. - MIT Press, 2016.

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