28ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
THE FULFILMENT OF THE COMMITMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS' IN THE 21st ENTURY
Anvar Qanoatovich Shirinov
Senior teacher of the Bukhara State university, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
In the following article the new trends in the situation with the climate change due to the recent efforts by the countries of the world, namely the countries with the highest frequencies of environmental problems including Central Asia are analyzed. The reforms ongoing depending on the Sustainable Development Goals are presented through the prism of their efficacy. Reforestation efforts, The Bonn Challenge, locust infestation, food security, natural hazards, development strategies, healthcare reform in the countries of CA are shown by their content analysis in combination with SARS-COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, environmental issues, program, Central Asia (CA), climate change, food security, tree, locust invasion
INTRODUCTION
As a result of the economic crisis formed by the pandemic, almost 2 billion informal economy workers, out of a global total of two billion and a global employees of 3.3 billion are endangered. The first month of the crisis is estimated to have resulted in a drop of 60 per cent in the income of informal workers globally. This processed to a reduction of some 81 per cent in Africa and the Americas, 21.6 per cent in Asia, the Pacific, and 70 percent in Europe and Central Asia. The share of employees dwelling in regions under recommended or required workplace closures has reduced from 82 to 69 per cent over the previous two weeks. The turning down from the preceding estimation of 81 percent in the second version of observation (as of April 7, 2020) is mainly consequence of changes in continental China other place of work shutting actions have augmented. Globally, some 440 million enterprises face high risks of severe troubles. The following projects are in service in the hard hit economic sectors, including in retail and wholesale some 232 million, in manufacturing 111 million, in accommodation and food services 51 million, and in real estate and other business activities 42 million.
Statesmen, individuals, and scientists, interested in the socio-economical
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
development of the nation, the country, and society, have taken a completely different path, that is, the use of economically viable ideas. Researches on the essence of this topic are observed in the scientific works of such researchers as T.Hirai's monograph "The Creation of the Human Development Approach" (. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. 173 p."), Sophie Mitra's monograph "Disability, Health and Human Development. Palgrave Studies in Disability and International Development (New York, 2018. 177 p.), V.Pereira et all. In Palgrave Studies in Global Human Capital Management. Pereira, V. (Ed), Malik, A. (Ed), Munjal, S. (Ed), Kundu, S. K. (Ed). (Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2019), S.K. Kundu et all in "Human Capital and Innovation. Examining the Role of Globalization. Kundu, Sumit, Munjal, Surender (Eds.). (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021), Janine Nahapiet's book "A Social Perspective: Exploring the Links between Human Capital and Social Capital". (The Oxford Handbook of Human Capital. Edited by Alan Burton-Jones and J.-C. Spender. 2011). Accordingly, they put forward the idea that the realization of the concept of human development is based on the goals and intentions directed at the elimination of economic and political backwardness in society, with human development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Government of Ethiopia opened the £ 1.1 bn tree planting project in 2019 to solve climate change and deforestation. The UN says forest cover in Ethiopia fell as of 35% of total terrain area in the early on 20th century to a little above 4% by 2000. The main target was to plant 200 million tree saplings in 12 hours on 29 July, but G. Mekuria, the Innovation and Technology minister, said the state ended up planting some 350 million tree saplings. Certain government workers were given the day off to assist and officials from the UN, African Union and foreign diplomats also took part [1].
Lots of effort should be diverted to the problems of lakes of Urmia and Chad which are aggravated by the existing problem of Aral Sea [2]. Iran is spending 0.5 billion dollars in the first year in a bid to revive the once- huge Lake Urmia which has contracted to approximately to nothing in the last twenty years [3]. Recent discharges of toxic fuels into the rivers of Arctic Circle. The drop occurred on May 29 after a fuel tank lost pressure and released 21,000 tons of diesel fuel into rivers and groundwater near the city of Norilsk in Siberia. Ecological group Greenpeace has compared the event to the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill off Alaska [4]. Already more than half of the lands in the Arctic Polar Circle are contaminated by the toxic wastes
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
produced by industrial plants [5]. Due to severe bushfires in Australia it was estimated that more than 100 years will be required for recovery. These wild bushfires lead to the extinction of the habitat for 13 species. As a result more than 10 million hectares of forest was lost [6]. Already based on the latest estimates by FAO the food security in the world poses immediate danger to livelihoods. The World Food Program in 2020 was rewarded the Nobel Prize. In 2019 the organization was the largest humanitarian organization in the world assisting 97 million people in 88 countries [7].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ethiopia assumed a major state reforestation actions in 2019, with the ambitious aim of planting four billion trees in just three months. The Green Legacy Initiative, has been supported by the country's Nobel peace prize-winning Prime Minister, A. Ahmed. Statesmen around the globe have pointed to Ethiopia as an illustration of what can be done to reforest their respective countries and turn over the special effects of harmful undeveloped techniques. During the recent UK election campaign, major political parties made unreserved promises to plant millions more trees, and referred to Ethiopia's proposal. Labor party promised to plant two billion trees by 2040, the Conservatives at least 30 million more trees every year, and the Green Party 700 million by 2030. Canada is planning to plant two billion trees over 10 years. Ethiopia held a one-day tree planting event on 29 July, with an initial target to plant 200 million tree saplings. The government announced that the target had been exceeded, with more than 350 million planted over a 12-hour period. They gave a very precise number - 353,633,660 trees planted in 12 hours that day [8].
As a project the Bonn challenge - worldwide objective to bring 150 million hectares of despoiled and deforested terrains into restoration as of 2020, 350 million hectares by the year 2030. Tajikistan has pledged 66000, Uzbekistan 500000, Kyrgyzstan 323000 Kazakhstan 1500000 hectares. Effects of the sustainable development in the CA is enhanced by the following acts accepted in Kyrgyzstan [9].
During the rise of COVID-19 epidemics the production of rice, potato and poultry is supported based on the additional initiatives of the president of Uzbekistan. In 2020 Uzbekistan will produce more than 2.8 million metric tons , more than the demand in the country which stands at 1.8 million tones. Based on the initiative of the Government of Uzbekistan special regional funds maintaining the food security of the population will be established [10]. The booming construction sector will employ more than 85 based on the means supported by the Anti-crisis fund of Uzbekistan. By
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
2020 107 projects created in the cotton-textile clusters will employ 28 thousand people. Within the framework of the programe "Наг bir yoshga bir gektar" more than 25 thousand hectares were allotted for the unemployed youth. Also parts of the population who are in need received daily allowance for 104.7 million USD for 235 thousand households [11 ].
The constant spiky reduction in working hours worldwide depending on the COVID-19 eruption means that 2 billion workers in the informal market - that is nearly half of the universal workforce - stand in instant hazard of having their livings destroyed, warned by International Labor Organization. When compared to pre-crisis levels (Q4 2019), a 10.5 per cent aggravation is now expected, equivalent to 315 million full-time jobs (assuming a 48-hour per week). The preceding estimation was for a 6.7 per cent drop, equal to 195 million full-time personnel. The estimations for the rest of the regional groups follow closely and are all above 9.5 percent.
Measures for financial revigoration activation should follow a job-rich approach, backed by stronger service policies, society and comprehensive social protection systems. International labor principles, which by now enjoy tripartite agreement, may offer a framework [12]. SARS-CoV-2 has presented extraordinary environmental benefits: cleaner air, lower carbon emissions, a respite for wildlife [13].
Based on the information coming from the agricultural authorities of Central Asia locust invasion was common in 2020 in the region. This assault posed hazard to the food security in the region. The reports cite that the huge swaps of the locust are third source of peril to the human development after the natural hazards of the severe weather phenomena in Bukhara region and Sardoba dam. But in Central Asian context the locust invasion was occasionally occurring based on the statistical data starting from 1929. Nowadays the locust has already invaded the territory of more than 15 million hectares in Asia and Africa. India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Sudan Ethiopia and Egypt are the main territories of locust invasion. The pesticides that cost more than 60 million USD have already been used. Global warming is one of the causes of the locusts to be more active. Based on this it has been established that locusts are migrating from lowlands to highlands. Uzbekistan in 2020 conducted the chemical cleansing in the 280 thousand hectares [14].
As if India wanted more confrontations, with the SARS-CoV-2 contagions progressively increasing, a heat wave hitting the capital, a new destroyer cyclone, 18 million of COVID-19 patients and 120 million people out of work, the nation had to fight off a new trouble: a locust invasion. Because most of crops were recently
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
harvested, the ravenous swarms have buzzed into city areas, eager to devour bushes and trees, carpeting whatever exterior they land on [15].
Central Asian countries are swarmed by the vast colonies of locust. Lebap wilayat of Turkmenistan has already been infested with locust. The agricultural authorities are struggling with it [16]. The aircrafts are being used to fight against it. These are spraying the chemicals. Also tractor -mounted sprayers are being used. In some cases the residents are themselves spraying the chemicals. 5 liters canister costs 350 manat (100 USD). The hard work against the locust which is the enemy of the crops were lead by the president Gurbanguli Berdimuhamedov starting from 29 May 2020 [17]. Huge swarms of locusts have been causing devastation across swathes of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Desert locusts, living in areas between west Africa and India, cause the most devastation. Adult locusts can eat their body weight every day, and fly up to 150 km a day in search of new supplies. Kenya, Uganda, India and Pakistan experienced its worst infestation for 70 years, with pastoralists complaining that the vegetation on which their livestock feeds is being wiped out. Ethiopia and Somalia have not seen an outbreak this bad for 25 years.
Worries that millions of populace could be propelled into hunger encouraged mass manage cgerations earlier in 2020 have had an impact in Kenya and southern Ethiopia. Fews Net forecasted locusts could damage enough crops to feed 280,000 people for six months in Somalia. The current locust outbreak originated in Yemen, where breeding conditions created by unseasonable rains combined with continuing disagreement had permitted an approximately unimpeded outbreak (18). Satellite imagery have shown a drastic decline in contamination levels over China, which is "at least partially" due to an financial deceleration prompted by the coronavirus, US space agency NASA says.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
Coronavirus: Nasa images show China pollution clear amid slowdown 29.02.2020 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-51691967
Pollutant Drops in Wuhan—and Does not Rebound
Unlike 2019, NO; levels in 2020 did not rise after the Chinese New Year
Mean Tropospheric NO; Density ipmol/nrv)
0 125
The space organization noted that the decline in air pollution levels coincided with restriction imposed on transportation and business activities, and as millions of people went into quarantine.
In Kyrgyzstan SDS are included into the state policy namely, National strategy of development (2018-2040), Development program "Unity. Trust. Creation" for the 2018-2022 [19]. The conceptual idea of the Strategy 2040 is the maintenance of the high qualities and decent levels of human lifestyle through the prism of the sustainable economic growth. This country is also leading towards that nobody should be left behind the pace of advance.
Recently National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030, Medium term development program of Republic of Tajikistan for 2016-2020 have been accpewted. In 2016, Tajikistan developed and accepted for implementation the National Development Strategy for the period up to 2030 (NDS-2030), which describes the main instructions for attaining the SDGs in Tajikistan. NDS-2030 sets the uppermost objective of the state's long-term growth in raising the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
standard of living and welfare of the inhabitants based on the completion of the "4+1 Concept". The conception implies the achievement of four nationwide strategic growth goals of the country for the subsequent 15 years: (1) guaranteeing energy security and well-organized use of electricity; (2) breaking the communication deadlock and turning the nation into a transit country; (3) ensuring food security and public access to excellence alimentation; (4) mounting dynamic service. The question of further improved human capital progress is put in the NDS-2030 as an included, inter-sectoral priority, which addresses problems of schooling, healthiness care and social security. In 2017, Tajikistan commenced the preparation of a Voluntary National Review followed by a presentation at the High Level Political Forum. The main objective of the Review was to analyze the process of the SDGs implementation at the country level and the integration of the 2030-Agenda into the national development. An assessment of the available capacity to determine the global SDG indicators for Tajikistan was carried out for 232 SDG indicators agreed at the 48th session of the UN Statistical Commission, with the exception of 30 indicators that are not applicable for Tajikistan [20].
The implementation of the SDGs in Uzbekistan corresponded to large-scale reforms in the framework of the national Action Strategy for 2017-2021. This approach and its five priority areas have been confirmed as a pathway to achieving the SDGs. Work is underway to integrate the SDGs into nationwide and regional growth strategies and program, including the Concept of Comprehensive Socioeconomic Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2030. The direction is assessing the results of the improvement through checking 23 global ratings (indexes), including the global SDG Index, where Uzbekistan is currently ranked 52. A web- portal was in progress with data on about 100 indicators (at http://nsdg.stat.uzj and work is underway to establish data compilation on the remaining 100 indicators. The reforms in Uzbekistan are guided by one principle: "Human Interests Are Above All" which is closely aligned with the basic code of Agenda 2030, "Leaving No-one Behind". Because of the adoption of the SDGs, Uzbekistan has highly regarded a system of People's Receptions of the President, managerial reform is ongoing, e-govemment is being better, and reforms are being executed to ensure the independence of the media, bloggers, as well as to enhance the role of civil
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Based on the decree of the government of Uzbekistan on 22 April, 202 the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
charity fund "Saxovat va ko'mak" the regional and district departments were established. The charity is recognized within the structure of the "Makhalla". This fund is targeted to help the families and individuals in need, those with restrictions by providing them money, daily needed items, pills and other products during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic [21]. "Mehr-shafqat va salomatlik" public fund also assisted the people in need.
Turkmenistan has also integrated the reference to the Agenda 2030 and its SDGs into its main national development strategy - the National Program of the President of Turkmenistan on the Socio-economic Development for 2018-2024, adopted on October 9, 2017. Current year established the foundation for the completion of 148 of 169 SDG objectives to be reached by Turkmenistan in three key strategic spheres - the economy, the communal sphere and the field of environmental safety. As it has been stated that in Turkmenistan The Program of the President of Turkmenistan for Social and Economic Development for the period 2019-2025, adopted in February 2019, as a seven-year Action Plan on achieving sustainable development in the country [22].
National Strategy and Action Plan on Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health for 2015-2019, The National Program for the Prevention of Harmful Effects of Alcohol for 2018-2024 and the Action Plan on its implementation stipulate measures on pricing and taxation of alcoholic beverages. Acting once more without a vote, the Assembly accepted the resolution of "International Year of Peace and Trust, 2021" (document A/73/L.I10), declaring 2021 as such. It highlighted that this year constitutes a means of mobilizing global efforts to endorsed peace and trust among nations on the basis of political dialogue, mutual understanding and cooperation in order to build sustainable peace, solidarity and harmony.
In media sector TV shows such as "II saglygy-yurt haylygy" (A healthy nation is a wealthy nation) in Turkmenistan, "Oydin hayot" (Uzbekistan), "Bala aman" (Kazakhstan), "Den sooluk + " (Kyrgyzstan) are promoting the ideas in SDGs. In 2017, Turkmenistan has adopted the Concept for the Development of a Digital Education System. Kazakhstan has accepted The state programme on healthcare "Densaulyq" aimed at 2016-2020 [23]. In Uzbekistan "Salomatlik- 1"(1998-2004), "Salomatlik-2 " (from 2003), "Salomatlik-3" (from 2011 onwards) [30].
Firstly, one of the aggravating problems which are tackling the climate issues of the globe is the microplasrics (less than 5 mm in length) in drinking акт identified in rivers, lakes, drinking water supplies and in a bottled water. Authorities in the WHO state that the evidence suggests that all larger plastic particles, and most of the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
smaller ones, simply pass through the body without being treated [24]. Secondly, based on the data of FAO the world market of cereals in 2029 will grow to 96 millions reaching to 517 million tones [25].
The recent trends in the world define that the indicators of human development are the main drivers of the upward tendencies in the volatile globe which require more reforms in the sphere human capital.
REFERENCES
1. Peter Mwai. Deforestation: Did Ethiopia plant 350 million trees in a day? BBC World Service. August 10, 2019.
2. .Ghazal Golshiri. Iran: pourquoi le lac d'Ourmia est sur le point de disparaître. Pub lie le 11/03/2019
3. .Jeff Hecht. Iran to spend $500 million to save shrunken Lake Urmia. New
Scientist, July 4, 2014
4. .Russia's Nornickel disputes $2 billion Arctic spill damages claim, Reuters, July 8, 2020
5. .Grave accident ecologique dans T Arctique russe, Courrier international, Publie le 04/06/2020
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7. UN World Food Programme wins 2020 Nobel Prize, United Nations, October 9, 2020
8. Peter Mwai. Did Ethiopia plant four billion trees this year? Euronews, December 20, 2019
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10. Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari narkhi barqarorligini saqlash masalalari muhokama qilindi. 16.10.2020
11. Mirziyoyev poruchil likvidirovat defitsit kartofelya i risa.
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13. Jeffrey Gettleman, Suhasini Raj. Overtaken by Aliens: India faces another plague as locusts swarm New York Times, May 27, 2020.
14. Xronika Turkmeinstana https://www.hronikatm.com 02.06.2020.
15. US Unemployment rate for February 2020 3.5 percent, March 2020 4.4 percent, April 2020 14,7 percent as of 9 may 2020, (euronews) in numbers it reached to 20,5 million people.
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 6 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-6-1144-1153
16. Sora Halake. Ethiopia Steps Up Aerial Spraying To Stop New Desert Locust Invasion, Voice of America, May11, 2020
17. Shamail Abbas. Rolling emergency' of locust swarms decimating Africa, Asia andMiddle East, June 10, 2020,
18. Peter Beaumont, Graham Readfeam. Global heating supercharging Indian Ocean climate system, The Guardian, November 19, 2019
19. Development program of Kyrgyz Republic. "Unity, Trust, Creation" for the period 2018-2020, Development Partners' Cooperation Council. Accessed September 10, 2020, program-of-kyrgyz- republic -unity-trust-creation
20. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/uzbekistan
21. General Assembly Adopts 5 Resolutions, Including Texts on Revitalizing Its Own Work, Designating 2021. "International Year of Peace and Trust". GA/12174.September 12,2019,
22. Gosudarstvennaya programma razvitiya zdravookhraneniya Respubliki Kazakhstan "Densaulyq" na 2016-2020
23. Sobirovich, T. B. (2020). The criterion of human indicators in development and renewals in Uzbekistan. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR J, 6(8), 509-511.
