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THE FRENCH ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE BOLSHEVIK POWERDURING
JANUARY 1918
SARAB MAAN ABDUL KARIM1, PROF. DR. WISSAM ALI THABET2
1'2Diyala University, College of Education for Human Sciences, Department of History.
srabmn2@gmail.com Wisamali.thabit@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This study aims to know the nature of the diplomatic relationship between the French government and Soviet Russia during January 1918, because of the great efforts made by the French government in forming investments for it in Eastern Europe, especially in Russia, by providing financial loans to Soviet Russia, and its attempts to take advantage of the changes that occurred. On the international situation in Europe to expand at the expense of Soviet Russia. key words: The Bolshevik power, the French position on the independence of Ukraine, the position of the Entente countries on the independence of Ukraine, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
THE INTRODUCTION:
International relations in the first quarter of the twentieth century witnessed political, economic and diplomatic competition. France was keen, through the diplomacy it followed towards Soviet Russia during January 1918, to impose some policies in Russia, taking advantage of Russia's critical situation during its conflicts with the Germans.
The research shed light on the most important phases of French policy towards Russia's internal political and diplomatic conditions, and Paris' attempt to exploit Russia's critical conditions in its favor in achieving some gains.
The research aims to show the historical facts and benefit from the experiences of countries in dealing with the exceptional economic and political situations in some countries. The research relied on the analytical descriptive approach to achieve the objectives of the research, which is based on study and analysis, so the nature of the study required that the research be divided into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. Interior and the position of the French government towards it until the end of January 1918 and included how Soviet Russia dealt with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, how Russia was able to deal with the international situation. The researcher relied on many different sources, the most important of which were in the Russian and French languages.
The first topic: position thFrenchBolshevik power trend (January 1918).
The Bolsheviks came to power inNovember 7, 1917A major reflection on the internal events of Russia, and clearly affected French interests in Russia, especially after the Bolshevik government refused to recognize previous treaties, debts, and commitments that Tsarist Russia signed with the Entente countries, including France during the years of World War I, as the Bolshevik government took an anti-war stance. (1)And he called for peace with all the warring countries, which greatly angered the French government and the Entente countries, so they rejected this policy as a stab in the back., In parallel with the Bolshevik positions, France and its allies took positions represented in not dealing with the Bolshevik government and not recognizing the emerging political system in it.. (2)
The French ambassador refusedJoseph NolinsJoseph Nolens(1864_1944)( 3 ) in yatthe timeHimselfcooperate withLenin's Bolshevik government, as it discussed ways of appeasement with Germany and its alliespowers central(Germany, the Bilateral Kingdom (Austria-Hungary), Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire) to end the war, not with France(4),So the French Ministry of Finance agreedOn January 1, 1918By accepting informal interviewswithRepresentatives of the White Russian
Opposition (White Army), and thattoto defend interestsIts financial and economicIn RussiaSoviet( 5 ),Among the goals of Bolshevism towards France during that period are the followingY:_
1. Distance France from its centers of economic influence in Soviet Russia, through obstruction and obstruction, in order to put pressure on it in order to negotiate with it.
2. to setthe activitiesFrench military in RussiaSoviet as possible. The objectives of the French intervention in RussiaHj:
1. Re-establishment of the Eastern FrontRussianagainst Germanyand allies.
2. reorganizationlegionCzechoslovakianIn Russia to resist the Central Powers during the war.
3. help peoplesRussian to form allied governments against the Germans and against the
Communist ideology of the Bolshevik regime.
4. Solve the issue of French debts and ways to recover them from the government of Soviet
Russia.
due to the turbulent events in Russia,I triedFranceHide her true intentionsThe direction of Soviet Russia, in order to be able to maintain its influence in Soviet Russia, and during January 1918, France was not serious in supporting the Russian opposition against Bolshevism, as it hoped to solve the problem of its money and investments with the Bolshevik government(6). So he asked theleaderThe WorkerarmyCountriesEntente in the East AdolfgooblameAdolphe Guillaumet(1863_1940)(7),from the Paris governmentOn January 2, 1918Helping the Bolshevik forces, supplying them with bforcesnecessary from aDisarmament gel of the Czechoslovak Legionlocated on Russian soil,So I finishedchief approvaltheMinisterstheFrancejGeorges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau(1841_ 1929)(8),So he took overCommander of the French Brigade George Smith Patton George Smith Patton(1885_1945)(9)Oversight responsibilitythewithdrawal Russia from the Eastern Front, and websamemethod thatto divideTBattalion soldiersremainder of the armyRussian to classyen:
First category: those who wishTo continue to fight and join the ato the Russian Corpswhich was formed in FranceAs part of the French army They numbered 381a soldier.
Category two: It included military groups, working in technical aspects such as drilling and maintenance. In addition, the second category included skilled women who could work in hospitals as nurses.(10).
France opposed the opinion of the Entente countries, aiming for the independence of Ukraine, after the abandonment of the Rada CouncilRada(Ukrainian Sejm)(11 )AndWho presented himself as a representative of the Ukrainian people, and the desire of its members for independence from Russia, resulted in the worsening of the internal Ukrainian situation.,So the French government officially decidedOn January 4, 1918,take some measures before agreeing toanoindependencetheUkrainian, in pursuit Of whichtoFormation of economic and military cooperationwith Ukraine(12).
On that basis, the French ambassador, Joseph Nolins, who was still residing in Russia until January 1918, decided to assign French General Georges TabbousGeorge Tabois(1867_1958)(13) Who became the commander of the 3rd Division of the Russian Western FrontWith the task of persuading Ukraine, to support the Entente countries, and to carry out the ongoing military operationsagainst Germany In exchange for the Entente countries providing assistance to the Ukrainian Council for the achievement of independence(14)The prediction of the French ambassador, Joseph Nolens, had good political results, that the House of Representatives of Ukraine (Ukrainian Rada) with its headquarters in KyivUnable to support the Entente countries, in exchange for their material and political support for the independence of Ukraine, and to guarantee its recognition as an independent state(15)However, the French general and commander of the 3rd Division of the Russian Western Front, GeorgesTabouistoto convincethe Soviet government to grant Ukraine its independence, to solvethe problem of Russian unity,The French government decided to grant French General Georges Tabouis the right to political representation of France before the only representative of Ukraine at the time, which is the Ukrainian Rada, the Ukrainian parliament, to support his country's policy in Ukraine in light of the German-Soviet negotiations in Brest-Litovsk.(16).
The French foreign minister supported SitivnpThey seeStephen Pichon(1857_1933)(17) On January 6, 1918, powers were given to the French commissioner, Georges Tabuis, including the recognition of the Ukrainian government in the Brest-Litovsk region in which the Soviet-German peace negotiations were taking place, without an armistice with the Entente countries and their approval.(18).
To counter this French activity, Soviet Russia took some limited measuresTo stimulate action in the south of Russia, So the Industrial Bureau pledgedBureau Industrial TheIn Moscow, the archives, documents and documents related to the French companies were collected and placed in a safe place. This led to a gathering of French engineers led by the head of the French companies in Russia.pYear DarcyPierre Darcy(1870_1918)(19)To take the necessary measures, the direction of people who falsified information about the French competencies in the factories of southern Russia(20).
Those events had an impact on the nature of French politics towards Russia, so French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau decided on January 7, 1918,Commissioned by the Chief of the General Staff of the French Military Mission, Henri NesselTo take the necessary measures regarding the formation of a Ukrainian government, loyal to it and hostile to the Bolshevik regime, which rejects its independence(21),And becauseunrestin the Caucasus (Ahd provincessouthern Russia)by the opponentsOfSoviet government,And German pressure on France called on the Entente countries to support the government of the Bolsheviks to stand firm in the face of the Germans, whose danger against Russia was increasing, so French General Henri Nessel decided to request the support of the French government and cooperation with the Red Army.Red Army (22),to limitFrom German pressure in the negotiations (Brest-Litovsk)(23).
At that time, the French bankers pressured their government to intervene immediately through claims announced on January 8, 1918, to save their money invested in Russia, so the French Foreign Minister Stephen Pichon gave a promise to the members of the Russian Asian Bank that the French government would do everything in its power to preserve its resources Finance in Russia(24). On the evening of January 8, 1918, the Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Leon Trotsky, submitted a request to the French ambassador, Joseph Nolens, resident in Ukraine, to divide responsibility for the protection of the Soviet northern region between the French training commander, Henri Berthelot, and the French General, Henri Nessel, to stand with the Bolsheviks against Germany.(25), but the deterioration of the situation in Ukraine in favor of the GermansAnd he was lateDelivering information and reports related to the war beforeFrench Ambassador Joseph NolensThe course of events changed a lot, as the ambassador found himself unable to defend his country's interests despite the presence of a French military force in Russia, because it was not at the level required to protect France's interests in Russia, after the increase in internal unrest and confusion resulting from the German military pressure on Russia during that stage. critical of the negotiations(26).
The second topic: the internal situation of Russia and the position of the French government towards it until the end of January 1918.
Those internal disturbances in Russia had a clear impact on the difference of opinion among the senior French military leaders in favor of cooperation with the Bolsheviks.Old material support for the Bolshevik government, especially after the demands of representatives of the French financial circlestheir financial rights, while the position of the presidency of the French government and foreign affairs was hostile towards the Bolsheviks because of its knowledge of the Bolsheviks' efforts to stop the war with the Germans.* 27 ^Especially after knowing about his desireCommissionerSoviet Trotsky to use the French army to support the Bolshevik power and fight internal unrest, so the French government decided on the evening of January 8, 1918Examining the conditions of Soviet Russia more accurately*28' .
On January 16, 1918, the French government directed the French colonel resident in Russia, Jacques-Gabriel LangloisJack Gabriel Langlo( 1874_ 1934)(29) By reorganizing the structure of French propaganda in Russia, spreading propaganda with influence on military units and on the Russian civilian population, to createpositive imagetofor an ally And a negative image of the enemytrying
to influence public opinion,Propaganda then gained special importance, for its role in regulating the relationship between Soviet Russia and France(30), So The Bolshevik government decided on the evening of January 16, 1918to encourageFrench investment projects in southern Russia(31),That is confirmedH A member of the French military mission, Jacques SadoulJack Sadoul(1881_1956)(32)And it was approved for the French ambassador, Joseph Nolens, and members of the French military mission to meet with officials from the Bolshevik government for that purpose, but due to the internal turmoil of Russia, Joseph Nolens retreated from the projects.which he planned in the south of Russia. (33)
French Minister of War Albert Thomas sent instructions to the Chief of the General Staff of the French Military Mission in Russia Henri Nessel on January 17, 1918 proposals made by the French Colonel Jacques Langlois, it reads as follows:(34).
1. Exploiting Russian lands to hinder German expansion there.
2. Survival of officers and agentsThe Frenchin their placesAnd to provide material, moral and political support to all organized associations of fighters against Germany.
After the arrival of these proposals on January 19, 1918, the French army agreed and cooperated with the Bolsheviksand Russian charitable organizations, In order to obtain the raw materials stored in Ukraine, the French representative of industrial development, Pierre Darcy, togetherFrench officersAttempting to impede the German advance by carrying out some military operations when a French military force bombed Ukraine with French artillery to hinder the German forces advancing there(35).
In view of these critical circumstances and the lack of regression in the progress of peace negotiations, the French government avoided long-term political goals in Russia. Rather, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau decided to continue dividing responsibilitiesTBetween the French Training Commander Henri Berthelot and the Chief of the General Staff of the French Military Mission Henri Nessel(36)On January 21, 1918, the French government and the Bank of France in Russia proposed amending the existing agreements between the two countries (France-Russia) on the issue of French debts, as the French banks demanded to know the fate of French funds in Russia and ways to recover them.(37) .
It should be noted that the memorandum submitted by French Colonel Jacques Langlois was edited on January 25, 1918.(38), which in turn influenced the financial negotiations held between the directors of French banks residing in Russia and the Soviet Commissar of Finance Ivan Adrianovich Mikhailov Ivan Adrianovich Mikhailov(1891_1946)(39), in order to conclude a new agreement and give broader concessions to French banks(40) , but Soviet Russia did not cooperate with the French claims(41), since there were no legal changes to the procedures demanded by the French banks at the time when he should receive the interest revenues of the loans paid to Russia, as the French government was considered financially responsible with regard to the French banks, so the interest rate applied to the loans issued by the French bank was adopted amounting to only 1%, as of January 27, 1918, in the light ofThe agreement reached between the French banks and the French treasury (42)Therefore, the French government and the French banks set out to study the issue of Russia's compliance with its obligations and the preservation of the previous character of the financial issue.(43),As a result of these circumstances, French Finance Minister Louis-Lucien Clotes was sentLouis Lucien Klots(1868-1930)(44) A letter on January 28, 1918 to the presidency of the French Parliament Committee, authorized to consider those projects to renew the privileges of French banks in Russia, at the same time Soviet Russia announced the move of the Soviet Red Army to stop the advance of the German army to Petrograd, that German pressure to force the Bolshevik government to The terms of the peace are in accordance with German wishes, and this is what placed on France a responsibility to face that challenge in its policy towards Soviet Russia during that stage.(45),Which was reflected in the stoppage of French banks and banking activity in Russia(46).
It becomes clear that France's policy during January 1918 was in a critical situation, as it sought to achieve pressure on Soviet Russia to avoid its agreements and reports with the Germans, and that made it exercise great flexibility in dealing with the Soviet government, but what thwarted that policy was the German military pressure, taking advantage of the weakness the decisionTThe
Soviet military during that difficult stage, which missed France the opportunity to perpetuate its
investments in Russia, and prevent the latter's rapprochement with Germany.
Conclusion:
1. France tried, through its policy towards Soviet Russia during January 1918, to hold the stick in the middle in order to avoid pressure on Russia, which would have two dangerous consequences for France first, which is rapprochement and belonging, perhaps in the arms of the Germans, and this constitutes a great danger not to France, but to the Entente countries in a way General, and the second danger that results from more French pressure is the loss of French funds invested in markets, factories, and laboratories inside Russia, so France tried to avoid using military and economic pressure against Russia during that stage, which was limited to this research in January 1918.
2. Soviet Russia tried to use the idea of exporting the communist revolution abroad and exerting pressure against the capitalist governments in order to obtain some gains and concessions from those countries.
3. It can be said that Soviet Russia sought to build a strong state in all international relations, but it
Margins
(1 )E. П.Феськоеа, Феськоеа, Французские Военные Миссии В России и Восстане Чехословацкого Корпуса, История Вестник Нижегородского Им. N.N. And. Лобачевского, №. 6, 2019, C. 72.
(2) О. R.Airapetov, F. AA. Gaida. Последний, Русский Сборник Исследования По Истории России( Гражданская Война И Интервенция В России, Том.ХХУШ, Модест Колеров, Москва, 2020, СС. 173- 174; Галкина Юлия Михайловна, Оп, Цит, С. 123.
(3) Joseph Nollins Eliasin Nollins: Born in Bordeaux Bordeaux In one of the cities of France in
1864, he received an academic education, after which he obtained a degree in law and a diploma from the Faculty of Political Science, then he worked after that as an auditor in the French State Council for two years (1888_1896), then a member of the French Parliament (1902_1919), then After that, he held several positions, including: Undersecretary of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1910_1911), then Minister of Finance for the French government in 1914, then Ambassador to France in Petrograd in 1917, after which Joseph became Minister of Agriculture and Food (1919_1920), then a member of the Senate (1920_1924). ), died in 1944. For more see: With Snow on their boots. The Tragic Odyssey of the Russian Expeditionary Force in France During World War I, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1998, p. 382.
(4) Эдуarдоецч Мага^е, Образ Немцев И Реалии Французской Оккупационной politics В Рейнской Области 1918-1930 ГГ., Том . 10, Russian Federation, 2018, SC. 341- 343.
(5) Guzin £aykiran, Birinci Dunya Sava§inda Osmanli Ordusundaki Ermeni Askerler ile Rus Ve Fransiz Ordularindaki Ermeni Gonullu Birlikleri (1914-1921), Sayi. 70, Ermeni Ara§trmalari, 2021, PP. 124- 125.
(6)D-R 1ST. Nauk, W. N.N. Земцов, The West, The East & Russia Historical Memory: Genesis and Problems of Continuity Problems of General History, Vol. 23, Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Ural State Pedagogical University Institute of Social Sciences Dep Artment of General History, Ekaterinburg, 2020, PP. 30- 35.
(7) Marie-Louis Adolphe Guillaumet: Born in Bourneneuve (one of the cities of France) in
1863, he received his education at the Saint-Cyr Military Academy in 1884, then was appointed as a secondary lieutenant of infantry, and in 1893 he was promoted to first lieutenant, after which he became a captain and was transferred to a regiment Infantry, and in 1903 he was appointed professor of military history at St. Cyr, after which he was promoted to the rank of colonel in 1907, and in 1913 he was appointed director of the infantry, with the rank of colonel, then he was appointed chief of the Thirty-third Infantry
Division in 1914, and commander For the First Army Corps in 1915, and in 1916 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the French forces in Russia, then he became commander of the Allied army in the east in Thessaloniki for two years (1917_1918), after which he returned to Paris in June 1918, when he was replaced by Louis Felix Marie-Francais DespresLouis Felix Marie Francoi Despres(1856_1942), he died in 1940. For more see: World War I Encyclopedia, Vol. 1: A-D, ABC-CLIO, Inc., The United States of America, 2005, p. 525.
(8)Georges Benjamin Clemenceau: Born in Millereau-en-Barre (one of France) in 1885, he studied medicine and completed his studies in 1865, after which he worked as a teacher and journalist in the United States of America, then returned to France in 1869, and worked KMayor, then presidentafor council municipalIn 1871 he became Vice President of the Republic, then he was elected a member of the House of Representatives (1876_1893), and in 1902 he became a member of the Senate, then Minister of the Interior in 1906, then he was elected Prime Minister (1906_1909) which It fell in 1909, then he became prime minister again for a period of three years (1917_1920), so he worked hard to make France a country with authority and sovereignty during his reign, to enable him to preside over the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to impose harsh conditions against Germany,He was called the Tiger of France and the father of victoryThrough his works and political career, he died in 1929. For more, see:
The American Desk Encyclopedia, Oxford, New York, 1998, p. 191.
(9)George SmithpAton: boyinstateCalifornia(One of the United States of America) in 1885,He was educated at West Point School and then transferred to and graduated from the Military College,Second Lieutenant in the Fifteenth Cavalry Army,He took care of the armored vehicles and established training centers for the armyQaandDra toTank unit that was formed in FranceYear 1918 in Russia,Then he was appointedQaandDrNoSeventh Armyfor meStolljon the territory of Sicily, Italy,Then it was setCommander of the armytheFranceJ third who penetrated BQuickH insideGerman lands, died in 1945. For more see:
The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal, Library of Congress, The United States of America, 2000, p. 308.
(10) The third category: includes soldiersPunished Russians within the government mayThey numbered 11,500, who split into fercertainty: The first team, who were sent to forced labor in North Africa in the regions of Constantine, Oran and Algeria, and the second team: who remained in Greece,In order to monitor the Greek army, perform agricultural tasks, and work on the railways, ships were sentzthem to Macedonia and Piraeus, under the supervision of the Greek army. For more see:
Александр Грцгорьеецч Рыбкое, «Зарубежная Акция» Т. g. Масарика И Чехословацкий Корпус В России В 1918 Году ( На Материалах Поволжья), Удк. 94(47), Экономцческце цнсмцмум, 2015, CC. 54- 55;Segeda S. P.O. , Грицюк V. M. , тш^ Вщродження Украшського Вшська: Сучасшсть Та 1сторична Ретроспектива( Збiрник Матерiалiв Мiждноi Науково'1 Конференцп 1- 2 June 2016, Нащональний Ушверситет Оборони Украши 1меш 1вана Черняховського, Кшв, 2016, PP. 43-48.
(11) The Ukrainian Supreme Council: It is a Ukrainian political institution that serves as the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, founded in 1915Vienna,Led by Coste Levitsky, Mykola Hankevich, and Mikhailo Ivanovich, to reorganize the state and expand its influence within the Russian lands, and the Ukrainian lands in the bilateral empire (Austria-Hungary), it also took care of the rights of the Ukrainians and called for the establishment of a Ukrainian military unit, and managed to achieve the independence of Ukraine on January 22, 1918 For more see:
Ukraïns'ka Natsional'na Idia: Realiï ta Perspektivevy Rozvytku, Tom.14-17, Natsional'nyi Universytet "L'vivs'ka Politekhnika", Kafedra Filosofiï ta kul'turolohiï, 2003, П 86; Jan Kofman, Wojciech Roszkowski, Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century, Routledge, United States of America, 2008, PP. 92.
(12) Данилоеа Ольга Сергееена, Nikolay Berdyaev and Peter Pascal: Russia-Franccio-Streichi and Hospital. 1918- 1935, Учиться В Лаборория Идентичностей- РегиО№лые Культуры, №.1, Paris Institute of Technology, France, 2016, SS. 183- 186.
(13)Georges Antoine Marie Tobois: Born in the bayou area of Cal CountyvAddos (one of the provinces of France) in 1867. He studied at Saint-Cyr Military School in 1888. He completed his studies at Stanislas College in Paris in 1890. Then he worked in the first battalion of the French infantry divisions during World War I 1914, after which he was promoted in 1914 to the rank of colonel in the The French army, and in 1917 he was sent to Ukraine with the mission of the plenipotentiary of the French Republic in Ukraine. He was appointed commander of the Third Division in the Russian Western Front in 1918 and held that position until 1919, when he died in 1958. For more see:
Ukraine a Concise Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, University of Toronto Press, Canadian Foundation for Ukrainian Studies, 1984, p. 155.
(14)Irovy V. I.E. , Наслщки Укладення Брестського Миру Для Бшора Та Украши: Втрати Й Здобутки Сторш, Российские И Славянские Исследования, Том. 1, Кшвського Нащонального Ушверситету, 2004, PP. 182- 189.
(15)Сацький P.I. В., Дипломатичнш Надбаняунр Перюду До Становленя Гертьманського Режиму 29 Квггня1918 Р .У Borothbimiж ДирекTORIeю Унр Таусрр( 1918- 1921 РР.), Збiрник Наукових Праць Ндiу, Том. 11, 2020, PP. 422- 423.
(16)В. В. Нартов, Всесвггня 1стория (1914- 1939 РР.), Харюв Веста, Кшв, 2007, PP. 36- 42.
(17) Stephen Jean-Marie Pichon: Born in the city of Arnay-le-Duc (one of the cities of France) in 1857, he received an education in Besançon. He began his political life at an early age and published many articles in 1880. In 1883 he became a municipal councilor in Paris, which prepared him the conditions Ban becomes an active member of French political life, and in 1885 he held the position of French ambassador to China (1897_1900), and in 1901 he became a general resident of the Tunisian Protectorate, and in 1906 he became representative and commissioner of France, he worked as Minister of Foreign Affairs for a number of times during the reign of Georges Clemenceau From 1911 to 1913, he worked as a budget updater for foreign affairs, and in 1918 he worked hard to transform the Czechoslovak National Council into a Czechoslovak Provisional Government, and in 1919 he participated in the Paris Peace Conference, he died in 1933. For more see: Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 22, Americana Corporation, 1965, p. 65.
(18)Машевський О. P.O. Martynov A. Ю, Вщносини Мiж Унр i Кранами Artanties у Грудш 1917 - Berezni 1918 Р: Krisza Мiжнародноï Правосуб'Сктносп Яукраши, Науковий Журнал €в ропеймью 1сторичш Студп, Tom. 23, The History of the Kingdom of the Kingdom of New Testament KA, 2017, PP. 105- 111.
(19)Pierre Darcy: Born in the Chaillot region in Paris in 1870, he received his education at the Military Classical School, and in 1891 he was appointed lieutenant in the army in the cavalry divisions, and in 1895 France sent him to the Russian Empire to develop Russian industry and minerals, and in 1896 he was appointed a member of the Council Administration in Paris, andMember of the Russian Asian BankGeneral (1910_1917), then in charge of French companies in Russia in 1911, and in 1912 a deputy of the French-Russian Chamber of Commerce in metallurgical companies, but after the deterioration of Russia's relations with France during the civil war, he was arrested by the Bolsheviks in 1918, after which he died in Moscow 1918. For more see:
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, Op. Citt, p. 1480; Annie Charon. Bruno Delmas and Armelle Le Goff, So. Pr, S.S. 5-10.
(20)Irina Матяш, Presidential Academy in Ukraine (1917-1919): Director of the University of Ukraine, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ï Украши Наукове Товариство IcTopiï Та Мiжнародних Вщносин, Кшв, 2019, PP. 455- 460.
(21)Колюшченко К. С., Оsoбливостi Вiдnovеленя Мiжнародного Правопорядку Шсля Вавершення Першо'1 Св^ово'1 Вiйни, Астрантура Кафедри Мiжнародного рава УкаПнського Держ авного Ушверситету Фiнансiв I Мiжнародноï Торгiвлi, Том. 10, 1937, PP. 341- 344;
Richard Appignanzi and Oscar Zaret, op. cit., pp. 160_ 163.
(22) The Red Army: the name given to itvolunteers fromThe military forces formed by the Bolsheviks to protect their political system were called red in reference to the emblem of the Bolsheviks used since its foundingat 7November 1917, but the designation of the Red Army began to be used officially on January 28, 1918, and it became the striking force to protect the Soviet government and political system. This designation lasted until 1946, then it was changed to the designation of the Soviet Army. For more see:
Encyclopedia of the People of Asia and Oceania, Congress America, 2009, PP. 226- 227.
(23) Leonid Parisman, Soch. Цит, СС. 24- 27.
(24) Joseph Jacquet, Les Cheminots in the social history of France, Éditions sociales, 1967, SS. 73- 76; Michel Lesure, Les sources de l'histoire de Russie aux Archives Nationales, Tome. 15, Études Sur Histoire, Economie et la Sociologie des Pays Slaves Series, 1970, SS. 102105.
(25)Монографiя, Зовшшня Полвтика I Дипломатия Украши Останньо'1 Доби Визвольних Змагань (1918-1921rr ), Видавничий Вщдш НУБШ Украши, Ки 1в, 2021, PP. 40- 45.
(26)Ю. M. Галкина, Славист Как Раэведчнк: Француэская Школа Восточных Языков И Русская Реvolюция В 1918 Году, Научный Диалог, №. 4, European Federal University, 2021, SS. 346- 347.
(27) Faces of French Minister of War Albert Thomas and President of the United States of America Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson(1856_1924) A letter to the US Congress in which he presented a peace program for the world, and international guarantees to guarantee freedom and freedom of development for all nations by presenting it to 14 points aimed at consolidating American hegemony in international affairs, which included in its content similarities with the Soviet peace decree, especially with regard to the right of peoples to self-determination. For more see:
Beszubenko A.I. В., Матерiали Всеукрашсько'1 Науково'1 Конференци This article is written: This article is a very important reaction to the story of the same age. 1917-1918 РР. В Укрш'ш, МЫстерство Осв^и I Науки Украши Харювський Нащональний Педагопчний, Харюв, 2018, PP. 13-15.
(28) Ivana Jurigovâ, Le general Janin et sa Mission Militaire in Russia, Thisse de doctorat non publiée, Filozofickâ Fakulta Katedra Romanistiky, 2011, SS. 9-11.
(29)Jacques Gabriel Langlois: Born in LaVery(one of the cities of France) in 1874, he received his education in military schools in 1892, France sent him to Russia at the beginning of World War I, so he played an important role, as he was appointed as a communications officer and chief of the French General Staffbetween two years(1915_1917), and in 1918 he worked as a spyaFor his country in Russia, he died in 1934. For more see:
Galkina Illia Mikhailovna, PR. IS, C. 24.
(30)0лексш Вишиванюк, Нащонально- Визвольш Змагання Украшського Народу 19171920 Роюв В Iсториоgraphiчному Дискурс Дiаспори, 1сторичном Школи Украшського Вшьного Ушверситету, November 18, 2009, PP. 629- 631.
(31) Romain Ducoulombier, Lepremier Communisme Français (1917- 1925), No. 42, Fondation Jean-Jaurès, Paris, 2004, SS. 37- 43.
(32) jack Numal will: Born in Paris in 1881, he was educated at Condorcet School in Paris and studied law there, and joined the French Socialist Party in 1903, and after completing his studies in law, he worked as a lawyer and became a lawyer for the National Union of Railway Workers, and in 1914 he was appointed Undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs In the Council of Ministers, and at the end of 1916 in the Ministry of Armaments Production, after which he was appointed to the French Military Mission as a political observer of political developments in Russia in 1917 and assigned to work on keeping Russia in the First World War, and he achieved a prominent role in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a mediator between the Entente and the Bolshevik government, And a member of the French military mission in 1918, and a founder of the French Communist Party in Moscow (1918_1920), he died in Paris in 1956. For more see:
Encyclopedia of Modern French Thought, Op. Cit.614.
(33)О. Ю. Ореньчук, А. Я. Напрняк, Брестський Мир Та Його ЗнаЧення В IcTopiï Укра'1нсько1 Державносп, 1нститут Гумаштарних Та Сощальних Наук Нащонального Ушвер ситету '^bBÏBCbra Пол^ехника", Том. 3, 2007, PP. 95- 97.
(34)Марцвясь 1рина IgorÎB^, Мiжнародni Вщносини Украши В 1917- 1921 РР.: Норми, 1нститути, Дисертащя Мапстра, В Осв^ньо- Професшнш П The story of Pravo, Irish Presidential Council of the Theory of the History of the Church and Prava, the National Economy of Ukraine, January 2019, PP. 27- 40.
(35) And. B. Borzchuctna. M. AA. Юцпоеа, Соч. Цит, СС. 68- 78.
(36) Gilbert H. Gornig. Alfred Eisfeld, Der Friede von Brest-Litowsk Vom 3. March 1918 in Russland and Germany. Brotfrieden vom 19. Februar 1918 mit in Ukraine Die Vergessenen Frieden: 100 Jahre Später in den Blickpunkt Gerückt, Duncker&Humblot, Berlin, 2020, SS.115- 121;
Richard Appignanzi and Oscar Zaret, op. cit., p. 166- 167.
(37) Winfried Baumgart, Deutsche Ostplitik 1918 Von Brest-Litowsk Bis Zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges, Saarbrücken, 1965, SS. 260- 268.
(38)The Czechoslovak National Council issued a statement on January 25, 1918, regarding the declaration that the Czechoslovak army would not back down from their revolutionary struggle against the dual kingdom (Austria-Hungary) and Germany, forstate independenceAnd the right to self-determination, and they also confirmed that the elements of the Czechoslovak army, who are present throughout the Russian state, are part of the independent Czechoslovak army in France. For more see:
Александр Грцгорьеецч Рыбкое, Соч. Цит, С. 56.
(39) Ivan Adrianovich Mikhailov: Born in Ust-Karsk region (one of the regions of Russia) in 1891, received his education in St. Petersburg SchoolThen secondary education at Chita SchoolThe first, and in 1909 he joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party, completed his university life at the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University in 1913, becoming a professor, and in 1917 Mikhailov worked in the Ministry of Agriculture and Finance in the Provisional Government, and in December 1917 he became Vice-President of the Federation in Petrograd for the Siberian region, and in 1918 he became Minister of Finance in the Russian government, he died in 1946. For more see:
Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer Science and Business Media, 2007, p.781.
(40)Russian regulations and laws pertaining to French banks and bank loans were issued in October 1917. For more, see:
Stephen A. Schuker. Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, Deutschland und Frankreich Vom Konflikt zur
Aussöhnung Die Gestaltung Der Westeuropäischen Sicherheit 1914- 1963, R. Oldenbourg
Verlag München, Deutschland, 2000, SS. 19-25.
(41) Curtis S. King, Victory in Red: An Analysis of The Red Commanders on the Southern Front of The Russian Civil War 1918-1919, Study in History Philosophy, Master's Thesis at The University of Pennsylvanin, 1999, PP. 215- 222.
(42)Milan Puchon, Milan Rastislav Stefanik a Ceskoslovenska Zahranicna Politika 1918- 1919, Europske Studia V Medzinarodnych Vzt'ahoch, Dizertacna Praca na Fakulte Socialnych Studii, Masarykova Univerzita Fakulta Socialn ich study, 2017, PP. 20-25.
(43) Donald J. Ralelgh, Co-optation Amid Repression The Revolutionary Communists in Saratov Province 1918- 1918, Department of History The University of North Carolina, Vol. 40, No. 4, 1999, S.S. 636- 638.
(44)Louis Lucien Clots: He was born in Paris in 1868, and after completing his education, he joined the study of law, and practiced the profession of lawyerHIn 1888, he supported the French-Russian rapprochement, became president of the Voltaire Editorial Journal in 1892, and was elected a member of the French Chamber of Deputies from 1898 to 1925, and between 1910_1911 he held the position of French Minister of Finance in the second government of Aristide Briand, and remained in his position during the reign of Briand's
third government Between 1911_1913, and he became Minister of the Interior from March
to December 1913 during the reign of Louis Barthou's government, with protests against the military recruitment law for a period of three years, then he held the position of French Minister of Finance for the second time from 1917_1920 during the reign of Georges Clemenceau, and responsible for negotiating German reparations at Brest-Litovsk in 1918, he died in 1930. For more see:
The Encyclopedia Americana: The International Reference Work, Vol. 16, Pennsylvania State University, Americana, 2011, p. 475.
(45 Jonathan D. Smele, the Russian Revolution and Civil War: 1917-1921, Continuum, London, 2003, PP. 422- 430; О. Ю. Ореньчук, А. Я. Напрняк, Брестський Мир Та Його ЗнаЧення В 1сторп Укршнсько! Державносп, 1нститут Гумаштарних Та Сощальних Наук Нацюнального Ушвер ситету '^bBiBCbra Пол^ехника", Том.3, 2007, PP. 95- 97.
(46)Марцвясь 1рина Iгорiвна, Мiжнародni Вщносини Украши В 1917- 1921 RR.: Normi, 1нститути, disertatziya Мапстра, В OcBitnbo- Profesiyniy Pro Grami Pravo, Irish Federation of the Federal Government to the History of the Church, the National Economy of Ukraine, Turin, 2019, 2019 P.O. 27- 40
