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1УДК 728.22
THE EVOLUTION OF LAYOUT DESIGN FOR MASS HOUSING IN
KAZAKHSTAN
SARZHANOV NIYAZ ZHASULANOVICH
Senior Lecturer of Architecture Department, Satbayev University,
Almaty, Kazakhstan
Annotation: Mass housing in Kazakhstan is represented by various series of typical apartment buildings. Over a long period of time, architectural and planning solutions of residential buildings have changed simultaneously with the advent of new construction technologies, with changes in socio-economic conditions in Kazakhstan. The purpose of this work is to identify the peculiarity of changes in housing planning solutions, in order to further correlate the results with various factors affecting the architecture of the dwelling. The article considers the most popular series of residential buildings, differing in material and type of load-bearing structures, number of floors and year of construction. The results of the study show changes in the areas of apartments, their layouts, as well as the composition of the premises. Given the prevalence of these houses in all cities of the republic, the results of the article allow us to assess the living conditions and quality of life of citizens. Also, the results of the study showed the propensity of residents to redevelop apartments, which indicates dissatisfaction with the living space.
Keywords: typical houses, mass housing, housing architecture, planning solutions, apartment buildings
Since the beginning of standard design in the USSR, residential buildings have been erected on the territory of Kazakhstan according to standard designs. Such multi-apartment residential buildings have received a special designation - a series. Of course, the construction of standard houses was conditioned by the economic and political conditions in the country. But in Kazakhstan, this stage covered a long period from the 1930s to the 1990s. [1] At first, standard houses became a solution for the rapid development of land, the construction of new cities and the opening of production facilities. Families of workers settled in low-rise standard houses, designed for four, eight, twelve families. Gradually, with the growth of urbanization, new types of residential buildings were required that could accommodate a large number of residents. Since this period, the technology of panel construction has been introduced. Architects have developed many series of panel houses, varying in number of storeys, body width, earthquake resistance and planning solutions. With the development of monolithic construction, standard projects of frame and monolithic reinforced concrete houses began to be developed. Thanks to the rigid load-bearing scheme, the construction of multi-storey buildings has become possible, even in conditions of high seismic activity. [2] By the end of the 20th century, the construction of standard series of residential buildings had ended, but the constructed buildings still account for the predominant share of the housing stock in Kazakhstan. [3]
Typical housing is a deeply studied topic. However, due attention has not been paid to the issue of the planning characteristics of this housing. Special importance is attached to this issue by the requirements imposed on housing these days. It is necessary to understand how relevant the parameters of typical housing are at the present time, and make timely decisions to improve the quality of life in such houses. Within the framework of this study, technical passports of buildings obtained from the NAO "State Corporation" "Government for Citizens" were studied. [4] Frame-reed houses of the 1930s - 1950s
Residential buildings with wooden frames and filled with reeds and other thermal insulation materials are widely represented in the cities of Kazakhstan. Single-entry eight-apartment residential buildings of the KS-8-50 series have become the most widespread. The layouts of some apartments may differ, but in general all houses have a single design scheme. There are four
apartments on each floor with an average area of 46m2 and an average living area of 30m2. The average area of the kitchens varies from 5m2 to 7m2, the hallways and corridors are 1.2m wide without natural lighting. Depending on the layout option, the living rooms range from 10m2 to 19m2. Sanitary facilities are common, with an area of up to 3.5 m2. The average height of the premises is 2.7 m. Entrances in houses of this series without natural lighting with a vestibule and a staircase, the width of which is 1.2 m. In addition to the above-described KS-8-50 series, frame-reed houses were built with an elongated body, which made it possible to design a separate sanitary unit and increase the kitchen area in apartments. These series are also single-entry, eight-apartment residential buildings. The average area of apartments in houses is 68m2, the average living area is 42m2. The layouts of the apartments in these series are identical, with two bedrooms, a kitchen, a separate sanitary unit and a corridor/hall. The bedrooms range from 17m2 to 20m2. The sanitary unit is separate with areas of 3,5m2 and 1,4m2, respectively. The average height of the premises is 3.1 m. Also in this series, balconies from residential premises with a width of 1.1 m appeared. [4]
Brick houses of the 1950s - 1960s
Starting from the 1930s of the last century, standard series of residential buildings with load-bearing brick walls were erected in the cities of Kazakhstan. The analysis revealed a wide range of series of this type of housing. Within the framework of this study, three series of brick residential buildings are considered, the most common in Kazakhstan: 264-A, 275 and 308. The 264-A series was developed by B.Stesin and was built in four versions: eight-, ten-, twelve- and fourteen-apartment. A two-storey eight-apartment building with two entrances was examined for analysis. There are two apartments on each site (two-room and three-room). The one-bedroom apartment has an average area of 41m2 and an average living area of 32m2. The two-bedroom apartment has an average area of 52m2 and an average living area of 38m2. The kitchens in this series of houses have an average area of 5.8m2. Sanitary units have an area of 3.5 m2 and in some cases are divided by the owners of the apartments. The bedrooms in the apartments are arranged according to the enfilade system, and on average have an area of 12-16 m2. Hallways without natural light are 1.3m wide. The average height of the premises in the houses of this series is 2.9 m. The apartments on the second floor have balconies with a width of 0.75m. [4]
The 275 series of residential buildings is a common series in the cities of Kazakhstan. The two-span system of load-bearing brick walls is preserved by analogy with the 264 series. In this series, the number of floors has been increased to three floors and various options for spatial solutions have been developed. To date, single-entry, double-entry, five-entry and angular variations of this series can be observed in Almaty. The single-entrance type is a two-storey building, completely repeating the KS-8-50 series in plan. There are four apartments on each floor, the layouts of which mirror each other along the central axis of symmetry of the building. The ceiling height in this type of series averages 2.8m. Apartment layouts duplicate the previously described series KS-8-50. In general, it is necessary to note small kitchens with an average area of 6m2, combined sanitary units, and bedrooms from 11m2 to 18m2. The two-entry version of the 275 series has a smaller body width, 10.75m. Unlike the single-entry option, there are two apartments on the site with an average area of 44m2 and 52m2. The pitch of the longitudinal load-bearing walls is 4.5 m, the pitch of the transverse load-bearing walls is 6 m. The internal layouts of the apartments were changed by the owners, therefore, it is difficult to identify the average area of the premises. In general, the location of sewer risers determines the location of kitchens and sanitary units in apartments, and all rooms are limited by longitudinal and transverse load-bearing walls.[4]
The next series under consideration with brick load-bearing walls is the 308 series. This residential building was developed taking into account increased seismicity and was built in cities of Kazakhstan up to four floors. Houses of this series, as well as the 275 series, are found in various variations: single-entrance, double-entrance, three-entrance, corner. This series has retained the two-span system of longitudinal load-bearing walls, but the layout solutions of the apartments have changed significantly. The single-entry series have a rectangular volume in terms of volume and a protruding central part with vertical communications. In this type of house, two apartments with an
average area of 80m2 are located on the same floor. The two-span system has been preserved in this series, with a pitch of 3.5-5m longitudinal walls and a pitch of 8.8m and 3m transverse walls. The double-entry type of the 308 series received a more strict planning structure. The longitudinal load-bearing walls are designed in 5.5m increments, the transverse walls in 3.5m increments. There are four apartments on each floor: two one-room, one two-room and one three-room. The average area of one-room apartments is 37.6 m2 and 43.6 m2. The average area of two- and three-bedroom apartments is 62m2 and 87m2, respectively. The kitchens in this series have increased to 8m2, the sanitary units are separate with average areas of 1,7m2 and 3m2. All living rooms in the apartments are limited by load-bearing structures and average 15-20 m2. Corridors and hallways without natural lighting are 1.3-1.5m wide on average in apartments. The two-entrance type has no windows at the ends and, therefore, the apartments are oriented to both sides of the world. Three-entrance residential buildings of the 308 series have a pitch of 5.8m longitudinal load-bearing walls, and a pitch of 5.8m and 9 m transverse walls. Unlike the previous type, there are three apartments on each floor, and two apartments in the central section. The layouts of the apartments and the number of rooms in them differ, which indicates that they were redeveloped by the owners, however, the following planning features can be distinguished. Due to the appearance of window openings at the ends of the building, two three-room apartments with corner ventilation and insolation are located in the two extreme sections. The average area of three-room apartments is 49.5 m2. The third apartment in the extreme sections is a four-room apartment with an average area of 81.4 m2. As described earlier, the central section is designed with two apartments on the floor: a three-room and a four-room. The average areas of these apartments are 78.8 m2 and 85.8 m2, respectively. The sanitary units in this series have acquired a curved shape, which made it possible to expand the corridors. As described above, it is difficult to determine the average floor space due to differences in the layouts of each apartment. [4]
Large-panel houses of the 1960s -1980s
Large-panel houses have been built in Kazakhstan since the 1960s. The most popular series built in cities were 1-464 A, 69, 1-335, E-147, 158, 86, 97. Of course, the list of series of large-panel residential buildings includes many other types, but most of them are modifications of the series described above and have a similar structural and planning structure.
The first series of large-panel residential building selected for analysis is No. 69. This residential building was developed by GPI Kazgorstroyproekt and was built up to 5 floors, architects: A.Mukhtarov, A.Naumov, V.Vi. This series was built in four variations: two-entrance, four-entrance, six-entrance, seven-entrance. The planning basis of these houses is made up of load-bearing reinforced concrete panels. On each floor in this series there are two apartments, a three-bedroom and a two-bedroom. The average area of three-room apartments is 59.8 m2, the average area of two-room apartments is 50.5 m2. Both apartments have through ventilation and natural lighting on both sides of the world. The area of the kitchens is 7 m2. The hallways in this type of house are expanded and represent a wide hall. The ends of this series are blind, without openings. In some versions of this series, the external panels are recessed, which made it possible to create loggias. In all types of this series there are balconies on two facades of buildings, organized from the kitchen side, 2.5m wide. The sanitary units in the apartments are separate, with a total area of 4m2. In general, all apartment layouts are typical, repeated on each floor and in each section.
The next series under consideration has become most widespread in the cities of Kazakhstan, a series of panel houses 1KZ-464AS. This series is a four-storey residential building, in two-, three, five-, six-entrance versions. Developed in 1959, it was later modified in 1962. Kazgorstroyproject with a pitch of 3.2m transverse panels. One section includes three to four apartments, repeated on each floor. In the two-entrance version, there are three apartments on each floor with an average area of 49m2. In subsequent variations of the series, four apartments are designed on the floor, three two-room apartments with a one-way orientation and one three-room apartment with a two-way orientation. The increase in the number of apartments was made possible by lengthening the section. The planning solutions in the apartments are identical and are linked to the pitch of the
load-bearing panels. In the two-entrance version, each apartment has an entrance hall with an area of 5m2, a bathroom with an area of 3.1 m2, two living rooms of 17m2 and 11m2, respectively, and a kitchen with an area of 10.2 m2. Starting from the three-entrance series, the apartments are designed with a corner corridor of 5m2, a kitchen with an average area of 6m2, a sanitary unit of 3m2, and living rooms of 11m2, 13m2, and 17m2, respectively. All apartments have a suite of rooms, while the living room after the hallway is often a common room or living room, from which you can get to the bedroom. The space of the entrances in the 1KZ-464AS series is limited by the dimensions of the stairs with dimensions of 2.5m by 1.2 m. [4]
In 1971, the Almaatagiprogor Design Institute developed a seismic-resistant modification of the 1-464A series, the four- and five-storey 1KZ-464DS series. In Kazakhstan, this series was built in one-, two-, four-, six- and eight-entry versions. In the single-entry version, the pitch of the load-bearing panels is 3.6 m and 3.9 m, in other variations 3.1 m and 2.5 m. Just like in the 1KZ-464AS series, four apartments are located on the sites, but there are options with three apartments when redeveloping and combining two apartments. The average area of one-room apartments is 30m2, two-room apartments are 40m2, three-room apartments are 60m2. The kitchen areas in this series are 6m2, separate sanitary units are 3m2 and 1m2, respectively. A distinctive feature in this series is the appearance of four windows at the ends of the building, which made it possible to design two two-room and two three-room apartments on the extreme sections. Hallways without natural light, with an average area of 8m2. In this modification of the 464 series, the summer rooms (balconies) facing the living rooms have also been preserved. [4]
The next series under consideration was designed by architect B.Rubanenko and is a new generation of large-panel houses. The large-panel eight-storey residential building of the E-147 series received a wide body due to the introduction of a three-span system with two longitudinal load-bearing panels. This series is an experimental high-rise residential building for the seismic regions of Kazakhstan. One section consists of two entrances equipped with one elevator and, unlike the previous series, a through passage. There are two to three apartments on the floors, depending on alterations and modifications. When placing two three-room apartments, the average area of each is 75m2. The living rooms have an area of 18m2, 12m2 and 11m2. The kitchens in the apartments have been increased to 8m2 with access to the loggias. It should be noted that there is a warehouse / utility room in the entrances, which in some cases is converted into a room of one of the apartments. The expanded building also made it possible to increase the area of the corridor and hallway, which averages 13m2. [4]
After the successful implementation and testing of the E-147 series, the 158 series was developed, which became one of the most widely used series in the construction of cities in Kazakhstan. This series was built in five and nine floors, in one-, two-, three-, four- and seven-entry versions. By analogy with the E-147 series, two entrances to the entrance, a staircase and elevator node with one elevator and a utility room, the placement of one one-room and two three-room apartments on the floor have been preserved. The average area of one-room apartments is 43 m2, of which the kitchen is 8 m2, bathroom is 7 m2, toilet is 2 m2, living room is 18m2. and an entrance hall of 8 m2. Three-room apartments in the 158 series have a total area of 76-80 m2, living rooms of 11 m2, 14 m2, 18 m2. The three-room apartments have a separate sanitary unit with areas of 3 m2 and 1.2 m2, an entrance hall turning into a corridor of an average of 12 m2 and a distinctive feature of this series are loggias of 4 m2. All planning solutions are made taking into account the pitch of the load-bearing transverse panels 3.6m and 3m, and 5.3m, 2m in the longitudinal direction. Separately, it is worth noting the access space, which has been significantly increased due to the elevator lobby. [4]
Frame-brick houses of the 1970s and 1990s
Apartment buildings with reinforced concrete frames are the next generation of houses in Kazakhstan, after large-panel buildings. The need for the construction of such housing was due to seismic conditions in the cities of Kazakhstan and the possibility of flexible apartment layout. The basis of buildings of this type is a reinforced concrete frame made of columns and beams, with
prefabricated floors and filling of enclosing structures with clay bricks. [4]
In 1968, the 70C series was developed, with a reinforced concrete frame for 9-point areas under seismic conditions. This series was built in five floors in three- and four-entry versions. The typical floor plan consists of three apartments: one-, two- and three-bedroom. The average area of one-room apartments is 38 m2, two-room 53 m2, three-room 76 m2. The living rooms in the apartments are designed from 15 to 20 m2, the kitchens occupy from 8 to 12 m2. In two-room and three-room apartments, the sanitary unit is separate, in one-room combined and averages 3 m2. The 70C series provides both balconies and loggias located on the kitchen side. [4]
The next series of frame-brick residential buildings under consideration is the VP. This five-storey series was built in two-, three-, four-entrance versions, and also acquired a rotary "L"-shaped type. Just like in the 70C series, three apartments, one-, two- and three-room apartments are located on each standard floor. The average area of one-room apartments is 34m2. They have a bedroom with an area of 17.5 m2, a kitchen with an area of 7.5 m2, a sanitary unit with an area of 3.7 m2 and a corridor with an average area of 4m2. In two-entrance houses, one-room apartments have a large area, due to the placement of two two-room apartments on the floor and reducing the area of corridors in these apartments. In three- and four-entrance houses, as described above, three types of apartments per floor appeared. The average area of two-room apartments is 49m2, the average area of three-room apartments is 69m2. Living rooms in two- and three-bedroom apartments have an area ranging from 11m2 to 18m2, the area of kitchens is 8m2 on average. Also, these apartments are designed with a separate sanitary unit, where the bathroom has an area of 3.4 m2, toilet 1.5 m2. The corridors in the apartments are without natural light and on average have a width of 1.5 m. In this series, all apartments have balconies measuring 3.7m wide and 1.1m deep.[4]
In addition to the VP series, the frame-brick VT series has become widespread. By analogy with the previous series, these five-storey residential buildings are made of reinforced concrete frame with brick walls. Despite the same pitch of the load-bearing columns with the VP series, residential buildings have differences in layout. First of all, it is necessary to note the diversity in the planning solutions of apartments, namely their placement on floors, room size and area. For example, the two-entrance VT series received four apartments on the floors: one two-room, two one-room and one three-room. At the same time, the layout of a three-room apartment differs in the presence of a walk-through living room. The average area of these apartments is as follows: one-room 40m2, two-room 59m2, three-room 79m2. The planning solution of the three-entry VT series is radically different from the previous series. There are two apartments on each standard floor, a three-room and a four-room. The areas of these apartments are 81m2 and 93m2, respectively. All residential and non-residential premises of the apartments are designed around a central sanitary unit, which includes a bathroom, toilet and utility room. In addition, it is worth noting that the kitchen area has increased to 11m2. [4]
The last frame-brick series under consideration is the SZHKU-9 series. Developed in 1974, the series with a unified precast reinforced concrete frame (SZHKU-9) has H and W-shaped reinforced concrete frames of a transverse direction. These 8-9-storey residential buildings are an experimental series with the placement of service enterprises on the ground floors and were built along streets of urban significance. The adaptation of the first floors to public functions became possible due to the increased pitch of the load-bearing elements in the longitudinal direction. Also, due to the increase in the number of floors of buildings, this series, like the EP-47 and 158 series, is equipped with an elevator. The floor plans of the standard floors show that there are three apartments on the floor. Depending on the variants of the series, the types of apartments on the floor can be in the following combination: two-room, three-room and four-room; two two-room and three-room. The average area of apartments at the same time is the following indicators: two-room 43m2, three-room 63m2, four-room 73m2. [4] Monolithic houses of the 1970s -1990s
In the 1970s, multi-storey residential buildings of monolithic construction began to be actively built in Kazakhstan. Thanks to the introduction of sliding formwork technology and the use
of a core of rigidity, it has become possible to build buildings from 9 floors and above, even in conditions of increased seismicity. Unlike the previously analyzed standard series of residential buildings, monolithic houses do not have a serial name and belong to individual projects. However, given the fact that the houses in question were built according to similar structural schemes, and some of them were built according to the same project, such buildings should be considered standard.
The first example in this study is a 9-storey, 36-apartment residential building in Almaty, in the Auezovsky district, at the intersection of Zhandosova Street and ul.Saina. There are three identical residential buildings on this site, the end part facing Zhandosova Street. This house was built in 1973 using the already well-known sliding formwork technology. The building is a polygon in outline close to a rectangle. In the center of the building there is an access space with an elevator and an unlit staircase. There are four typical three-room apartments on each floor, with an average area of 60 m2. From two ends of the building there are escape ladders leading to the roof and an exit from each apartment. Each apartment has a separate sanitary unit, three living rooms, a kitchen, a pantry and one balcony. The area of the living rooms is 17.1 m2, 14.6 m2 and 8.2 m2. The kitchen area is 7.7 m2, without access to the summer room. [4]
The next example for analysis is a 12-storey 48-apartment residential building made of monolithic expanded clay concrete, architects: D.Musakulova, B.Voronin. These houses are also typical, as four houses with the same spatial and planning solutions have been built along Dostyk Avenue and Kurmangazy Street. In terms of the building has a square shape, with rounded corners, in which the loggias of the apartments are located. The entrance space, 2.4m wide, consists of a non-smokable staircase and two passenger elevators. There are four apartments on each floor: a two-room and three three-room apartments. The area of two-room apartments is 50m2, not counting the loggia, the area of three-room apartments is 62m2 on average. Despite minor differences, all apartments have a similar layout. The apartments are designed with a wide hall of 11m2, from which you can access all the rooms. The kitchens are located in the center of the apartments and occupy an area of 7.2 m2. All apartments have a separate toilet and bathroom. [4]
The name of the series Number of floors Types of apartments (" "room/area, m2 Kitchen area, m2 Summer rooms
1 2 3 4
KS-8-50 2 46 5 *
264 2 41 52 5,8 *
275 2-3 44 52 6 *
308 2-4 37,6 62 78,8 85,8 8 *
69 5 50,5 59,8 7 *
1KZ-464AS 4 49 61,9 6 *
1KZ-464DS 4-5 30 40 60 6 *
E-147 8 75 8 *
158 5-9 43 80 8 *
70S 5 38 53 76 8 *
VP 5 34 49 69 8 *
VT 5 40 59 79 8 *
SZhKU-9 8-9 43 63 73 8 *
The name of the series Number of floors Types of apartments (" "room/area, m2 Kitchen area, m2 Summer rooms
1 2 3 4
Monolithic residential building at 180 Zhandosova str. 9 60 7,7 *
Monolithic residential building at 69 Dostyk Av. 12 50 62 7,2 *
Таблица 1. The main indicators of the standard series of apartment buildings in
Kazakhstan
Mass housing in Kazakhstan is represented by an extensive list of standard series of various periods of construction, construction technologies, design schemes, architectural and planning solutions, materials of load-bearing and enclosing structures. The analysis showed the evolution of housing construction in Kazakhstan, from structurally simple objects to buildings built using advanced construction technologies. The beginning of typical design in Kazakhstan is associated with low-rise series of residential buildings made of a wooden frame filled with reeds and a binder mixture. Later, clay brick buildings with load-bearing walls appeared. It is important to note the influence of natural and climatic conditions on the evolution of housing construction. Due to unfavorable seismic conditions in many regions of Kazakhstan, the structural schemes of residential buildings were developed in order to create a rigid connection of the load-bearing elements of buildings. Thus, buildings with load-bearing walls were replaced by panel buildings and reinforced concrete frames, and later with a monolithic load-bearing structure.
It is necessary to highlight some features and indicators of the standard series built in the period from the 1930s to the 1990s. Each floor in the houses repeats the previous floor, hence the similar types of apartments and the planning solution. All floors are residential, with the exception of special cases involving the conversion of apartments into public spaces. All houses have summer rooms in apartments, usually limited by the area of a unified balcony plate. The most common types of apartments are two- and three-room apartments, less often one-room and four-room apartments are available only in two series. ((Table. 1) The average area of one-room apartments varies from 30 m2 to 43 m2. The average area of two-room apartments varies from 40 m2 to 62 m2. The average area of three-bedroom apartments varies from 52m2 to 80m2. The average area of four-room apartments varies from 73m2 to 85m2. Starting from the 308 series, the average kitchen area is 7-8m2. The largest areas of apartments are in the 308, 158 and W series.
An analysis of the planning solutions of typical residential buildings showed minor changes in the areas of apartments and individual premises. It is important to note the absence of apartment types of more than four living rooms. Despite the wide list of standard series of houses, the planning characteristics are largely similar and are modifications of each other. In this regard, for architects of Kazakhstan, first of all, the task is to personalize these tasks, to develop unique planning solutions.
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