THE EVALUATION OF RIVER WATER QUALITY OF THE SEVERSKY DONETS BY HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATOR Текст научной статьи по специальности «Науки о Земле и смежные экологические науки»

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НАУКА О ЗЕМЛЕ

Loboda N.S.

doctor of geography, professor, Odessa State Environmental University

Smalii O. V.

phD student of the department of hydroecology and water research,

Odessa State Environmental University

Лобода Наталiя Степатвна

доктор географiчних наук, професор кафедри гiдроекологii та водних до^джень, Одеський Державний Екологiчний Унiверситет Смалш Оксана BiumopieHa студент аспiрантури кафедри гiдроекологii та водних до^джень, Одеський Державний Екологiчний Утверситет

THE EVALUATION OF RIVER WATER QUALITY OF THE SEVERSKY DONETS BY

HYDROCHEMICAL INDICATOR ОЦ1НКА ЯКОСТ1 Р1ЧКОВИХ ВОД С1ВЕРСЬКОГО Д1НЦЯ ЗА Г1ДРОХ1М1ЧНИМ

ПОКАЗНИКОМ

Summary: The object of the study in the article is river Basin Seversky Donets, the subject is the chemical composition of water. The results of research are to assess the quality of river water basin Seversky Donets in the three observation points: river at the entrance to Ukraine (v. Ogirtseve, Kharkiv region.), at the exit from the Kharkiv region (t. Izum) and the lowest in the Lugansk region Lisichansk. Surface water quality was determined for contents of chemical substances that determine the level of chemical contamination. Chemical pollution is estimated for the index of water pollution (К ^ ) . During the evaluation of chemical contamination Seversky

Donets river considered chemicals such as chlorides, sulfates, petrochemicals, Spar, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand during 5 day (BOD5). Based on the calculated index of surface water chemical pollution of a certain state of water quality for fisheries and potable water use. Keywords: chemical index of water pollution, water quality

Аннотащя: У статп об'ектом дослвдження е басейн pi4KH Оверський Донець, предметом - хiмiчний склад води. Результаты дослвджень полягають в ощнщ якосп pi4KOBnx вод басейну Оверський Донець по трьох пунктах спостережень: на вxодi pi4RH в Украшу (с. Опрцеве, Харшвська область), на виxодi з Харшвсько! обласп (м. 1зюм) та у Луганськш обласп нижче м. Лисичанськ. Яшсть поверхневих вод визначалася за вмютом xiмiчниx речовин, яш визначають рiвень xiмiчного забруднення. Хiмiчне забруд-нення ощнюеться за iндексом забрудненостi води (К ^ ) . Пiд час оцiнки xiмiчного забруднення рiчки

Сiверський Донець розглянутi такi xiмiчнi речовини як хлориди, сульфати, нафтопродукти, СПАР, ттри-ти, нiтрати, фосфати та розчинений кисень i БСК5. На пiдставi розрахованого iндексу xiмiчного забруднення поверхневих вод визначений стан якосп води для рибогосподарського та господарсько-питного водокористування.

Ключовi слова: xiмiчний щдекс забруднення води, якiсть води

1. Statement of the problem. Water is one of the most important factors in the development and placement of productive forces in Ukraine. River Seversky Donets is referred to the greatest river of East Ukraine and is major source of fresh water supply.

Seversky Donets basin is located within Kharkov, Donetsk and Lugansk regions and is an urbanized region with a high level of development of industry and agriculture. Anthropogenic influence reinforces the negative effects of reducing the water content of the river and contributes to its pollution [1, p.5]. The main

sources of pollution are coal mines, chemical and metallurgical facilities, as well as agriculture. These industrial facilities to discharge drain water into water bodies Seversky Donets Basin. Wastewaters contain phosphates, Spar, petroleum, nitrates, nitrites, which

have a negative impact on the environment [2, p.12]. To determine the quality of surface water pollution

index is calculated (K , ). Class of water quality

v cnem' ^ J

was established for the quality standards of the table (from the ecological point of view) of surface water [3, p.73].

2. Analysis of recent research and publications. Every year in Ukraine more than 2 km3 of water used, which are collected from the Seversky Donets [4, p. 7]. However, the availability of water of the east region is low, and the intensity of the use of river flow is twice the average level of its use in Ukraine. Water resources of the Seversky Donets and determine the state of economic development of the entire region. The total length of the main river is 1,053 km; the

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basin area equals 98,9 thousand km2. The hydrograph-ic network includes 1 489 small rivers with a total length of 8,8 thousand km, from which 11 have a length of over 100 km. The average density of the river network is 0,17 km / km2. River Seversky Donets originates about v. Podolhi in the Prohorivskomu area of the Belgorod region of Russia. In Ukraine, the river enters at about 944 km. v. Ogirtseve, and returned to Russia at the approximately 220 kilometers near v. Popivka. Within the territory of Ukraine, length of the river is 724 km; the Ukrainian part of the basin is equal to 54,5 thousand km2, representing 9,1% of the territory of Ukraine [5, p.10]. The main industrial point sources, directly discharging into the Seversky Donets basin are coalmines, chemical and metallurgical plants. Most of mine is in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions [6, p.15]. In the Seversky Donets basin population is 7,3 million, with some 85% is located in urban areas, 4 million lives in 9 large urban areas, where household water stock whisk in the river system and the reservoir through the sewage system, which has about 20 treatment plants. In addition, 3,3 million people live in many small towns and villages, where the stock of water resemble directions or through septic tanks in small streams or into the ground [7, p.8]. Within the Kharkiv region based on the determination of ecological status and the degree of water pollution on long-term data (1992 - 2010) hydrochemical indicators shown [6, p. 10] that the ecological condition of the river water in the upper part (v. Ogirtseve) is rated as "good" and " clean enough "when determining the degree of purity. Below the confluence of the inflow of r. Udi ecological condition of the river water is rated as "satisfactory" and "slightly polluted" in determining the degree of purity. On the deterioration of water, quality is also affected by: sulfates (including salt indicators); oil products, phenols, metals (including indicators of the presence of specific substances toxic effect). Suitable for drinking water, the recognized needs Siversky Donets in the upstream (approximately above 850 km) under the conditions of use of intensive methods of water purification. The most contaminated by chemicals is a tributary river Udi. After its confluence with the Donets Siversky the quality of its water varies from "clean enough" to "slightly contaminated" the environmental situation. Positively affect the state of the main tributaries of rivers such as r. Wolf, r. Oskil, r. Mzha. Systematic exceeded maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for fishery needs throughout the slowness r. Seversky Donets and its tributaries there are many chemicals, in particular sulfates, nitrites, phosphates, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) , total iron, petroleum products but others. Exceeding the MPC for cultural and community water use requirements are not systemic and have been established for the BOD, chemical oxygen demand (HOD), phenols. The main factors that affect the chemical composition of water of the river, are reset back treatment (first of all - public utilities), receipt of contaminated water from the city and places of unauthorized waste dumps. Identify the systematic pollution of sulfates; iron general, some heavy metals in the background point's headwaters tributaries ob-

servation indicates the presence of a natural component in the flow of these substances to the surface waters (which does not exclude the anthropogenic contribution to the anthropogenic load on the sites). Salt contamination of the Seversky Donets in passing the territory of the Kharkiv region is growing significantly - on average, one-third (approximately 215 mg / dm3), which is also part of a natural component and confirms the need for a differentiated territorial approach to the assessment of this unit of pollution. Permanent above-normal pollution by phenols insufficiently treated municipal waste gives rise to processes of "flowering" of water in the summer. The positive impact on the state of the Seversky Donets make the areas in which there is an intensive process of self-cleaning: in particular, the river bed of the reservoir of the river, as well as areas with low anthropogenic pressure (e.g., between Zmeev and Balakleya) [6, p.36]. In the Donetsk region, the condition of the river water to the limit with the Kharkov region is assessed as "satisfactory" to determine the ecological state and "slightly polluted" to determine the degree of purity. On the river stretch below Seversky Donets river flows Kazenyi Torets there is a significant deterioration in water quality assessment of the ecological state of the river water is changed from "lightly soiled" to "moderately pollute". Rivers of sub-basin Kazenyi Torets characterized by significant mineralization. Saline figures here are much worse than in the previous tributaries, and cause deterioration of the quality assessment of river water Seversky Donets. The most polluted river of sub-basin recognized Krivoy Torets [5, p.25]. Exceeding MPC for fishery needs in the sub-basin of the river Kazeniy Torets found for many substances, in particular for the total mineralization, sulfates, nitrites, phosphates, Ivory Coast, petroleum, iron, total and other heavy metals. Exceeding the MPC for cultural and community water use are marked for BOD, HOD, salinity, oil products, total iron. The main factors that affect the condition of the river, is the intake of pollutants from surface runoff and groundwa-ter under the influence of places of storage of industrial wastes and coal mines, with return water industry and public utilities. Salt contamination of the Seversky Donets River in passing the territory of Donetsk region is growing by an average of a quarter (approximately 220 mg / dm3), which is explained mainly by anthropogenic influence [2, p.32]. With regard to the state of the Lugansk region Seversky Donets River at the entrance to the Lugansk region is assessed as "satisfactory" to determine the ecological state and "slightly polluted" to determine the degree of purity. The output of the evaluation area remains unchanged. The main limiting performance in this part of the salt basin, the deterioration of water quality also affect tropho-saprobyological indicators. Systematic excess MPC r.g. (for fishery use) occur across slowness River Seversky Donetc and its tributaries in the region for many substances, particularly for the total mineralization, sulfates, HOD, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, phosphate, total manganese iron, zinc, chlorides, phenols. In places, the water intake of water from the river for drinking water needs (v.Bilogorivka and v. Svitlichne)

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marked system exceeded MPC k.pb. for BOD, HOD, total mineralization, phenols. Therefore, in these areas of the Seversky Donets River is suitable for use for the purpose of water supply for drinking needs only when the conditions of application of intensive methods of water purification. The most polluted tributaries is the river and the city of Verhnaya Bilenka and Lugan, which degrade the quality of the Seversky Donets River. Positively affect the state of the main tributaries of rivers such as the river and the river Aydar Derkul. The main factors that affect the state of the Seversky Donets River is reset back treatment, industrial enterprises, mining production (mostly mine), public utilities, as well as pollution of surface runoff, especially from the territory of the cities and industrial waste storage sites and coal mines, unauthorized waste dumps. There is a significant fluctuation of the quality characteristics of river water throughout the year, due to the fluctuation of the actual water content. In dry periods, the water quality deteriorates significantly because of the increase of the inverse treatment [2, p.34].

Seversky Donets basin belongs to the areas where erosion processes are sufficiently intense. In the Kharkov region of the available agricultural land 46,3% eroded and in the Donetsk region - 70,6%, in the Lugansk region - 61,6% [7, p.27]. More resistant to erosion respect is typical black soil (33%) and common (37%) having a solid agronomically valuable structure and capable of tidying up a large amount of moisture which reduces runoff. At the surface runoff from agricultural land to the Seversky Donets River coming pesticides. Contamination of soil and accordingly Seversky Donets basin pesticides is complex. We know that in some economically developed countries, there is a decrease in the use of pesticides and the transition to alternative methods of plant protection. Reducing the intensity of the use of pesticides is the case in Ukraine. The decline in pesticide application has helped to reduce pollution of land, crop production and water bodies, but it increased the threat of falling crop yields. The average load of agricultural pesticides in the pool Seversky Donets is characterized by the following data: at the Kharkiv region -1,26 kg / ha, in the Donetsk region - 0,53 kg / ha, in the Luhansk region - 0,76 kg / hectare. According to estimates of pesticide regulations soil contamination with pesticide load of less than 3 kg dr / ha of ecological situation in the region is considered to be safe [7, p.29].

3. Emphasizing of the unsolved aspects of the problem. The problem of the basin of the river Sev-ersky Donets is evaluation of the quality of surface waters through a variety of pollutants. The main aspect of unresolved problems Seversky Donets River is evaluation of surface water quality by hydrochemical indicator. For detect a more accurate assessment of surface water quality should take the total impact of all existing pollutants enter to basin of river Seversky Donets. This evaluation can be done using the hydro-chemical index of water pollution, it had been not used previously in the analyze recent studies and publications. The evaluation of the quality of surface water by hydrochemical indicator makes the evaluation more detailed by chemical pollution due to use an unlimited number of pollutants in the calculation.

4. Aim. The aim of the work is to assess the quality of surface waters of the river Seversky Donets by hydrochemical indicator for three counts of observations: at the entrance of the river into the territory of Ukraine (v. Ogirtseve, Kharkiv region.), At the exit from the Kharkiv region (t. Izum) and at the output of the industrial center of Lugansk area (t. Lisichansk).

5. The main research material. Surface water quality is determined by the contents of the chemicals. For the evaluation of the chemical pollution of the river Donets Siversky be considered polluting chemicals such as chlorides, sulfates, petrochemicals, Spar, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates. The chemical pollution is estimated by hydrochemical indicator, it is the index of water pollution (K ^ ) [8, p.216]:

K =Yn chem /'=1

C

MPCi

(1)

where: C- - single substance concentration in water (Table 3), MPC - maximum permissible concentration of the same substance, n - total amount of chemicals.

There are were used hydro-chemical data of the Kiev Central Geophysical Observatory at screening points were: v. Ogirtseve, t. Izum and t. Lisichansk: 1999y., 2006y. and 2011y. Depending on the pollution index was detected in water quality class standards for table (from the ecological point of view) [8, p.218]. In the classification of water quality assessment of the position of its ecological status of the components of the chemical composition of A.V. Yatsyk identifies six classes of water (from very clean to very dirty) water for fisheries (Table 1).

Table 1

State of water quality criteria for chemical pollution of (K , ) surface waters

n J r v chem'

State of water quality The indicator of chemical pollution ( K chem )

Very clean <0,3

Clean 0,3-1,0

Satisfactory purity 1,0-2,5

Small contaminated 2,5-4,0

Contaminated 4,0-6,0

Very contaminated >6,0

According to S.I. Snezchok the number of indicators that are taken to calculate the water pollution index (WPI) is six and includes the dissolved oxygen (

0 , BOD5), ammonium (NH *), nitrites (NO ~), oil

(PP), phenols (CHsOH) [9, p.45].

Modified WPI is also calculated on six indicators: biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen ( O ) is compulsory, while others charge for four

indicators most relevant to the MPC from the list:

SO

2 -

'4 '

Cl

NH +, NO 4 2

NO -

3

PO

3 -

'4 '

Fe „,Mn2 Cu2 Zn2 + , Cr6 + , Ni2 overall

Al3 +, Pb 2 +, Hg 2 +, As 3 +, petroleum products

(PP), synthetic surface active substances (SSAS) [3, p.52] .

As amended A.V.Yatsika use of K , is rec-

chem

ommended for fishery purposes and for drinking water use. The advantage of using this water pollution index for evaluating A.V. Yatsik chemical contamination in the wording is that it allows for a more detailed assessment of chemical contamination due to use in the calculation of an unlimited number of pollutants [8, p.216].

The most important part of Ukrainian water-sanitary legislation has the maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in water reservoirs, which represents the amount of harmful substances in the environment (standard), which is subject to constant contact and interaction for a specific period of time does not affect human health and biota and shall not entail adverse consequences for future generations (Table 2). Maximum allowable concentrations are used to define the pollution index in (Table 1) for fishery and potable water use.

Table 2

MPC pollutants

MPC pollutants of MPC pollutants of

Contaminants fishery use potable water use

(mg/dm3) (mg/dm3)

Chlorides 300 350

Sulfates 100 500

Petroleum products 0,05 0,1

Spar 0,2 0,5

Nitrites 0,02 3,3

Nitrates 40,0 45,0

Phosphates 3,5 3,5

(MgO/dm3) (MgO/dm3)

Dissolved oxygen 6,0 4,0

BOD5 3,0 3,0

For the results of calculations for the use of the there has been a decrease in the index of chemical fishery, we found that almost all the considered years pollution in the territory of Ukraine (Table 3).

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Table 3

Indices of chemical contamination of water for fishery water

Chemical water pollution index by

Place of study years of research

1999 2006 2011

v. Ogirtseve 5,7826 6,2868 5,1855

t. Izum 9,5896 5,8322 6,2324

t. Lisichansk 13,4827 9,4029 7,8029

Determining the status of water quality for this indicator shows that already at the entrance to Ukraine water is "dirty" in 1999 but in 2011, and "very dirty" in 2006. (Table 4). In all the years, considered pollution intensifies along the river and the state of water quality at the point of m. Lisicansk for fishery water is described as "very dirty". The highest pollution index increase was observed in 1999 (Fig.1.). Later (2006, 2011) the intensity of increase of the degree of water

pollution Seversky Donets on the territory of Ukraine is reduced, which can be explained the decrease of scale, especially in the Luhansk region. Significant releases of pollutants from the Lugansk region due to a lack of wastewater purification. It should be noted that in 2010 the Lisichansk soda factory was closed, with the result that in 2011 the index of chemical contamination of fisheries rules changed from 13,4827 to 7,8029.

Table 4

Status of water quality for chemical pollution of water for fishery

Place of study Status of water quality for chemical contamination by years of research

1999 2006 2011

v. Ogirtseve Contaminated Very contaminated Contaminated

t. Izum Very contaminated Contaminated Very contaminated

t. Lisichansk Very contaminated Very contaminated Very contaminated

The results of calculations of the index of chemical contamination of water for drinking water (Table 5) also point to the rapid growth of the index of pollution along the river in 1999 from the "little polluted" to "dirty" (Table 6), in 2006 and by 2011 "satisfactory purity" to "little pollution." However, the amount of

chemical water pollution index of 1999 at 2011 it decreases, indicating a decrease in the level of pollution and the improvement of water quality. The most polluted section of the river Seversky Donets both fisheries and for drinking and sanitary norms remains Lugansk region (Fig.2.).

Table 5

Chemical water pollution index for potable water use

Chemical Water Pollution Index

Place of study by years of research

1999 2006 2011

v. Ogirtseve 2,5195 2,0067 1,4424

t. Izum 3,6208 1,9901 1,7764

t. Lisichansk 5,5156 3,8976 3,5487

Table 6

Status of water quality for chemical contamination of potable water use

Place of study Status of water quality for chemical contamination by years of research

1999 2006 2011

v. Ogirtseve Small contaminated Satisfactory purity Satisfactory purity

t. Izum Small contaminated Satisfactory purity Satisfactory purity

t. Lisichansk Contaminated Small contaminated Small contaminated

y

14

10,5

3,5

1999 2006 2011

-1-1-1

v. Ogirtseve t. Izum t. Lisichansk

7

0

Fig. 1. Change of the index for chemical contamination offishery water

6 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0

1999p. 2006p. 2011p.

v. Ogirtseve

t. Izum

t. Lisichansk

Fig.2. Changes in the index of chemical contamination for drinking water use

The conclusions and the prospects for further development in this direction. In the basin of the Seversky Donets industrial facilities are the main sources of discharges of chemicals and metals that pollute the water. Specifically, that the greatest concentrations exceeding seen on the values of the MPC for fisheries rules are sulfates. For fisheries use the water of the river Seversky Donets not suitable: the state of water quality, estimated by hydrochemical indicators, described as "dirty" and "very dirty" along the river (v. Ogirtseve, t. Izum, t. Lisichansk) in the years considered (1999, 2006, 2011).

For potable water supply water condition specified in the beginning of the XXI century for the most part as "little polluted" and "satisfactorily purity."

Assessment of anthropogenic load on water bodies is a key element in the development of river basin

management plans to address the problems identified with respect to water quality.

Accordingly, the analysis of the ecological state of the Seversky Donets River based on calculations by hydrochemical parameters, conclusions can be drawn about the need for evaluation of other complex parameters of water quality.

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