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2THE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET
ABSTRACT. THE AUTHORS HIGHLIGHT THE FUNCTIONS AND PECULIARITIES OF THE REGIONAL MARKET SERVICES; ANALYZE THE INSTITUTIONAL ORDER, THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET AS THE ECONOMIC INSTITUTION. IT WAS DETERMINED THAT THE RATIO OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ORDER, THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK CAN BE SOLVED IN THE FRAMEWORK OF COMPLEMENTARITY, WHICH PROVIDES THE FOCAL EFFECT OF SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS OF THE REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET.
KEYWORDS: REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET, INSTITUTIONAL ORDER, INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT, INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS OF THE REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET, PECULIARITIES OF THE REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET.
ALEXANDER LUNEV
DOCTOR OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES, PROFESSOR AT THE CHAIR OF ENGINEERING PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY, KAZAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER A.N. TUPOLEV-KAI NATALIA PUGACHEVA
DOCTOR OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES, PROFESSOR AT THE CHAIR OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND LAW, KAZAN STATE ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY LARISA STUKOLOVA
DOCTOR OF PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES, PROFESSOR AT THE CHAIR OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT, INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF THE MARKET
Human service is not only one of the important characteristics of the socio-economic policy effectiveness in the region, but also one of the most dynamic and fast-growing segments of the regional markets. We believe that the regional services market can be regarded as a set of institutions of service providers choice, which flows under the property rights, contracts and competition based on price parameters and the level of offered services quality.
It is established that regional services market performs a number of functions :
n Regulatory function, exposuring through supply and demand on the inside / cross-industry competition;
n Integrative function, providing the establishment and support of backward and forward linkages between producers and consumers ;
n stimulating function, orienting the market price on the level of public expenditures and accounting consumer demand ;
n intermediary function, connecting economically marginalized producers and consumers into a single system;
n information function, mediating knowledge of the market ;
□ pricing function, manifesting in the fact that the market recognizes only socially necessary costs that the consumer agrees to pay, and therefore the public market prices, reflecting the needs of both the consumer and the level of service;
□ sanitizing function, cleaning the production from economically weak institutional actors and promoting the development of effective and promising firms, providing services;
□ social function, causing the customer's satisfaction in the benefits and differentiating the market participants' income.
Thus, the specifity of regional market services includes the following characteristics:
1 ) dynamism, rode by the constant change of the demand for services , which is exposed to the time factor;
2) territoriality, mediated by socio-economic characteristics and demographic features of the region;
3) flexibility, provided by the high sensitivity to changing market conditions, by the inability to store and transport the services;
4) openness, provided by the interaction of production and consumption processes, personal contact of producer and consumer and high speed of the capital turnover;
5) differentiality, mediated by the diversification and individualization of services demand;
6) flexibility, influenced by the paying capacity demand of the population for services;
7) " Veblen effect " [1] , reflecting the exponential consumption in the prestigious grounds.
It was found that the regional services market as an economic institution, includes three dialectically interrelated components: institutional order, institutional environment and institutional structure.
Basing on the study of M. Olson [2], we believe that the institutional order is the formal rules and constraints, within which the basic economic institutions and mechanisms for enforcing them are interacting. That institutional order imparts the resistance of constantly reproducing socio-economic relations, proving its worth by official legitimation. Institutional order legalizes the procedures, necessary for ensuring the development of the regional services market, because it forms the common platform of its subjects interaction. [3]
We believe that the institutional environment is the integrity of the formal rules and mechanisms of individuals enforcement to their performance, the informal rules and norms that affect the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods. The American economist L. Davis [4] noted that along with the rules that shape the institutional environment, there are rules that are defined as institutional arrangements, which, in turn, determine the forms of cooperation and competition between economic agents. J. Hodgson [5] writes that all authors, exploring the institutional problems, are unanimous in saying that all institutions can be divided into formal and informal.
D. North also divides the institutions by formal and informal ones [6]. The formal ones are the rules, laid down by the law and execution of which is held by the State. The informal ones are the rules of conduct, existing in the form of habits or traditions. Along with the formal rules, the informal rules play the important role. D. North indicates that even in the most developed economical countries, the formal rules are only a small (but important) part of that set of constraints that form the situations of choice before the individual. North D. noted that the informal constraints are "the continuation, development and specification of formal rules and are able to survive thanks to the fact that they form the part of the normal people behavior" [7, p. 108]. And the informal constraints "are changing with different speed from the formal rules" [7 , p.113], and specification of established formal rules takes much more time.
Appearing as the mean of human interaction coordination, the informal rules are the continuation and development of the formal rules, socially sanctioned norms of behavior and also the internal standards of conduct, obligatory to follow. Therefore T. Eggertsson [8] believes that the institutional environment, formed by diverse, constantly changing institutional forms, is mobile and conditional to the historical, temporal, cultural context.
It is determined that the appendant and communitarian values influence the formation of the institutional environment of the regional services market. Value is the concept, indicating the cultural, social or personal value (importance) of phenomena of facts of reality. The academician V.N. Lavrynenko [9. 476] believes that the values reflect the society and the individual.
The hierarchical relations of regional services market actors condition the appendant value system (initiative, activity, risk, freedom, creativity, prestige, leadership, innovation, rule of law, etc.), by the constant process of powers and responsibilities redistribution [10]
"vertically" and "horizontally" (subsidiarity). The subsidiary value system influences the development of the business communities, forming the regional services market and providing the increase its competitiveness [11].
The communitarian value system (altruism, unity, support, mutual aid, charity, patriotism, responsibility, charity, solidarity, etc.) reflects the primacy of society interests over the individual interests and is dialectically interconnected with the Russian-Orthodox phenomenon - the Cathedrality, which dates back to antiquity. The communitarian value system provides the identification of actors with the specific model of the regional services market development and the formation of their willingness to reproduce their roles and functional interactions.
Thus, the institutional environment can be seen as the dialectical relationship of formal and informal institutions. In these institutions together, we can identify three components: legal (L) - the regulations;
social (S) - the responsibilities, stereotypes, collectivism, collaboration, cooperation, individualism, tradition, freedom, etc.;
political (P) - the administrative division, " the vertical of power", appointment, meetings, government, elections, appeals to authorities, lawsuits, etc.,
The institutional environment (IE) can be written in the form of an expression: IE = {L, S, P}, where IE is a finite set, the components of which are given by the expression and listed, i.e. calculated
according to the theory of sets. The intersection of these components forms the institutional environment. The lack of the institutional environment causes the opportunistic nature of the regional services market and is not accompanied by the systematic reduction of socially necessary costs per unit of useful effect.
The institutional structure is a set of institutions and institutional relationships, ensuring the effectiveness of traditional (public authorities and local self-government, population, state and municipal property) and the formation and development of innovative (foundations, unions, associations, specialized banks, public non-profit entities, property rights, the business community and other) subjects of the regional services market (see Scheme 1).
The common good is the unconditional imperative and functional criterion of constructing the institutional structure. Therefore, the effectiveness of the regional services market can be provided by the institutional balance between the institutions as organizational entities engaged in certain economic activities, and the relationship between them, in order to increase the " increasing returns " [12] services. The growth of the increasing return at the regional market, in our opinion, may be conditioned by the three factors.
1. The complication of the services sector as the result of technological and social development (intensification of the process of production and additional capital investment, labor cooperation, expand knowledge, increase in population, the growth of settlements, etc.), which creates the additional opportunities for individual subjects of the regional services market.
2. The structural changes in the services sector, the increase of the share of organizations and enterprises with increasing returns: the development of transport services; upscaling production services, the formation of special high-tech segment information (information services), another of the business world, where the law of increasing returns rules [12].
3. The transition to the new way, the knowledge economics, signifying the growing importance of the man and his skill in economic development [13].
FIG. 1. THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE REGIONAL SERVICES MARKET
The problem of correlation of the institutional order, the institutional environment and the institutional structure can be solved in the framework of complementarity - the system integrity, not conflicting to each other rules and incentives of activities. It was found that the complementarity of the institutional order, the institutional environment and the institutional structure provides the focal effect of subjects and objects of the regional services market.
In the summary, we note that the regional services market as the economic institution can be characterized by: the multilevelty (includes the rules of federal, regional and municipal levels); duality (derived from formal and informal rules, institutional dichotomy); fragmentation (inability to provide frontal blocking undesirable type of behavior, which manifests itself in the circumvention of the formal institutional framework).
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THE SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR THE SOLVABILITY OF THE ELEMENTARY ZERO-SUM MATRIX GAMES (NX N)
ABSTRACT. THE AUTHOR INTRODUCES THE CONCEPT OF STABILIZING STRATEGIES IN THE MATRIX GAMES (NXN); DESCRIBES THE CONDITIONS OF THEIR EXISTENCE AND OPTIMALITY; GIVES THE EXAMPLES AND SUGGESTS THE NEW INTERPRETATION OF MATRIX GAMES SOLVING AS THE SEARCH OF STABILIZING STRATEGIES.
KEYWORDS: ANTAGONISTIC MATRIX GAMES (NXN), ELEMENTARY SOLVABILITY, VON NEUMANN THEOREM, STABILIZING STRATEGIES, STABLE WIN (LOSS) OF THE PLAYER.
OLEG KOLTUNIVSKIYI
CANDIDATE OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, HEAD OF THE CHAIR OF NATURAL SCIENCES, YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS, LAW AND COMPUTER SCIENCES
In this work, the payoff matrix of the game is the square matrix of n order.
The mixed strategies X and Y of the first and second players, as usual, will be called a row vector of size (1xn) and the column vector (nx1) correspondently, consisting of the probabilities of players pure strategies.
Definition 1. Strategies X- or Y+ are called stabilized, if exist the numbers v- u v+, which fulfil the conditions X-AY = v- or XAY+= v+ for any strategy.
