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THE ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPT "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM"
Dergaliuk Marta
Ukraine, m. Kyiv, National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute named Igor Sikorsky"
ABSTRACT_
The article explored the essence of the concepts of the "mechanism" and the "organizational and economic mechanism." It is established, that the mechanism is a complex organized system, but the main thing is that it is always accompanied by a certain process, without which one the mechanism directed to perform specific functions can not exist and the process should be provided with the certain resources for results.
It was found that the difference between using the term "mechanism" is in the fact that used resource approach in technical sciences and in the economic -system or process one. The wide use of the term "mechanism" in economic circulation caused by the fact that using this term can be described the interaction of industrial and social process that conceived prototypes basic, simple mechanisms.
In the result of studying the concept of "organizational and economic mechanism" found that: firstly, there is no unified point of view on the essence of this concept; secondly, the most researchers believe that it should take into account the specific goals, objectives and means to achieve them; thirdly, organizational and economical mechanism is a system of organizational and economic forms, methods, instruments, procedures, etc., which are at different levels of the economy; fourthly, it operates within the objective economic laws towards certain objects and subjects based on certain principles. It was given the author's definition of the "organizational and economic mechanism" as a specific set of elements by organizational and economic character (objects, subjects, goals, interactions, methods, instruments, tools, etc.), interconnected and interact with each other with moving internal and external communications at the macro-, meso- and micro- levels of economy, its interindustry complexes, industries, primary links and more. Effectiveness of the implementation the OEM depends on the ability to create absent particular point connections, elements, incentives and more.
Introduction. Organizational economic mechanism can be seen as an effective tool for development on the basis of many economic objects and economic subjects. Satisfaction of social and economic needs of the population depends on the organizational and economic tools and instruments aimed at the system creating industries. All of this is underlines the actuality of developing the theoretical and methodological principles of relevant mechanisms of influence. Harmonization of the interaction of organizational and economic components creates the appropriate effective mechanism that promotes to the economic development and its subjects. The modern conditions of social relations development and accelerating socio-economic processes are require the new approaches to solving economic problems. It will promote to the development of theoretical and methodological principles of organizational and economic mechanism.
The question of the essence of concepts "mechanism" and "organizational and economic mechanism" dedicated scientists work such as B. Andreychuk, M. Demyanenko, S. Kvasha, V. Kashin, I. Lukinov, M. Malik, S. Mocherniy, S. Navrotskiy, V. Oliynyk O. Onischenko, B. Paskhaver, P. Sabluk, P. Stetsyuk, S. Tulchynska and others. But despite of the large number of publications, which confirms relevance of this study, the essence of the concept "organizational and economic mechanism" is still controversial.
Purpose. The purpose of this research is determination the nature and providing author's interpretation of "organizational and economic mechanism". To achieve this purpose, it was decided the following problems: clarified genesis of concepts "mechanism" and "organizational and economic mechanism" and their essence; it was given the author's definition of the term based on the study interpretation the essence of the concept "organizational and economic mechanism".
Research methods. During the study it has been used general scientific research methods and specific methods based on modern scientific principles of economics. Namely:
ARTICLE INFO
Received 2 February 2017 Accepted 12 February 2017 Published 10 March 2017
KEYWORDS
organizational and economic
mechanism,
mechanism,
concept,
essence,
system,
components
© 2017 The Author.
analysis and synthesis - for the selection the specific features of the essence of concepts "mechanism" and "organizational and economic mechanism";
the comparative method - for the determination of approach and the main features on the concepts "mechanism" and "organizational and economic mechanism";
the logical method and the method of generalizations - for the providing appropriate conclusions and interpretation the essence of the author's concept "organizational and economic mechanism."
Main results. The concept of the mechanism (from the Greek - machine) came into circulation economic categories in the 60s of the last century from the mechanics, where the mechanism was seen "a set of interrelated and tangential elements for the physical object and implement the necessary movements to move in space, that move" [24, p. 117]. But the original source using the term "mechanism" is the philosophy and its scientific flows of XVI-XVIII centuries that combined philosophy scientific school called "mechanism". And such philosophers are Anaksimen, Heraclitus, M. Klein, Fales and others followed mechanistic conception of the world that was based exclusively on the rational laws of universe arrangement from the time of ancient Greece. In the seventeenth century such famous scientists as S. Basso, I. Beckman, P. Gassendi, T. Hobbes, Decart, M. Merseni, I. Newton proved the rationality of the structure of the world because of its scientific results and as founders of mechanism as a separate trend in philosophy, and also known for its achievements in other fields. The term "mechanism" began to be widely used in the works of scientists: P.S. Laplace, A. J. La Mettrie, P.A. Holbach and many others, not only in philosophy, but also in natural sciences [11, p. 98].
The widespread use of the term "mechanism" in economic circulation caused by the fact that using this term can be described the interaction of industrial and social process that conceived prototypes of elementary, simple mechanisms [3].
The term "mechanism" is considered 2007 Nobel prizewinner L. Hurwitz, Mayerson, E. Maskin, who claim that "any interaction between economic entities may be considered as a kind of strategy game, the shape of which will be the mechanism. When the game is understood description of how players can do and what will any set of actions" [25]. L. Hurwitz under the mechanism understands "the interaction between the subjects and the center" [25]. Some scientists criticized of "Hurwitz mechanism" as one that does not include in its structure the resources, which necessary for its functioning [11, p. 100].
Also, the interpretation of the term "mechanism" is given in the methodology at 1981 by IDEF0, developed within the program the automation of industrial enterprises in the US, which stated that "the activities of the company is considered as a process represented as a functional block that converts the" inputs "on "outputs" with the necessary resources, mechanism treated as a separate resource" [18, p. 49].
The difference between using the term "mechanism" is that they are using resource approach in the technical sciences and in economic - system or process one.
In our view, it is not possible to argue that the mechanism is a complex organized system, but the main thing is that it is always accompanied by a certain process, without which the mechanism can not be be directed to perform specific functions. Process should be provided with specific resources for results.
Thus, this study of the concept essence "mechanism" provides an opportunity to argue that the genesis of this concept has significant theoretical basis, but it remains controversial and requires further research. Today the terms "economic mechanism", "economic mechanism", "socio-economic mechanism", "organizational and economic mechanism", "financial mechanism", "market mechanism" and so on are widely used in economics derivatives.
We agree with the statement of the French scientist Charles Rist, which is believed to be first, who introduced the concept of "economic mechanism" [20] and argued that some initial economic processes lead to the formation of successive phenomena, which, in turn, lead to a certain result.
Determination of the term interpretation the "mechanism" provides an opportunity to defining of the concept essence the "organizational and economic mechanism".
Despite of the fact that the term "organizational and economic mechanism" is widely used in the economic literature, there is not single view of its nature.
Let us analyze the scientists' definition of "organizational and economic mechanism" that use a system approach and primarily consider OEM as a system.
So F. Zinov'ev believes that "organizational and economic mechanism is a system that determines the order of action. The organizational mechanism - the organizational and technical means of management, based on its potential for using market principles of management (autonomy, contractual relationships, the commercial interest, legal validity, etc.) separately considering the organizational and economic mechanisms. The economic mechanism is the system of economic means, forms and action methods at material interests of workers and non-production facilities, including the following: pricing, promotion work, economic sanctions, the regulatory framework, the criteria for evaluating the
effectiveness" [10, p. 29]. The author shares the organizational and economic mechanism for organizational and economic mechanisms and considers that organizational and economic mechanism is a system that determines the course of action, but the organizational mechanism is the organizational and technological means and economic mechanism - is a system.
Y. Lysenko, P. Yegorova considering that the organizational and economic mechanism as a "system of purposes and incentives formation, which allows to transform in the labor movement of material and spiritual needs of society members in the motion of the production means and its final results aimed at meeting consumers 'effective demand' [16, p. 86]. In fact, the definition is reduced to a system of creating public goods. Also T. Kravtsova is considering organizational and economic mechanism as a system of management "component (most active) of the control system, which provides influence factors, the state of which depends on the result" [13, p. 95].
In our opinion, M. Vikhrov gives a general definition of the organizational and economic mechanism, considering it as a system of economic instruments, such as: "it is a system of economic instruments, through which organized both external and internal economic relations" [6, p. 67]. There is a general definition of such scientists as H. Astapova, E. Astapova and D. Loiko, who claim that the organizational and economic mechanism is a "system of organizational and economic influence elements on the management process" [1, p. 143].
A. Goncharuk is considering the organizational-economic mechanism as a system: "it is a system of methods, operations, levers organizational structures and their relationships that determine the content of management process and collectively deciding the basis of its tasks" [7, p. 170].
I. Bila, Y. Lysenko and P. Egorov think that the organizational and economic mechanism is a "system of goals and incentives formation that allow to transform in the work dynamics of material and spiritual needs of society in the dynamics of production and results that aimed at the full and effective satisfaction of these needs" [2, p. 8].
This definition is indicates the need for determining the forms and methods by the way which will be the implementation mechanism, because stimulation is one of the effective tools of organizational and economic mechanism.
O. Vasylyk and O. Grishnova is propose to consider organizational and economic mechanism as a whole system with influence elements at the object management: "the integrated system of elements of organizational and economic influence on the management process, which is targeted conversion influence of control elements at the object management and which having incoming parcels and the resulting reaction" [8, p. 22].
V. Kushniruk, O. Yermakov and O. Shebanina give their interpretation calling attention to the organizational and economic mechanism is operating on the basis of economic laws and has certain strategic objectives, pointing out that the organizational and economic mechanism - "the system of organizational and economic forms and methods of farming, which leads to increased efficiency of production systems and aimed at the conscious use of economic laws and achieve its strategic goals by business entities" [15, c. 9].
V. Fedorovich noted the following: organizational and economic mechanism -"a multilevel hierarchical system of basic interconnected elements and their typical groups (subjects, objects, principles, methods and tools, etc.) and methods of their interact, including integration and disintegration, that affects to the harmonization of economic relations (interests) of the state, the owners (members and shareholders), creditors and staff, including members of the top management corporations and society" [29, p. 45].
So, considering the organizational and economic mechanism as a system scholars point out that it:
- a system that determines the order of specific actions;
- management system;
- system of economic instruments;
- a system of methods, operations, leverage of organizational structures and their relationships;
- system of organizational and economic influence elements on management process;
- system of organizational and economic forms and methods of farming.
Organizational and economic mechanism is considered as a system and as a set in dictionaries more often. So in the large economic dictionary noted that "organizational and economic mechanism is a combination of different processes, state sequences or part of a system an order determining economic activity" [4]. Modern economic dictionary - "a set of organizational structures and specific forms and methods of management, legal forms through which are implemented in the existing specific circumstances at the economic laws the process of reproduction" [19].
S. Tulchynska gives more detailed definition: "a system of basic and specific elements set of functions, methods, forms, levers of state influence at the national, regional and micro levels of economic,
legal and organizational character to ensure stable relations between them, forming mutually beneficial conditions the economic activities" [28, p. 92].
Also, organizational and economic mechanism is considered as a set. A. Kulman gives a general definition of the organizational and economic mechanism, emphasizing that it was "a certain set or sequence of economic phenomena" [14, p. 34]. Y. Luzan gives a rather common definition of organizational and economic mechanism at the macroeconomic level, "emphasizing at the influence of objective laws on the basis in the process of subjective human activities, which covering a wide relations (political, ideological, moral, ethical, legal, etc.). It should be noted, that the definition of the organizational and economic mechanism is way to ensure implementation of the requirements of the objective laws" [17, p. 4].
0. Savchenko, V. Solovyov, emphasize that the organizational and economic mechanism is a part of the economic mechanism "of the economic system in a specific period of any country national economy and is a set of two different but interrelated components - organizational component and economic component" [22]
There are also identifying the organizational and economic mechanism which reduces its action to micro level i.e. enterprises. A. Trided notes that the organizational and economic mechanism - a "set of legal and procedural laws, methods, techniques, procedures, and technology solutions that implement the process development enterprises and existing as informational or material in the enterprise management system" [27]. I. Sandu: "a set of forms and methods of innovation, which are interconnected and coordinated functioning towards providing scientific and technical progress in the industry. Organizational factors include: planning and organization; business development; the development of innovation in production. The economic components of the mechanism - financing; credit; stimulating the creation of science and innovation; taxes and insurance; pricing for scientific and technical products" [23, p. 76]. P. Sabluk: "organizational and economic mechanism should include mechanisms that regulate economic activities of enterprises: organizational structure, planning, financing, pricing, promotion, credit, accounting and control, internal and external household action" [21, p. 4].
Having considered as a set, the organizational and economic mechanism defined as a set of functions, methods, forms, leverage; a set of or sequence of economic phenomena, a set of legal and procedural laws, methods, techniques, procedures and technology solutions and more.
Also, organizational and economic mechanism is considering on a micro level as a set of forms and methods of business or organizational structure, planning, financing, pricing, promotion, credit, accounting and control, internal and external household activities.
Organizational-economic mechanism is subordinated to objective laws of social development, but at the same time - is an active self-organizing system with flexible, moving internal and external communications, and it is at constant development and changes according to changes in social relations.
Conclusions. So, the resulted definition of the category "organizational and economic mechanism" based on the system and / or process approaches indicate that:
firstly, there is no unified point of view on the essence of this concept; secondly, the most researchers believe that it should take into account the specific goals, objectives and means to achieve them; thirdly, organizational and economical mechanism is a system of organizational and economic forms, methods, instruments, procedures, etc., which are at different levels of the economy; fourthly, it operates within the objective economic laws towards certain objects and subjects based on certain principles.
Thus, in our opinion, organizational and economic mechanism is a certain set of elements by organizational and economic character (objects, subjects, goals, interactions, methods, instruments, tools, etc.), interconnected and interact with each other with moving internal and external communications at the macro-, meso- and micro- levels of economy, its inter-industry complexes, industries, primary links and more. Effectiveness of the implementation of the OEM depends on the ability to create absent particular point connections, elements, incentives and more.
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