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19ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НАРОДНЫМ
ХОЗЯЙСТВОМ
THE EMPLOYMENT POLICY- A MAJOR CONCERN
FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION 1 2
Corcimari C. , Birca A. (Republic of Moldova) ПОЛИТИКА ЗАНЯТОСТИ - ОДНА ИЗ ГЛАВНЫХ ЗАБОТ
ДЛЯ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА 12 Корчимарь К. , Быркэ А. П. (Молдавская Республика)
1Корчимарь Корнелия / Corcimari Cornelia - студент, специальность: право; 2Быркэ Алик Петрович /Birca Alic - доктор экономических наук, доцент, кафедра социального менеджмента, факультет общей экономики и права Молдавская экономическая академия, г. Кишинёв, Молдавская Республика
Abstract: this scientific endeavor is dedicated to employment policies. Thus it is revealed the theoretical and conceptual framework of employment policy, active and passive measures of employment of labor and the implications European Union and Member States to increase the employment of labor. In addition, we are presented statistical data in each EU Member State on the implementation of active and passive measures related to employment. Among active measures to increase employment the most frequently applied by EU Member States are: training, direct job creation etc.
Аннотация: данный научный подход посвящен политике занятости рабочей силы. Таким образом, показаны теоретические и концептуальные основы политики в области занятости, а также активные и пассивные меры занятости труда. Кроме того показана озабоченность Европейского Союза по поводу увеличения занятости рабочей силы. Кроме того, нами представлены статистические данные в каждой стране ЕС об осуществлении активных и пассивных мер, связанных с занятостью. Среди активных мер по повышению занятости наиболее часто применяемыми государствами-членами ЕС являются: профессиональная подготовка, создание новых рабочих мест и другие.
Keywords: employment, labor, active measures, passive measures, European Union. Ключевые слова: занятость, рабочая сила, активные меры, пассивные меры, Европейский союз.
Theoretical and conceptual framework of employment
Employment is considered to be one of the most important issue which faces society today. However, the structure and effectiveness of macroeconomic performance and employment reflects the economy's ability to harness human resources.
The concept of occupation is quite complex, fundamental to human nature and social policy analysis of employment can not be achieved without understanding the elements that explains it very well. Concerns for employment dates back a long time, however, a particular interest in employment can be seen in the past two centuries, especially as economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and JM Keynes, focusing on the problem of full employment [4]. This concept can be defined as a state of equilibrium between demand and supply of labor, involving effective employment of human resources in the existence of the natural unemployment rate. This approach was abandoned in the early decade of the twentieth century VIII, proving to be incompatible with the competitive spirit of the market economy.
Employment can be seen in broad and narrow acceptance. In the extended sense, this concept includes actions central government and local organizations that have direct impact on the process of creating new quality jobs. The concept includes both macroeconomic policy gave the state in employment and sectorial policies related to education, health, social protection, infrastructure production etc. [6]. In the narrow sense, employment reflect specific actions that occur in the labor market caused by permanent changes in the relationship between supply and demand of labor.
An approach from a sociological perspective of employment created the concept of "system of employment" [1]. Thus, employment system were included: productive and unproductive labor; how the population and social structures layered work and labor market participation; production structures; welfare system, education and industrial relations system; social and legal status of economically employed persons etc. In another approach, employment includes any activity: work rewarded with salary, entrepreneurship and self-employment, housework, volunteering and any activity [6]. From the sociological point of view, employment was driven by several factors (Figure 1).
Fig. 1. Factors which influence the employment Source: Adapted from: [6]
The factors mentioned in Figure 1 directly or indirectly influence the employment of national workforce. At the same time, government institutions can apply various measures to help increase employment. Thus, the measures are "active" and "passive" that are applied to the labor market. Active measures include those interventions that are based on their different actions such as:
• mediation services / placement;
• information services and career counseling;
• vocational training services;
• grants for employment;
• training on techniques to find a job;
• training programs on the promotion of private initiative etc.
These actions relate mainly participants (unemployed) whose main activity is looking for a job and finally by changing their status on the labor market, acquiring thus position employed person. Active policies aim is to reduce the period of searching for a job better correlation to the number of vacancies to the number of people looking for a job.
Passive measures refer to those interventions that provide financial assistance to individuals directly or indirectly, for people disadvantaged in the labor market. Those who benefit from this type of intervention are people without jobs and who are actively seeking a job, and retired early. Unemployment allowances compensate lost wages for people able to work and available for work but can not find a suitable job.
EU targets on employment
The employment policy of the European Union is an integral part of the ensemble of complementary policies that have evolved continuously along with the patterns of socioeconomic development. The objective of employment policies is to increase the level of employment of the working population and, by default, to maintain the unemployment rate at a minimum as possible.
Philosophy employment policies, as specified in the European Employment Strategy of EU has the main concept - "more jobs and quality" (more and better jobs). Orientation has two dimensions: one quantitative, create new jobs, but also a qualitative tracking and improving the quality of jobs.
In the employment policy, European institutions promote the policy of a highly skilled workforce, realizing that only in this way can provide a higher level of global competitiveness [3].
Both the European Union and the Member States, aware of the fundamental social rights such as those set out in the European Social Charter signed at Turin on 18 October 1961 and the Community Charter of fundamental social rights of workers, adopted in 1989, have as their objectives the promotion employment and improved living and working conditions. This will result in the improvement, ensuring adequate social protection and human resource development to enable a high and sustainable level of employment and combating exclusion. To ensure a sustainable standard of living of all EU citizens, EU policies are geared toward human resources:
• improving the working environment to protect the safety and health of employees;
• security and social protection of employees;
• protection of employees in the event of termination of the employment contract;
• collective representation and defense of the interests of employees and employers;
• integration of people excluded from the labor market;
• equality between men and women regarding job opportunities and treatment at work;
• avoiding social exclusion etc.
Member States of the European Union are making efforts to develop a coordinated strategy for employment and particularly to promote a skilled workforce, skilled and adaptable as well as labor markets capable of responding to economic change, in order to achieve full employment of labor and social progress in the Treaty on European Union.
European Union Member States are making efforts to achieve the Europe 2020 elaborated with reference to employment, the European Union aims more goals. On the demand of work, the European Union Member States need to: facilitate the creation of quality jobs; Reduce barriers to businesses in terms of staffing; specifically promote entrepreneurship and small business creation and development. As a result, the tax burden to be transferred from labor taxation to other sources of taxation are less damaging to employment and economic growth while protecting revenues for adequate social protection expenditure and stimulate economic growth.
From the perspective of labor supply, the Member States of the European Union is to promote productivity and employability through an adequate supply of knowledge, skills and competencies relevant. Furthermore, Member States of the European Union will have to make the investment required in all education systems and training to improve their efficiency by increasing the level of skills and professional skills of the workforce to anticipate and meet the needs of rapidly changing dynamic labor markets in an economy increasingly digital and changing technological, environmental and demographic.
Also, EU member states are aimed at streamlining public employment services of labor to reduce unemployment and its duration by offering personalized support to people looking for a job.
Comparative analysis of employment policies at EU level
Within the European Union, each Member State is free to apply different measures both active and passive labor market. In the research that we realized it, we did a comparative analysis of the actions implemented by EU Member States active in the labor market on the one hand and on the other the liabilities. Thus, in the Table 1 are presented the active measures implemented by EU Member States in the labor market, to foster increased employment of national labor.
Table 1. Active measures offered to people looking for a job in the period 2009-2014 (reported in percent to 100 people who want to work)
2009 2014
N. o. Countries Labour market services Training Employment incentives Supported employment and rehabilitation Direct job creation Start-up incentives Labour market services Training Employment incentives Supported employment and rehabilitation Direct job creation Start-up incentives
1. EU - 28 8.4 9,9 11,7 3,3 2,1 2,2
2. Austria 4,8 18,6 11,4 2,5 1,2 0,6 9,1 17,1 4,2 1,6 1,5 0,5
3. Belgium 52.1 22,0 18,5 6,6 5,0 0,2 44,3 16,4 18,8 6,5 4,0 0,9
4. Bulgaria 1,2 1,5 0,2 8,5 0,5 0,2 0,5 2,3
5. Czech Republic 1,3 4,8 2,1 0,6 5,0 6,2 3,5 0,7
6. Cyprus 0,7 9,1 0,7 0,3 2,8 2,4 0,2
7. Croatia 2,4 0,9 0,3 0,4 0,6
8. Denmark 6,2 19,9 9,4 20,4 14,2 14,1 17,1
9. Estonia 0,6 1,8 0,2 1,7 2,3 1,3 0,1 0,5
10. Finland 0,6 12,1 5,1 2,4 3,6 1,3 0,9 15,3 5,5 2,0 5,1 1,1
11. France 51,1 16,4 10,3 6,5 4,5 6,8 12,4 11,2 7,6 4,7
12. Germany 6,4 18,4 4,8 0,8 5,4 2,7 5,5 24,7 1,8 0,8 3,0 0,8
13. Greece 0,3 10,9 4,3 1,6
14. Ireland 14,8 0,6 0,9 6,6 1,5 14,4 12,8 3,0 1,2 8,8
15. Italy 16,6 10,6 0,4 8,3 6,4 0,2
16. Latvia 1,4 0,6 1,5 2,1 2,7 1,3 2,1 0,1
17. Lithuania 1,7 1,1 0,8 0,3 0,5 7,4 0,4 1,6 1,4
18. Luxembourg 2,3 43,4 4,0 2,8 54,5 0,1 3,6
19. Malta 2,0 0,3 0,4 4,4 5,6 0,1 6,0
20. Great Britain 0,5 0,8
21. Netherlands 32,3 23,3 8,6 21,1 13,1 9,8 6,9 10,8
22. Poland 0,1 0,6 5,6 18,9 0,3 1,9 0,5 0,1 3,7 11,7 0,3 1,6
23. Portugal 12,9 13,0 1,5 3,9 1,0 11,9 8,1 0,6 3,1 0,8
24. Romania 0,7 2,0 0,6 2,4 0,6 2,2 0,2
25. Slovakia 0,2 3,3 0,7 4,9 6,6 2,7 0,1 5,5 2,4 4,1 2,2
26. Slovenia 27,2 2.1 2,5 3,3 2,3 2,6 2,5 3,1
27. Spain 0,4 7,4 40,2 1,2 6,4 0,3 4,5 11,2 1,0 2,3 6,1
28. Sweden 10,3 1,4 16,0 6,6 0,4 14,3 5,0 25,2 10,1 0,3
29. Hungary 1,8 8,6 6,3 0,2 2,4 5,9 6,7 0,3
Source: Developed by the authors based on European Union statistics.
According to Table 1, the most common active measures implemented in the labor market, vocational training refers to people looking for a job. This measure was imposed in most EU member countries both in 2009 and 2014. Support in finding a job is another measure applied fairly active on the labor market. This measure has been applied most in Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark etc. Much of countries, focused on creating new jobs and providing support to initiate their own business.
In addition to active measures, there are passive measures applied there in the labor market. One of these measures shall concern financial support for people looking for a job (figure 2).
Fig. 2. Persons who have benefited from the financial support, (reported in % at 100 people who want
to work)
Source: Developed by the authors based on European Union statistics.
From Figure 2 we see that this measure is applied practically in all EU member states. We also noted that in countries like Belgium and Ireland the percentage of people who have received financial support has exceeded 100%. This shows that some people in these countries have benefited, in addition to unemployment benefits and other forms of financial support. Similarly, we find that in 2009 the percentage of people who have benefited from financial support was higher compared to 2014.
Another measure outward processing arrangements applied by the EU member states refers to the early retirement. In 2009, this measure has been applied to the more frequently the EU member states as a result of the economic crisis global. Most often, this measure has been applied in Belgium - 6,0 % of 100 people who were in search of a job, respectively -Denmark - 14,6%, Slovakia - 13,8 %, Finland - 12,8%. The year 2014, this measure has been applied to the less compared with 2009.)
Conclusions
The European labor market is fairly extensive, hosting workforce belonging to different ethnic and cultures. Each EU member country, through the policies they promote employment, trying, first, to protect their own citizens. Success depends on the characteristics of active respective country's economy, not only of the labor market, for which they should be examined together. It should also be evaluated passive policies, unemployment allowances default as the main financial support enjoyed by people looking for a job. In addition, financial support should be analyzed in terms of size and duration of the grant. If active policies aimed at labor market flexibility by increasing the chances of adapting the workforce to certain conditions, passive policies can have strong negative effects, stimulating active behavior and lack of rigidity in the labor market.
References
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TAXATION OF SUBJECT SMALL BUSINESS AS A FACTOR
INFLUENCING ITS DEVELOPMENT 1 2
Chirikanova E. , Salova A. (Russian Federation) НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЕ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА КАК ФАКТОР, ВЛИЯЮЩИЙ
НА ЕГО РАЗВИТИЕ 12 Чириканова Е. А. , Салова А. Г. (Российская Федерация)
1Чириканова Елена Алексеевна / Chirikanova Elena - кандидат экономических наук, доцент;
2Салова Анна Геннадьевна / Salova Anna - магистрант, кафедра экономики автомобильного транспорта, Московский автомобильно-дорожный государственный технический университет, г. Москва
Abstract: the article considers problems of development of small entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation as an important tool able to help the economic development of the country in a situation of global financial crisis and unstable economic relations, both within the country and in the foreign market. Analyzes the issues of taxation of small businesses, the existing special tax regimes and their role in the tax revenues of the state, discusses the benefits and preferences for small businesses in the Russian Federation and overseas, analyzes foreign experience in the development of small business.
Аннотация: в статье рассматриваются проблемы развития субъектов малого предпринимательства в Российской Федерации, как важного инструмента, способного помочь экономическому развитию страны в ситуации мирового финансового кризиса и нестабильных экономических отношений, как внутри страны, так и на внешнем рынке. Анализируются вопросы налогообложения малого предпринимательства, существующие специальные налоговые режимы и их роль в налоговых доходах государства, рассматриваются льготы и преференции для субъектов малого предпринимательства в Российской Федерации и за рубежом, анализируется зарубежный опыт в развитии малого бизнеса.
