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МИКРОНУТРИЕНТЫ В ПИТАНИИ
Для корреспонденции
Untea Arabela Elena - scientific researcher of National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition Адрес: Calea Bucuresti, 1, 077015 Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania Телефон: 004-0726279268 E-mail: arabela.untea@ibna.ro
А.Е. Унтеа, И. Варзару, М. Ропота, Т.Д. Панаите, Г.М. Цорнеску
Влияние органического хрома на жировой компонент тела в экспериментальной модели на свиньях
The effects of organic chromium on adipose anatomical parts, using pig as experimental model
A.E. Untea, I. Varzaru, M. Ropota, T.D. Panaite, G.M. Cornescu
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chromium supplements on the quality of protein and lipids of adipose anatomical parts using pig as experimental model for humans. An experiment was conducted on 18 fattening castrated TOPIGS male pigs, for 4 weeks, under experimental farm conditions. The source of Cr(III) was chromium picolinate, a food supplement used in human nutrition, 200 ^g-Cr per kg diet (E1) and 400 ^g-Crper kg diet (E2). The analytic data showed an improvement of the amino acids profile in belly and in ham samples. A significant decrease of fatty acids concentrations in belly samples was noticed. In conclusion, we observed a positive effect associated with the essential amino acids deposition and decreasing of fatty acids concentrations in tissues with high content of fat, thus in human nutrition, chromium is used as a nutritional supplement most recommended in impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Keywords: chromium, adipose tissues, experimental model, pig
Национальный исследовательский институт биологии и питания животных, Илфов, Румыния
National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Ilfov, Romania
Цель данного исследования - оценить влияние введения хрома на качество белка и липидов жировой ткани с использованием свиньи как экспериментальной модели для человека. Эксперимент был проведен в течение 4 нед на 18 кастрированных самцах свиней ТОРЮ5 в экспериментальных условиях фермы. Источником хрома (III) служил пико-линат хрома, который применяется в качестве биологически активной добавки в питании человека, в дозе 200 и 400 мкг хрома на 1 кг корма. Аналитические данные показали улучшение профиля аминокислот в образцах брюшины и окорока. Обнаружено значительное снижение концентрации жирных кислот в образцах брюшины. Таким образом, выявлен положительный эффект, связанный с депонированием незаменимых аминокислот и уменьшением концентрации жирных кислот в тканях с высоким содержанием жира, что является основанием для рекомендаций по применению в питании человека хрома в качестве биологически активной добавки, особенно при нарушениях углеводного обмена.
Ключевые слова: хром, жировая ткань, экспериментальная модель, свинья
Several metabolic diseases can be prevented and/or controlled by dietary measures and supplements with hypolipidemic action. Trivalent chromium [Cr(III)], the form of Cr found in foods and food supplements, is considered to be a nutritional element [1]. Chromium is recommended as nutritional supplement due to its involvement in impaired carbohydrate metabolism and weight reduction strategies [2].
The pig model is more appreciated compared to other non primate animals, due to similarities between human and pig, regarding the digestion physiology and the fact that it is an omnivorous animal with nutritional requirements similar to humans [3, 4].
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Several authors [5-7] reported improvements in the carcass composition of pigs fed diets supplemented with chromium picolinate.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chromium supplements on the quality of protein and lipids of the adipose anatomical parts using pig as experimental model for humans.
Material and methods
The experiment was performed comply with Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes and all procedures described, were approved by Ethical Commission of National Research and Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition.
The experiment was conducted on 18 fattening castrated TOPIGS male pigs, for 4 weeks, under experimental farm conditions. The pigs were divided into 3 groups (6 pigs/cage) and had an initial average weight of 73.55±2.67 kg. The pigs received a commercial diet designed for this category of animals and differed between groups by the inclusion of Cr(III) supplement. The source of Cr(III) was Chromium pico-linate (CrPic) ("Vitaking", Hungary), a food supplement used in human nutrition and it brought the chromium level to 200 ^g-per kg diet in E1 diet and 400 ^g per kg diet in E2 diet. All pigs were sacrificed after 28 experimental days and the meat samples (belly and ham) were collected. The pigs were weighed just before euthanasia.
Gas chromatograph "Perkin-Elmer Clarus 500" ("Per-kin-Elmer", USA), fitted with Flame Ionization Detector
(FID) and capillary separation column was used in order to determine the fatty acids composition of meat samples. Each sample was prepared as described previously [8]. HPLC "Surveyor Plus" ("Thermo Electron", USA) was used in order to determine the amino acids profile of meat samples. Each sample was prepared as described previously [9].
The analytical data were compared performing analysis of variance (ANOVA), using STATVIEW for Windows (SAS, version 6.0). The differences between mean values in the groups were considered significant at p<0.05.
Results
Pigs in the finishing phase were used in the present experiment. This phase has a decreasing rate of protein deposition and an increasing rate of fat in animal body mass. In order to determine the effects of chromium supplementation on some adipose anatomical parts, belly and ham samples were characterized. For assessing the protein quality of the collected samples, the amino acid profile was determined and the results are presented in Table 1.
Lysine, cystine, methionine and arginine are the essential amino acids for pigs [8, 10] which concentrations increased significantly (p<0.05) in the belly under the influence of 200 ^g-kg-1 Cr, and ham after treatment with 400 ^g-kg-1. Some authors suggest that the stimulation of amino acids transport and protein synthesis in muscle cells, are due to the increased insulin activity by CrPic supplementation [11]. Chromium supplemen-
Table 1. Concentrations of amino acids in samples of belly and ham [g% dry matter (DM), mean ± SD]
Amino acid Belly Ham
C E1 E2 C E1 E2
Dispensable amino acids
Aspartic acid 2.91±0.22 2.70±0.32c 3.13±0.32b 3.77±0.51 3.74±0.23 3.74±0.50
Glutamic acid 5.33±0.51 5.15±0.54 5.20±0.31 7.49±1.12 7.69±0.72 8.00±0.94
Serine 1.24±0.14b 1.79±0.08ac 1.40±0.14b 2.17±0.21 1.97±0.14 2.17±0.21
Glycine 1.72±0.92bc 2.44±0.31 a 2.74±0.11a 1.99±0.34 2.08±0.22 1.96±0.48
Alanine 1.97±0.19bc 2.49±0.14ac 2.2±0.18ab 2.49±0.12 2.34±0.07 2.48±0.23
Tyrosine 0.90±0.11b 1.31±0.12ac 0.94±0.09b 1.17±0.11 1.17±0.23 1.15±0.18
Leucine 2.48±0.28bc 3.26±0.20ac 3.7±0.12ab 3.18±0.38 3.17±0.20 3.22±0.37
Essential amino acids
Threonine 1.46±0.14 1.52±0.31 1.30±0.04 1.57±0.11 1.45±0.08 1.56±0.07
Arginine 2.18±0.21 bc 2.81 ±0.17a 2.75a±0.14 3.72±0.62 3.73±0.27 3.82±0.52
Valine 1.56±0.24 1.37±0.22 1.47±0.11 2.06±0.54 2.25±0.14 2.20±0.31
Phenylalanine 1. 26±0.19 1.16±0.14 1.24±0.08 1.57±0.23 1.76±0.11 1.66±0.23
Isoleucine 1.34±0.12 1.15±0.04 1.27±0.06 1.77±0.31 1.75±0.08 1.74±0.22
Lysine 2.39±0.22b 3.35±0.08a 3.01 ±0.32 3.56±0.07b 3.29±0.23ac 3.63±0.13b
Cystine 0.28±0.13b 0.40±0.03a 0.35±0.03 0.72±0.12c 0.64±0.14 0.84±0.11a
Methionine 0.61±0.14b 0.78±0.06a 0.49±0.09 0.58±0.03bc 0.68±0.12a 1.31±0.18a
Values with the different superscript in the same raw are statistically different (p<0.05).
А.Е. Унтеа, И. Варзару, М. Ропота и др.
Table 2. Distribution of fatty acids determined in belly and ham samples (g% DM, mean ± SD)
Fatty acids C E1 E2
Belly
SFA 24.14±1.80b 19.57±2.22ac 23.75±3.50b
MUFA 28.14±3.68b 22.15±1.73ac 27.87±4.37b
PUFA 8.04±0.80b 6.25±0.59ac 9.02±1.22b
Ham
SFA 18.37±1.46 18.84±2.54 17.62±1.95
MUFA 24.15±1.40 24.70±2.52 23.48±2.60
PUFA 6.23±0.52 6.71 ±0.54 6.11 ±1.20
Values with the different superscript in the same column are statistically different. SFA - saturated fatty acids; MUFA - monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA - polyunsaturated fatty acids; UFA - total unsaturated fatty acids.
tation intensifies the amino acid uptake by skeletal muscles of rats [10]. Some researchers observed that the experimental period determines the pig's response to chromium supplementation [12].
For the interpretation of the data obtained using chromium supplements in the diets of fattening pigs, the fatty acids are presented depending on the saturation degree of chemical bonds (Table 2). Total content of fatty acids in belly samples were significantly lower for E1 group compared with the other two groups. The decreasing content of fat in belly is a result which sustains the hypothesis that Cr has beneficial effect on lipid metabolism [13]. The
results concerning the lipid metabolism response to Cr supplementation may be related to nutritional status of Cr in human/animals' organism, glucose tolerance level and the bioavailability of Cr from food and supplements.
The positive effects associated with the use of chromium as a nutritional supplement in livestock animal diets include: increased essential amino acids deposition and decreased fatty acids content in tissues with high content of fat. In addition, the pig model provides an in vivo challenge system to examine new approaches for organism responses to chromium supplementation.
Сведения об авторах
Development Institute for Biology and Animal Nutrition (Ilfov, Romania):
Untea Arabela Elena - scientific researcher
E-mail: arabela.untea@ibna.ro
Varzaru Iulia - scientific researcher
E-mail: iulia_maros@yahoo.com
Ropota Mariana - scientific researcher
E-mail: m.ropota@yahoo.com
Panaite Tatiana Dumitra - scientific researcher
E-mail: tatiana_panaite@yahoo.com
Cornescu Gabriela Maria - scientific researcher
E-mail: gabriela_cornescu@yahoo.com
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