5THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOIL PROCESSING DEPTHS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEEDS THROUGH SOIL LAYERS IN IRRIGATED
LAND
Kamolidin Sharifov
Independent researcher of the Samarkand branch of the Tashkent State Agrarian
University
Shukhrat Rizaev
Associate Professor of the Samarkand branch of the Tashkent State Agrarian
University, (DSc) sh.rizayev@bk.ru
ABSTRACT
This article present, under the conditions of typical gray soils of the Samarkand region In the areas of onion cultivation, the main tillage is 30-35 cm, and the tillage on the soil surface (hollowing) is 18-22 cm.
When tilling the soil to a depth of 30-35 cm, 61.0-70.7% of weeds fall into the layer of 25-35 cm, losing fertility, which leads to their reduction and creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of crops.
Keywords. Tillage, plowing, chiselling, minimum, no tillage, weeds.
INTRODUCTION
Today, in order to restore the fertility of lands and protect soil resources in agriculture, resource-saving technologies in various soil climatic conditions - surface tillage, "direct sowing" - No-till zero technologies are widely used in tillage in many countries. A number of scientists have come to different conclusions in this regard in their studies on deep, surface and zero tillage of the soil [8; 64-67 p .; 5; 19-21 p .; 3; 7-14 p.]
Many years of research in Canada have shown that No-till processing technology has led to the proliferation of certain types of annual and perennial weeds. However, farmers who continued to use the technology after 5-10 years observed a decrease in the population of these weeds [10; 29-37 p.]. The reason is that many seeds of weeds die when they remain on the ground. In mechanical tillage, on the other hand, it is thought that the seeds are buried deep in the soil and retain a certain amount of germination.
April 27-28, 2022 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
78
V.V. Kulintsev, V.K. Driediger and others [4; p. 9-11]. In a study of the economic efficiency of tillage conducted in Russia, the increase in economic efficiency in the cultivation of crops was achieved through the methods of minimum and zero (No-till) tillage, while the economic efficiency of traditional (deep plowing) tillage was 21.7%, minimum surface processing 23.1% and zero processing 45.9%, Baertuev A. A., Filatov A. M. [1; 19-21p.], Sh.Kh. Rizaev [7; 186-188p.], Sh. Rizaev, A. Makhmatmurodov, A. Joraev, K. Sharifov [9; 551-558p.], while in the fight against weeds their seeds depend on the depth of the driving layer, weed seeds 0-5; Given that it is difficult to germinate quickly from layers of 5-10 and 10-15 cm, it is recommended to till the soil to a depth of 30-35 cm in areas infested with weeds.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Considering the above, we have carried out studies to study the effect of different depths of tillage on the distribution of soil weediness indicators in onion growing areas under conditions of typical irrigated gray soils of the Samarkand region. In our field experiments, we studied the main tillage of 30-35 cm and the surface (minimum) 18-22 cm chisel agricultural technologies. Soil samples were taken every 5 cm (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35) layers of 3 points of each studied variant and the number of weed seeds was determined in them according to I.N. Shevelev [12]. ; 76p].
The results obtained and their analysis. The results of field experiments show that the main tillage is plowing (30-35 cm) and minimal (chisel, 18-22 cm) in cultivated variants in a layer of 0-35 cm, mainly from annual monocotyledons weeds - Avena fatua (L.), Echinochloa crusgalli (L.), Hordeum leporinum, Setaria qlauca (L.), dicotyledonous Stellaria media (L.), Chenopodium rubrum (L.), Amaranthus retroflexus (L.), Xanthium strumarium (L.), Artemisia annua (L.), Capsella bursarastoris (L.) Medik and perennials such as Rumex acetosella, Convolvulus arvensis (L.), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers seeds (Table 1).
The distribution of weed seeds on the studied soil layers is high in annual biennials, in which the main tillage is plowed by 30-35 cm, and the surface (chisel) by 18-22 cm, respectively, by 0-35 cm - Chenopodium rubrum (L.)-119-195, Artemisia annua (L.) - 134-151, Amaranthus retroflexus (L.) - 114-141, Stellaria media (L.) - 108-127, Xanthium strumarium (L.) - 44-33, Capsella bursarastoris (L.) Medik - 57-68, Monocotyledons - Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) -117-143, Setaria qlauca (L.) - 96-122, Hordeum leporinum - 92 -113, Avena fatua (L.) - 77-94 grains. According to the data
April 27-28, 2022 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
79
obtained, the spread of weeds in the soil layers is directly dependent on the depth of tillage. For example, in a layer of 5-10 cm there are 45.6-67.8% of seeds of annual weeds, in a layer of 15-20 cm - 16.1-27.5%, in a layer of 25-35 cm - 2.1-13, 5% (Table 1). ).
The fight against perennial weeds in agriculture requires a lot of money and labor. When analyzing our field experiments with deep and surface tillage, the distribution of perennial weeds in the thickness of the arable layer was revealed, respectively: Rumex acetosella - 91-103 pieces, Convolvulus arvensis (L.) - 74-86, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers - 73-81. units, processing 18-22 cm. in these options, 42.7-58.0% of weeds are placed in the soil layer of 5-10 cm, 17.3-27.2% in the layer of 15-20 cm, on the surface of the arable layer observed.
Regardless of the surface tillage (chiselling 18-22 cm), annual and perennial weeds in the 25-35 cm layer of the arable layer are 2.1-13.5 and 7.8-12.3%, or 1 in 35 cm, respectively 2-3.9 (Table 1). This is due to the biological properties of weeds, which indicate that their seeds retain a certain germination capacity for many years, regardless of whether they fall into deeper layers of the soil.
Table 1
The effect of tillage on the distribution of weed seeds along the soil layers at a depth of 18-22 cm above the soil surface (chiseling),
(2018-2019)
Weed species Soil layer, cm Total, pieces
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Avena fatua (L.) 8 * (8,5)** 27 (28,7) 31 (33,0) 11 (11,7) 7 (7,5) 7 (7,5) 3 (3,2) 0 94
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) 11 (7,7) 54 (37,7) 43 (30,1) 24 (16,8) 8 (5,6) 3 (2,1) 0 0 143
Hordeum leporinum 4 (3,5) 31 (27,4) 38 (33,6) 21 (18,6) 10 (8,9) 6 (5,3) 3 (2,7) 0 113
Setaria qlauca (L) 0 48 (39,3) 27 (22,1) 18 (14,7) 13 (10,7) 9 (7,4) 4 (3,3) 3 (2,4) 122
Stellaria media (L) 28 (22,0) 28 (22,0) 32 (25,2) 14 (11,0) 10 (7,9) 8 (6,3) 5 (3,9) 2 (1,6) 127
Chenopodium rubrum (L.) 31 (15,9) 53 (27,2) 48 (24,6) 33 (16,9) 20 (10,2) 13 (6,7) 7 (3,6) 3 (1,5) 195
Amaranthus retroflexus (L.) 23 (16,3) 43 (30,5) 25 (17,7) 18 (12,8) 13 (9,2) 9 (6,4) 8 (5,7) 2 (1,4) 141
® ©
April 27-28, 20221 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
©
o1
80
Xanthium 2 10 11 3 3 1 2 1 33
strumarium (L.) (6,1) (30,3) (33,3) (9,1) (9,1) (3,0) (6,1) (3,0)
Artemisia annua 38 43 31 22 13 4 0 0 151
(L) (25,2) (28,5) (20,5) (14,5) (8,6) (2,6)
Capsella 21 18 13 6 5 3 2 0 68
bursarastoris (30,9) (26,5) (19,1) (8,8) (7,3) (4,4) (2,9)
(L.) Medik
Rumex 27 20 24 17 7 4 0 4 103
acetosella (26,2) (19,4) (23,3) (16,5) (6,8) (3,9) (3,9)
Cynodon 13 27 20 8 3 3 4 3 81
dactylon (L.) (16,0) (33,3) (24,7) (9,9) (3,7) (3,7) (4,9) (3,7)
Pers
Convolvulus 22 23 16 14 4 3 3 1 86
arvensis (L.) (25,6) (26,7) (18,6) (16,3) (4,6) (3,5) (3,5) (1,2)
Note: * - Weeds in units ** - Weeds in percentage
Also, in our field experiments, as a result of surface tillage (18-22 cm), the bulk of annual and perennial weed seeds accounted for 86.5-97.9% of the soil in a 020 cm layer, growth based on our experimental results, weed infestation has been proven once again.
The main task of tillage is to increase soil fertility. As a result of timely and quality processing, the plowed layer is fine-grained, which creates conditions for the accumulation and storage of moisture in the soil, improving its air and nutrient regimes. However, such treatment is one of the most important agrotechnological measures to prevent infection of crop areas [2; 152-155 b .; eleven; Pages 22-25; 6; 35 b.].
In our field experiments, we studied the effect of weeds in an onion field on the degree of soil pollution at a depth of 30-35 cm, the data are presented in Table 2. Our data show that during the main tillage of 30-35 cm with a PYa-3-35 plow, it was noted that the main part of the weed seeds was located on 44.5-54.4% of the plowed bottom soil layer. 30-35 cm, almost no weeds were observed in the surface layer of soil (2.1-4.6%). The spread of weeds in the corral layer starts from 5-10 cm, and annual and perennial plants in this layer, respectively, 3.5-15.9; 9.4-12.1%, 18.228.1% in the 15-20 cm layer; 20.8-24.3%, while the main part of the weeds 61.070.7; 62.2-67.1% were found to be distributed over 25 -35 cm.
CONCLUSION
The results of our field experiments show that surface tillage (chiselling 18-22 cm) in agriculture leads to contamination of areas where 86.5-97.9% of the seeds are scattered in a layer of
April 27-28, 2022 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
81
0-20 cm of the surface and germinate quickly under such conditions. conditions, absorbing a large amount of water, nutrients and light from the soil during the season, damaging crops, leading to a sharp decrease in yield and crop quality, and worsening the phytosanitary condition of the sown area due to the formation of a large number of seeds.
When carrying out the main tillage to a depth of 30-35 cm, 61.0-70.7% of the main part of the weeds falls into the layer of 25-35 cm and loses fertility, the water regime will improve, favorable conditions for irrigation and good absorption of precipitation, as well as for the growth and development of crops.
Table 2
The effect of tillage on the main layers of soil to a depth of 30-35 cm, the distribution of weed seeds across the soil layers, (2018-2019)
Weed species Soil layer, cm Total,
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 pieces
Avena fatua 0 3* 7 (9,1) 8 12 12 17 18 77
(L.) (3,9)** (10,4) (15,6) (15,6) (22,0) (23,4)
Echinochloa 3 4 4 10 17 24 26 29 117
crusgalli (L.) (2,6) (3,4) (3,4) (8,5) (14,5) (20,5) (22,2) (24,8)
Hordeum 0 3 5 (5,4) 8 (8,7) 11 19 21 25 92
leporinum (3,3) (11,9) (20,7) (22,8) (27,2)
Setaria qlauca 2 4 6 (6,2) 9 (9,4) 12 16 21 26 96
(L) (2,1) (4,1) (12,5) (16,7) (21,9) (27,1)
Stellaria media 5 4 7 (6,5) 11 14 17 23 27 108
(L) (4,6) (3,7) (10,2) (13,0) (15,7) (21,2) (25,0)
Chenopodium 0 4 9 (7,6) 12 18 23 28 25 119
rubrum (L.) (3,4) (10,1) (15,1) (19,3) (23,5) (21,0)
Amaranthus 3 4 7 (6,1) 11 15 21 24 29 114
retroflexus (L.) (2,6) (3,5) (9,6) (13,2) (18,4) (21,1) (25,4)
Xanthium 0 5 2 (4,5) 3 (6,8) 5 8 9 12 44
strumarium (L.) (11,4) (11,4) (18,2) (20,4) (27,3)
Artemisia annua 3 6 9 (6,7) 13 18 22 35 28 134
(L) (2,2) (4,5) (9,7) (13,4) (16,4) (26,1) (20,9)
Capsella 0 2 0 5 (8,8) 11 8 13 18 57
bursarastoris (3,5) (19,3) (14,0) (22,8) (31,6)
(L.) Medik
Rumex 0 5 6 (6,6) 8 (8,8) 11 18 20 23 91
acetosella (5,5) (12,0) (19,8) (22,0) (25,3)
® ©
April 27-28, 20221 Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
©
o1
82
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers 0 3 (4,1) 5 (6,8) 6 (8,2) 11 (15,0) 15 (20,5) 15 (20,5) 18 (24,7) 73
Convolvulus arvensis (L.) 3 (4,0) 4 (5,4) 3 (4,0) 8 (10,8) 10 (13,5) 10 (13,5) 17 (23,0) 19 (25,7) 74
Note: * - Weeds in units ** - Weeds in percentage
REFERENCES
1. Baertuev A.A., Filatov A.M. Efficiency of different methods of soil protection and moldboard tillage in the fight against weeds in spring wheat crops // http:polyera.ru/osnovy-obrabotki. 2016. -P. 19-21.
2. Bobomirzaev P., Tursunov Sh. Dates and norms of sowing new varieties of winter wheat on irrigated lands of the Zarafshan valley. Journal of Hunan University ( Natural Sciences) Vol. 49. No. 01. January 2022. P/ 152-155.
3. John Baker Fielding What no-till crops need to be high yielders. Self-healing efficient farming based on a systematic approach VII int. conference. Agrosoyuz. Ukraine 2009. 7-14 p.
4. Kulintsev V.V., Dridiger V.K., Udovydchenko V.I., Chertov V.G., Kutsenko A.A. Efficiency of crop cultivation technology in the Stavropol Territory. F// Agriculture №7. Stavropol 2013. 9-11 p.
5. Nurbekov A., Kassam A. and others. A basic guide to the practice of soil protection and resource-saving technologies in agriculture in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. FAO. Tashkent. 2019. 19-21 p.
6. Mashrabov M.I., Makhmatmurodov A.U. Yield of corn grain at various forms and rates of phosphorus fertilizers on the unwashed and washed off typical gray soils. European Journal of Agricultural and Rural Education (EJARE) Available Online at: Vol. 2 No. 2, February 2021. P. 3-5.
7. Rizaev Sh.Kh. Efficiency of complex measures of weed control. Fundamental and applied scientific research: Actual articles of the winners of the II International scientific and practical conference. Penza (Russia). 2016. 186-188 p.
8. Rizaev SH. Effect of agrotechnikal measures on the agrophysikal properties of the soilInternational Journal of Innovation Engineering and Management Research [IJIEMR]". ISSN. 2456-5083. Vol-09, Issue-11 Nov-2020. -P: 64-67.;
9. Rizayev SH., A.Maxmatmurodov, A.Djo'raev, K. Sharifov. Common weeds in winter wheat fields and measures to control them. Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. England. 2021 ISSN: 0972-202522(33&34): P. 551-558.
April 27-28, 2022
https://t.me/ares uz Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
10. Shamsiev, A. A., & Ostonakulov, T. E. (2020). Influence of different irrigation modes of varieties of potatoes (sweet potatoes) on productivity and storage. In Scientific Research: Problems and Perspectives (pp. 139-143).
11. Robert Blackshaw. Ongoing development of integrated weed management systems on the Canadian Prairies. Self-healing efficient farming based on a systematic approach VII int. conference. Agrosoyuz. Ukraine. 2009. 29-37 p.
12. Sanaev S.T. Rakhmatov I.I. Evaluation results after growing vegetable (sweet) corn varieties as replanting. International scientific and practical conference "Innovative development of science and education". (April 26 -28, 2020) ISGT Publishing House, Athens, Greece. 2020. P. 22-25.
13. Fetyukhin I.V., Avdeenko A.P., Avdeenko S.S., Chernenko V.V., Ryabtseva N.A. Weed structure accounting methods component in agrophytocenoses. Tutorial. Persianovsky. 2018. 76 p.
https://t.me/ares uz
Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal
April 27-28, 2022
