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Section 5. Agricultural sciences
https://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-21-3.4-43-47
Khudaykulov Jonibek Bozarovich, professor, TSAU E-mail: jonibek-78@mail.ru Rasulov Ilkhom Makhmudovich, Aberkulov Mardan Nurbayevich, Jumashev Mamur Musakhanovich, associate professors, TSAU Irnazarov Shuxrat Ismatullayevich, associate professors, KEEI
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE USE OF BIOSTIMULANTS IN THE CULTIVATION OF PEANUTS
Abstract. The peanut, also known as the groundnut, goober (US), pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), and taxonomically classified as Arachis hypogaea, is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. It is widely grown in the tropics and subtropics, being important to both small and large commercial producers. It is classified as both a grain legume and, due to its high oil content, an oil crop. In this article, the analysis of the field experiments conducted in the Tashkent province, which was aimed at improving the technology of high-quality production was given. In the field experiments, the effect of Microzym-2 biostimulator on growth, development, yield elements, yield and seed quality of local peanut varieties "Salomat" (control) and "Mumtoz" was studied.
Key words: biostimulants, plant growth, peanut (Arachis hypogaea), fertilizers, Salomat, Mumtoz, production, yield, oil content.
Introduction
World annual production of shelled peanuts was 44 million tonnes in 2016, led by China with 38% of the world total. Atypically among legume crop plants, peanut pods develop underground (geocarpy) rather than above ground. With this characteristic in mind, the botanist Carl Linnaeus gave peanuts the specific epithet hypogaea, which means "under the earth" [7].
The peanut belongs to the botanical family Fa-baceae (or Leguminocae), commonly known as the
legume, bean, or pea family [1, 2]. Like most other legumes, peanuts harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules[6]. The capacity to fix nitrogen means peanuts require less nitrogen-containing fertilizer and improve soil fertility, making them valuable in crop rotations.
The countries with the largest walnut cultivation in the world are the United States, China, India, Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Russia, Italy, Spain, Australia, and the Caucasus. In these countries,
scientific research has been conducted on ecological testing of new varieties of walnuts, selection and proper placement of varieties suitable for soil and climatic conditions of each region, cultivation of high and quality crops, storage, processing and export[5]
Materials and methods
Field studies were carried out at the experimental station of Tashkent State Agrarian University. The-experimental station is located near Tashkent, in the upper part of the Chirchik river, Kibray district of the Tashkent region, at an altitude of 481 m above sea level, 41°11" northern latitude and 38°31" east longitude. The terrain of the site is uneven, slightly wavy, with a general slope to the Salar canal. Irrigation water was pumped from the Bozsu channel. The soil of the experimental site is long-irrigated sierozem, non-saline, with a low content of humus 0,9-0,7%, nitrogen 0,082-0,066%, phosphorus 0,153-0,139%, potassium 1,33-1,30%.
The climatic conditions of Tashkent province are continental and arid. However, the climatic conditions are specific, the air temperature decreases from the plains ofthe region to the mountainous areas, and the amount of atmospheric precipitation increases. In the plains and hills, the temperature of the winter months is unstable, fluctuating over the years. The coldest month in the region is January, with temperatures ranging from 0 °C to — 29 °C. The amount of atmospheric precipitation in the region also varies. In the plains, the annual precipitation is 261-316 mm, in the foothills 366-435 mm, and in the mountains 700895 mm. The sum ofthe useful seasonal temperatures required for the care of field crops in April-October averages 2200-2400 °C and the duration of non-cold days averages 235-240 days. The highest rainfall is in winter and spring, averaging 400-500 mm. The average annual rainfall is 510-520 mm, so it is recommended to irrigate field crops.
Field and laboratory experiments. In conducting field and laboratory experiments, phenological observations, biometric measurements and yield determination, the methodological manuals "Methods
of State Variety ofAgricultural Cultivation", "Methods of Field Experiments", "Scientific Research in Botany" were used. Agrophysical and agrochemical analysis of soils was carried out on the basis of "Methods of agro-chemical, agrophysical and microbiological research in pollinated cotton fields". The data obtained in the field experiments were analyzed mathematically statistically using Microsoft Excel program based on the method of B. A. Dospekhov [10, 11].
Field experiments were conducted in the conditions of typical gray soils of the Tashkent State Agrarian University agricultural research and educational experimental farm (2014-2016). The field experiments are annually tested and evaluated by a special commission of the Uzbek State Agrarian University and the Tashkent State Agrarian University. Ammonium nitrate from nitrogen fertilizers (NH4NO3-33-34% nitrogen), amorphous from phosphorus fertilizers (NH4H2PO4-11-12% nitrogen, 46-60% phosphorus), potassium chloride from potassium fertilizers (KCl-57% potassium) were used to feed peanuts. Nitrogen in amorphous was taken into account in determining the annual norms of mineral fertilizers.
Description of the "Mumtoz" variety. The L-5 X ICGV-94088 (India) collection was created by mass selection. The main authors are M. E. Amano-va, A. S. Rustamov, Sh. Nigam, R. F. Mavlyanova, Z. I. Kholiqulov. It belongs to Virginia, and the plant is semi-erect, moderately branched. The shape of the large dukka is fat, wavy, the surface is slightly deep, pale yellow, the skin is medium-rough, the middle is slightly narrow, the seam is medium. The color of the seeds is dark red, oblong-oval in shape. The variety is medium-ripe, ripening in 138-145 days. Yields average 27-28 q/ha. Weight of 1000 seeds is 686.0-710.0 gr. Suitable for assembly with mechanism. Legume has a high adhesion of 5.0 points, maturity of 80.0%. The fat content of the grain is 48.5%, the protein is 18.0%. The variety is resistant to agricultural diseases and insects. Entered into the State Register in 2006 [6-9].
Description ofthe "Salomat" variety. Uz008418 was created by mass selection from the collection sample, and the main authors are M. E. Amanova, A. S. Rustamov, Sh. Nigam, and Z. I. Kholiqulov. It belongs to the Valencia variety type, the plant grows upright, the stem is of medium height, the pods are large. The shape of the pod is wavy, slightly deep, pale yellow, the skin is medium-rough, the nut is 3 to 4 seeds, the middle is slightly constricted, the stitch is medium, the color of the seed is dark red, oblong-oval. The variety is medium-ripe, ripening in 138-140 days. The weight of 1000 seeds are 540.0 g.
The variety is large-fruited, large-grained and productive. Suitable for assembly with mechanism. Legume has a high adhesion of5.0 points, ripeness of85.0%. The fat content of the grain is 50.0%, protein is 17.0%.
Results and discussion
Effect of Microzym-2 biostimulator on change of leaf level of peanut varieties The period
of flowering-legume formation in peanut varieties is the period of formation of the highest leaf level during the development process. In the experiment, the effect of the biostimulator and mineral fertilizers on the leaf surface of the peanut varieties, "Salomat" and "Mumtoz" was studied. In the experiment conducted in 2012, before sowing the seeds with biostimulator "Microzym-2" in the 3rd variant, the leaf area of the variety "Salomat" was 27.2 thousand m2/ha, followed by 28.5 thousand m2/ha in 2013, 27.7 thousand m2/ha in 2014, and an average of 27.8 thousand m2/ha in three years. In the 9th variant of the "Mumtoz" variety treated with Microzym-2 biostimulator before sowing, the seeds were 26.3-27.4 and 26.9 thousand m2/ha, respectively.
The control was compared to the 7th variant at the expense of the biostimulator, accordingly, the leaf levels were higher by 1.6-1.9 thousand m2/ha in the control variant (Table 1).
Table 1. - Influence of Microzym-2 biostimulator on change of peanut leaf level
№ Experimental variants Terms of use Leaf level of one peanut plant one plant Leaf level thousand m2/ha
before sowing seeds blossom-budding period mineral fertilizers kg/ha
2014 2015 2016
"Salomat" variety
1 Control - - - 0,229 25,4 26,8 26,2
2 Control - - N150P150K100 0,325 37,8 39,6 38,5
3 Microzym-2 30 l/t - - 0,226 27,2 28,5 27,7
4 Microzym-2 30 l/t 40 l/ha - 0,236 28,3 29,5 29,1
5 Microzym-2 +NPK 30 l/t - N150P150K100 0,316 38,1 40,4 39,8
6 Microzym-2 +NPK 30 l/t 40 l/ha N150P150K100 0,321 38,8 41,5 40,7
"Mumtoz" variety
7 Control - - - 0,214 24,7 25,5 25,1
8 Control - - N P K 150 150 100 0,338 40,1 41,7 40,8
9 Microzym-2 30 l/t - — 0,213 26,3 27,4 26,9
10 Microzym-2 30 l/t 40 l/ha — 0,220 26,9 28,2 27,4
11 Microzym-2+NPK 30 l/t - N150P150K100 0,333 40,5 42,7 41,3
12 Microzym-2+NPK 30 l/t 40 l/ha N150P150K100 0,343 42,6 44,2 43,5
In the "Salomat" variety, before sowing the seeds with the biostimulator "Microzym-2", and during flowering and budding, extra-root feeding, that was sprayed on the plant leaves in the form of a suspension in variant 4. The plant leaf area was 28.3 thousand m2/ ha, in 2015-29.5 thousand m2/ha and 29.1 thousand m2/ha in 2016 and an average of 29.0 thousand m2/ha in three years. In the "Mumtoz" variety, the leaf level per hectare was 26.9, 28.2, 27.4 thousand m2/ha in the 10th variant and it was on average 27.5 thousand m2/ha in three years.
The leaf level per hectare was higher by 1.31.7 thousand m2 in the "Salomat" variety. In the experiment, the leaf level per hectare was 38.8 thousand m2 in 2014, 41.5 thousand m2 in 2015 and 41.5 thousand m2 2016 in the 5 th variant, in which was sown with seeds of "Salomat" variety with biostimulator "Microzym-2" and mineral fertilizers were applied at the rate of N P K100 kg/ha. It was noted that in 2016, 40.7 thousand m2 and in the "Mumtoz" variety, the average leaf area was 1.5-2.4 thousand m2/ha higher. It was observed that the biostimulator Microzym-2 was more effective when used in combination with mineral fertilizers than when used in its pure form. In "Salomat" variety, the leaf level was 38.8, 41.5 and 40.7 thousand m2 in the experiment period, and the average for the period was 40.3 thousand m2 in the variant 6 and 12, in which the biostimulator Microzym-2 before sowing, during flowering and budding and feeding with mineral fertilizers at the rate of N150P150K100 kg/ha were applied.
Due to the biostimulator "Microzym-2" and mineral fertilizers, it was observed that in the 6th variant, compared to the 1st control variant, the leaf level was 13.4, 14.7 and 14.5 thousand m2/ha in those years and on average 14.2 thousand m2/ ha in three years. When comparing variant 6 with variant 2, in which mineral fertilizer N P K100 kg/ha was used, it was that the differences in plant leaf level was reduced. In particular, in variant 2, the leaf level was 37.8-39.6-38.5 per year and on average 38.6 thousand m2/ha in three years, while
in variant 6, due to the use of biostimulator "Microzym-2" an additional 1.0-1.9-2.2 and an average leaf level of 1.7 thousand m2/ha was recorded in three years. In summary, when comparing varieties, it was identified that the demand for nutrients in the "Mumtoz" was high, and in the 12th variant the highest leaf level is formed, and in the years of experimentation with the navigation "Salomat" was an average of 2.7-3.8 thousand m2/ha.
The highest legume yield was observed in "Mumtoz" in 12th variant, which were 31.8 q/ha, 34.8 q/ha and 33.1 q/ha for 2014-2016, respectively. Furthermore, the average yield of "Mumtoz" variety was higher by 3.9 q/ha than the yield of "Salomat", 29.3 q/ha. The see oil content of the "Salomat" was 46.9% in the control variant 1, whereas it was higher by 0.9% in the 4th variant due to Microzym-2, followed by 3.3% higher seed oil content in the variant 6, in which mineral fertilizers N P K100 kg/ha were used. Due to the biological properties of the "Mumtoz" variety, the amount of oil in the seeds was slightly lower than the "Salomat" variety. In the control variant 2, the oil content in the seeds was 45.1%. It was identified that the use of biostimulator "Microzym-2" in combination with mineral fertilizers was more effective than in pure form, and accordingly, the amount of oil in the seeds of this variety was the highest in options 11 and 12, accounted for 47.6% and 48.4%, respectively.
Conclusions
The average yield of "Mumtoz" variety was higher by 3.9 q/ha than the yield of "Salomat", 29.3 q/ha. The see oil content of the "Salomat" was 46.9% in the control variant 1, whereas it was higher by 0.9% in the 4th variant due to Microzym-2, followed by 3.3% higher seed oil content in the variant 6, in which mineral fertilizers N P K100 kg/ha were used. Due to the biological properties of the "Mumtoz" variety, the amount of oil in the seeds was slightly lower than the "Salomat" variety. In the control variant 2, the oil content in the seeds was 45.1%. It was identified that the use of biostimulator "Microzym-2" in combina-
tion with mineral fertilizers was more effective than the seeds of this variety was the highest in options 11
in pure form, and accordingly, the amount of oil in and 12, accounted for 47.6% and 48.4%, respectively.
References
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