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ence it is due to appearing ofjoining. We can see breaking of logarithmic dependence in the 2nd picture and space passing in the structure seized certain temperature in the 3rd and 4th pictures.
Relative low temperatures are structured parathion and petroleum associates, with increasing of the temperature it is formed detached phase. The mass of broken fragments are increased due to relatively little and poled.
References:
1. Lukoshkin G. S. Gathering and preparation of oil, gas and water to transport. - M.: Nedra, - 1972. - 324 p.
2. Kasparyans K. S. Trade preparation of oil. - M.: «Nedra» - 1966. - 363 p.
3. Nabiyev A. B., Sultonov A.S, Abdurahimov S. A. Problems of transportation of local high-viscosity oil. Fargona Polytechnics Institute, V materials of Republic scientific- practical forum - Fargona - 2009. - 132-133 p.
4. Nabiyev A. B., Abdurahimov S. A. Reologic features of transported compositions from mastic oil fields. Chemistry and Chemistry technology journal, - 2010, - No 1, - 63-65 p.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJT-16-11.12-46-49
Usmanov Abdukhamid, Tashkent institute of chemical technology (Uzbekistan), Junior assistant, Department of Food Safety E-mail: abduhamid-86@yandex.com; sherzod-mamatov@mail.ru
Rakhimdjanov Makhamadjan, Tashkent institute of chemical technology (Uzbekistan), Professor, Department of Food Safety,
The effectiveness of the research of refining of cotton seed oil by local bentonite that activated by thermoradiation and acids
Abstract: Bentonite has been activated by thermoradiation and acids, and it has been applied in adsorptive refining. The safety index of adsorptive refined cotton seed oil has been researched.
Keywords: Bentonite, the infrared radiate, the high-frequency radiation, sulfate acid, alkali.
Introduction
Nowadays in the Republic of Uzbekistan it is an important issue to alter imported adsorbents to local ones which are used in refining cotton seed oil in The oil industry. Therefore, our basic concern is to apply local raw materials in an adsorbing refining of cotton seed oil. In this matter, we have chosen the bentonite which is produced in Navbakhor in Navoi region and Logon in Fergana region. In 1998, in Navbakhor bentonite mine was explored by geologic exploration and was applied as a source of bentonite. Fergana Logon mine was found in 2009, nowadays, it has been excavating. The chosen bentonite has alkaline substance, in order to use it in food industry it is necessary to neutralize it.
Materials and methods
As a material: 500 gr bentonite, sulfate acid 10%, microwave oven, distilling water for neutralization, sieve (with the diagonal of 0,16 mm holes) Lovibond machine, (to clarify the color of cotton seed oil), disintegrator (to
grind a bentonite), water pump or electrical pump (to separate the mixture of bentonite and oil).
Methods: The bentonite of Navbakhor and Logon mine were chosen as an example. Physical-chemical index of it is studied according to this mineralogical features of the bentonite was investigated with sciagram.
500 gr bentonite from both samples has been taken and it has been neutralized with water until it has become neutral and it has been soaked in sulfate acid 10% for a while. Then bentonite has been flushed with water till it is neutralized consequent to that it has been heated in microwave oven with capacity 17 l, with the tension of 900 watts, with 220 V, until 9-10% of moisture left. Dried bentonite has been grinded and sieved. Then the oil has been refined with bentonite. The colour index of refined cotton seed oil is appropriated by Lovibond machine.
Results of research
According to the outcome the mineralogical structure is given in the following chart.
The effectiveness of the research of refining of cotton seed oil by local bentonite that activated by thermoradiation and acids
Tablel.
Outcomes of test Component of bentonite
Al2O3 SÍO2 TÍO2 CaO Fe2°3 K2O Na2O P2O5 MgO SO3 Other elements
The bentonite of Navbakhor, % 13,69 57,91 0,35 0,48 5,10 1,75 1,53 0,43 1,84 0,75 13,71
The bentonite of Logon, % 17,56 50,11 - 0,37 13,69 2,38 1,0 - 1,92 0,1 12,87
Table 2. - The mineralogical structure of bentonite
The name of substace An inactivated An activated An inactivated An activated
bentonite of bentonite of bentonite of bentonite of
Navbakhor,% Navbakhor,% Logon,% Logon,%
montmorillonite 67,3 63,66 69,3 66,7
hydromica 27,8 27,8 26,9 26,9
Kaolinite 4,9 4,9 3,8 3,7
Table 3. - The chemical structure of the bentonite Fergana
The name of substance An inactivated bentonite,% An activated bentonite,%
Silica 18,9 17,5
R-beldspar 9,7 9,6
Plagioclase 2,2 2,7
The total of adsorbent 58,9 57,1
Calcite 1,0 5,1
Dolomith 6,6 5,8
Iron disulfates - 2,2
Phosphate 2,2 1,5
Chlorite 0,5 0,5
Paligorskit + -
Semihydrate + -
If the bentonite is like a powder, adsorption of elements which gives colour will be active. The activated bentonite has been added to purify cotton seed to oil in 1% in ratio and it has heated up to 70oC in magnetic mixer and it should be mixed. In reference materials, it was written that to refine cotton seed oil we can use adsorbent till 5% in ratio. However, using in excess of
Table 4. - The results of cotton seed (
bentonite can be caused for sourness in a taste and reducing the date of expiry. Nowadays, the factories which produces cotton seed oil planned to use an adsorbent 1% in ratio in the industry. In order to separate benton-ite from the mixture, it has been filtered out. The colour has been clarified in the machine which identifies it. The results are given here: which was refined with local bentonite
Area of local bentonite The col bef our's index of oil ore refining The weight of used benton-ite The weight of used cotton seed oil The colour's index of oil after refining
Red Blue Yelow Red Blue Yelow
The Logan 14 1 35 3,008 100,050 9 0,1 35
The Navbakhor 14 1 35 3,005 100,040 6 0 35
As we see from the chart, effectiveness of the bentonite which produced in Navai differs from the bentonite which produced in Fergana to 1,5 red index. From these results we can deduce that the bentonite of Navbakhor is more effectively than the other. The bentonite which weighed 500 gr, has been flushed with water until it has been neutralized. After it has been soaked in sulfate acid
and it has been heated in IR kiln with tension 220 V, and 710 mm wavelength during 20 minutes with high temperature inside 410x600x700 mm volumetric closed system. After, it was dried, it was grinded, therein scraps' size should be smaller than 0,16 mm.
In order to refine cotton seed oil it has been added an appropriate amount of bentonite to oil and heated
up, then it has been mixed in magnetic mixer. For the been clarified in machine which identifies colours. The purpose of separating bentonite from the mixture, it has result are given here:
Table 5. - The result of cotton seed oil which was refined with local bentonite
Area of local bentonite The colour's index of oil before refining The weigh of used bentonite, gr The weight of of used cotton seed oil, gr The colour's index of oil after refining
Red Blue Yelow Red Blue Yelow
The Logan 14 1 35 3,078 100,400 5,5 0,1 35
The Navbakhor 14 1 35 3,015 100,080 4 0 35
The effectiveness of the bentonite which produced in Navoi differs from the bentonite which produced in Fergana to 5 red index.
From this, it has been determined that the bentonite of Navbakhor mine is more effectively in comparison between charts 4 and 5. According to this, the colour of cotton seed oil is reduced from 14 red index to 4 red index.
In this, two methods the reduction of cotton seed oil using activated bentonites becomes 3-5%.
An amount of toxic elements and radionuclides in the structure of adsorption refined cotton seed oil has been investigated. According to this analysis, we take 0,050002,0000 analogical scales and put it in autoclave with teflon.
Then we pour concetrated nitric acid and 2 ml of hydrogen peroxide. We close the autoclave and in the Berghof laboratory equipments it was proxided programming speedwave™ MWS-3+.
According to the programming it can be expanded and the degree of expanding (in autoclave till12).
After expending totally, it is poured to nitric acid of 2% to bottle with capacity of 50 ml, by the mark on it. Investigated object is tested with optician emissive spectrometer with inductive argon plasma or analogical spectrometer with this method, we can appropriate elements by their optimal wave adsorbing, they were submitted in the program, according to this the quality of elements will be appropriated.
An amount of taken outcome is calculate with the following formula.
N x10
Z =
C
N - an amount of metal in spectrum mg/kg C - concentration of prepared solution
Table 6. - The safety index of adsorptive refined cotton seed oil
The name of oil product Appropriated concept ration of elements not much from mg/kg
Zn Cd Pb Cu As Hg
The cotton seed oil which is refined with bentonite of Logon 0,0269 Not appropriated 0,0012 0,0175 Not appropriated Not appropriated
The cotton seed oil which is refined with bentonite of Navbakhor 0,0135 Not appropriated 0,0022 0,0331 Not appropriated Not appropriated
An allowable amount 5,0 0,05 0,1 0,5 0,1 0,03
As we see the chart, all safety index of refined cotton seed oil is conformed to an allowable amount. Besides that we can also take it to consider that bentonite of Navbakhor mine has purified the zinc better than the
Table 7. - The amount of radionuclides
bentonite of Logon mine, while the bentonite of Logon mine has purifed the copper and lead better than the bentonite of Navbakhor mine.
in the adsorbtive refined cotton seed oil.
The name of index Signs of index The conformation of index
Documet norms In practice
Radionuclides The oil which is refined by Logon bentonite The oil which is refined by Navbakhor bentonite
Cesium (Cs)-137, Bq/l, not much from 60 1,9 3,7 Conformed
Strontium (Sr)-90, Bq/l, not much from 80 0,5 0,4 Conformed
Reserch on the refining process of prepressed cotton oil
The amount of radionuclides, which was given in with 95-97% of productivity after adsorptive refining.
that schedule, is conformed to Rules of Sanitation, and Conformed 0283-10.
Conclusion
According to the research, Navbakhor bentonite is more effectively than Logon bentonite. In the result of adsorptive refining of cotton seed oil, it has decreased to 4 red index of the colour of oil. Oil has been produced
The aim is by activating local bentonites to refine ad-sorptively the cotton seed oil, besides this, to reduce the color index of cotton seed oil as the requirement of state standards and it has been cleared that it has conformed to the safety index of people's health.
It means that this refined cotton seed oil is edible for use.
References:
1. Руссу В. И., Окопная Н. Т., Стратулат Г. В., Ропот В. М. Исследование адсорбционных процессов и адсорбентов. - Ташкент: Фан. - 1979. - С. 257-259.
2. Дубин М. М. Адсорбенты, их получение, свойства и применение. - Л.: Наука, - 1975. - С. 92.
3. Надиров Н. К. Теорические основы активации и механизма действия природных сорбентов в процессе осветления растителных масел. - М.: Пищевая промышленность, - 1973. - С. 97-98.
4. Руководство по методам исследования, техническому контролю и учету производства в масложировой промышленности. - Ленинград: ВНИИЖ, - 1975. - Т. 2. - С. 223.
D OI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/AJT-16-11.12-49-52
Hamrokulova Muborak, senior teacher, Fergana politexnical institute Qodirov Yuldoshxon, professor, Tashkent chemical-technological institute E-mail: Ulug85bek77@mail.ru
Reserch on the refining process of prepressed cotton oil
Abstract: This work deals with research on high temperature neutralization of prepressed cotton oil at the presence of carbamide and usage of different excesses and strength of alkali. It has been determined that the excess of refined oil at all alkali strength is higher than without its application, but on the contrary, the chromaticity of refined oil is higher without application of carbamide, the difference in the chromaticity decreases if alkali solution in low concentration is used.
Keywords: cotton oil, carbamide, prepressed, refined, research, neutralization, soapstock.
Cotton oil is difficultl-refined oil among vegetable oil the chromaticity decreases and the output of refined
oil increases at use of alkali solution with concentration 700, 800 g/l, carbamide solution with concentration of 50-55%, in number of it 0,1-2,0% from weight of initial oil. It has been determined that the optimum quantity of carbamide is 0,1% from weight of initial oil.
In order to improve the quality of oils, decrease in its losses at high-temperature neutralization of prepressed cotton oil, before addition of alkali solution, it has been loaded aqueous carbamide solution with concentration of 50% in number of 1,0% from weight of initial oil. In experiments it has been used prepressed cotton oil with neutralization number 3,03 mg KOH, chromaticity on
oils, because of the maintenance of colouring pigments in it, such as gossypol and its derivatives [1]. In this connection at cotton oil refining it is necessary to find optimum regimes for the extraction of gossypol from it and its derivatives that give the dark-painted colour to oil. One of extraction methods of gossypol, especially its derivatives is presented in the work [2], such as the changed and connected forms in which are available free aldehyde groups with the help of carbamide. To remove changed forms of gossypol carbamide is used at the refining high-acid cotton oils obtained from low-grade seeds. It is noted that at the refining high-acid cotton
