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Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies Lviv
Ukrainian Journal of
Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
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original article
UDC 619:616-091.8:59
doi: 10.32718/ujvas3-1.03
Volume 3 Number 1
The effect of different doses of probiotic feed additives on hematologic indices and morphological structure of individual pig internal organs
M. Zhyla1, N. Shkodyak1, G. Kotsyumbas2, Y. Stronskyi2, O. Sobodosh1, M. Shkil2
1State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donets'ka Str., 11, Lviv, 79019, Ukraine
2Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies, Pekarska Str., 50, Lviv, 79010, Ukraine
Article info Received 28.01.2020 Received in revised form 26.02.2020 Accepted 27.02.2020
Correspondence author Mykola Zhyla Tel. :+38-067-706-96-11 E-mail: zhyla-m@ukr. net
2020 Zhyla M. et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
In order to improve the digestibility and absorption of feed, metabolic processes, growth and development of animals, increase the resistance of the body immunomodulatory agents, probiotics, prebiotics, combined enzyme-probiotic feed additives are widely used. The purpose of our work was to conduct comparative clinical trials of the effectiveness of the probiotic feed additive Probion-forte in terms of productivity, blood indices and histological structure of individual internal pigs organs during fattening. The researches were carried out on 120 piglets of big white breed at the age of 28 days, which were divided into 4 groups with 30 units in each one. The probiotics were added to feed in different concentrations in order to determine their efficiency and examine influence on piglets organism: the first group was given probiotic Probion-forte in dose of 1.0 g/kg (10 weeks); the second one - Probion in dose of 1.0 g/kg (6 weeks) and 0.5 g/kg (4 weeks); the third one was given probiotic Bio Plus 2B in dose of 0.4 g/kg for 10 weeks; and the fourth one was a control group. The compound feed was provided according to norms recommended for big white breed taking into account age. On the 42nd day (6 weeks) and on the 70th day of test 10 units were selected for haematological, pathomorphological and microbiological tests. The productivity of animals of all studied groups was evaluated by the average daily gains, safety, feed conversion and slaughter output. The stabilized with EDTA piglets' blood was used for morphological studies, and blood serum - for biochemical studies. The clinical trials have shown that the application of Probion-forte, as a feed additive for fattening of piglets within 10 weeks after weaning, did not cause adverse reactions, was well tolerated by animals and contributed to the improvement of the processes of erythropoiesis and leucopoiesis, increased of serum total protein content. The increasing activity of serum transaminases indicated more intense metabolic processes in experimental animals' organism, which was confirmed by increase in average daily weight gains and slaughter output compared to control. In the microscopic examination of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, intestines, liver, the characteristic histological structure of the organs was preserved and indicated their active morphofunctional state throughout the study period. Morphometrically the increase in the height of the villi in the duodenum and the size of the thymus lobes in piglets, which were fed with probiotic feed additives was established. The efficiency and appropriateness of the application of these products was confirmed in the first and second experimental groups. However, the most significant difference was observed in piglets fed with Probion-forte for 10 weeks at a dose of 1.0 g/kg of feed.
Key words: clinical trials, piglets, laboratory diagnosis, histostructure, duodenum, liver, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, thymocytes, villus height._
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Citation:
Zhyla, M., Shkodyak, N., Kotsyumbas, G., Stronskyi, Y., Sobodosh, O., & Shkil, M. (2020). The effect of different doses of probiotic feed additives on hematologic indices and morphological structure of individual pig internal organs. Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), 13-20.
Contents
1. Introduction................. .. 13
2. Materials and methods .... .. 14
3. Results and discussion..... . 14
4. Conclusions................. . 19
References ....... .. 19
1. Introduction
Modern livestock farming is based on the genetic potential of animals, balanced feeding and appropriate conditions of keeping. In order to improve the digestibility and absorption of feed, metabolic processes, growth and development of animals, to increase the body's resistance, the immuno-modulatory agents, probiotics, prebiotics, combined en-zyme-probiotic feed additives and herbal remedies are widely used (Patterson & Burkholder, 2003; Swiatkiewicz &
Koreleski, 2007; Reshetnichenko et al., 2012; Ushakova et al., 2012).
In this aspect, a significant advantage is given to the probiotic cultures of microorganisms. Probiotics have a positive effect on the bird's body, as they promote the recovery of digestion, biological status, immune response, and increase the effectiveness of vaccinations. The use of probi-otics significantly reduces the costs for the treatment of diseases, increases productivity, and improves the quality of livestock products. The market for drugs in this group is actively developing and replenishing every time with new
samples of domestic and foreign production (Griggs & Jacob, 2005; Lisova et al., 2013; Bliznetsov & Tokarev, 2013; Zhyla et al., 2014; Kotsyumbas et al., 2014).
One of the key and mandatory prerequisites for the creation and testing of new veterinary products, feed additives, both in the context of compliance with national legislation and the requirements of the international community for their registration, is conducting of preclinical and clinical trials in compliance with Good Clinical Practice (GCP) requirements. Criteria for evaluating the efficiency and safety of the test products should not be limited only to safety and productivity but should also include characteristics of the morphofunctional state of the target animal species based on laboratory diagnosis (Anadon et al., 2006; Kocjumbas, & Lemishevskij, 2013; Zhyla, 2017; Todoriuk et al., 2018; Gutyj et al., 2018; Zhyla et al., 2019; Patereha et al., 2019).
The purpose of our work was to conduct comparative clinical trials of the efficiency of the probiotic feed additive "Probion-forte" in terms of productivity, blood indices and histological structure of individual internal organs of piglets during fattening.
2. Materials and methods
We used probiotic feed additives: Probion-forte which includes Bacillus subtilis, not less than 1x108 CFU/g B. coagulans not less than 1x108 CFU/g and Bio Plus 2B containing B. subtilis, not less than 2x108 CFU/g.
The researches were conducted on the base of Research and Production Center "Komarnyvsky" (Komarno village, Gorodotsky district Lviv region) with 120 piglets of Big white breed at the age of 28 days, which were divided into 4 groups. In order to determine the efficiency of application, both probiotic feed additives were given to piglets in different concentrations together with feed. The first group was given probiotic Probion-forte in dose of 1 g/kg (10 weeks); the second one - Probion-forte in dose of 1g/kg (6 weeks) and 0.5 g/kg (4 weeks); the third one was given probiotic Bio Plus 2B, in dose of 0.4 g/kg for 10 weeks; and the fourth one was a control group. Each group contained 30 units. The compound feed was provided according to norms recommended for Big white breed taking into account age. Veterinary sanitary processing was conducted according to growth scheme. The dynamics of live weight of pigs was examined by means of method of individual weighing according to scheme on the 1st, 14th, 28th, 42nd, 56th and 70th day. Animals were kept in cages with 15 units in each one with free access to feed and water.
Experiments with animals were carried out in accordance with the rules adopted by the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986).
On the 42nd day of experiment (6 weeks) from 1st, 3rd and 4th group and on the 70th day of test (10 weeks) from 1st, 2nd, 3 rd and 4th group 10 units were selected for haematological, pathomorphological and microbiological researches. The productivity of the animals of all studied groups was evaluated by average daily weight gains, safety, feed conversion and slaughter output.
The stabilized EDTA blood of piglets was used for morphological studies, and blood serum - for biochemical studies. Blood was collected from animal's cranial hollow vein. Determination of the investigated parameters was carried
out according to generally accepted methods, adapted in the Laboratory of Clinical Biological Research of the State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Fodder Additives, using appropriate instruments and test-kits (Kocjumbas & Lemishevskij, 2013).
After slaughter the animals were subjected to complete pathologic anatomical dissection, with the selection of material for histological and morphometric studies. Internal organs were weighed, their weight coefficients were determined. Material (pieces of duodenum, caecum, liver, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes) was fixed in neutralized 10 % formalin, with following paraffin pouring. Paraffin cuts were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (Merkulov, 1969).
Microscopy was conducted by means of microscope OLIMPUS CX-41 and morphometric program DP-SOFT.
The obtained results were statistically processed, estimating the probability of difference of indicators on the Student's test. The arithmetic mean (M), the mean error of the arithmetic mean (m), and the significance criterion (P) were determined. Numerical data were processed using Microsoft Excel XP and Statistica 10. The difference between values at which the probability of difference (P) did not exceed 0.05 was taken as a statistically significant result.
3. Results and discussion
During the whole test period any deviations concerning clinical condition of piglets not observed. Piglets of all groups were active, diseases and death were not registered. There were only two cases of diarrhea in the control group of piglets. After medical assistance to these animals, all signs of intestinal disorders disappeared for 3-5 days.
The test showed that probiotics contribute to better digestion of feed, compared with the control group, as well as a gradual increase in weight gain throughout the growing period (70 days). Thus, in 1st group at average live weight of the piglets of 38.7 kg, feed conversion was equal to 2.24; in the 2nd group at average live weight of 38,4 kg feed conversion was equal to 2.26; in the 3rd group at animal's average live weight of 37.1 kg feed conversion - 2.37; in the control group at the average live weight of 35.4 kg feed conversion was 2.5.
We evaluated average weight gain per day, as it is the most objective index of growth intensity. As data show, the average weight gain in studied groups was higher, than in control one during whole test period. The most significant difference in indices was observed on the 70th day of test, at the pigs' age of 98 days. Thus, average daily weight gains in the 1st group were higher than in control one by 86 g, and in 2nd and 3rd ones - by 76.0 and 54.0, respectively. A more pronounced difference in the body mass index of pigs was at the end of the fattening period (210 days) and was 127.4 ± 2.9 kg in the 1st group and was 13.34 % greater (P < 0.01), in groups 2nd and 3rd respectively: 125.1 ± 3.2 kg by 11.2 % (P < 0.01); 119.2 ± 2.3 kg by 6.05 %. Whereas in the control group, the body weight of the pigs was 112.4 ± 3.1 kg. The carcass yield was 69.7 % in the 1st group; 68.3 %; in the 2nd group; 68.0 % in the 3rd group and control - 67.2 %.
As data show (table 1), morphological indices of blood of treated groups were within physiological norm for animals of this age. Analysis of results shows the increasing of haemoglobin concentration on the 42nd day of test in 1st and 3rd groups and on the 70th day - in the 1st one in comparison with control group. Increase of haemoglobin level has posi-
tive influence. We also observed increase of erythrocyte quantity and haematocrite in groups that were given Probi-on-forte during 10 days (table 1). Analysing of leukogram we observed the increase of relative number of lymphocytes and decrease of eosinophiles in the 1st group in comparison with control group, on the 70th day of test (table 1).
Table 1
Morphological indices of blood of piglets at application of probiotic feed additive (M±m, n=10)
Indices Groups 42nd day of test 70th day of test
1 131.1 ± 4.1 132.0 ± 1.8*
Haemoglobin, 2 - 126.3 ± 1.7
g/l 3 133.2 ± 5.6 123.2 ± 1.4
4 117.1 ± 4.9 116.5 ± 1.1
1 5.5 ± 0.2 7.6 ± 0.4*
Erythrocytes, 2 - 7.0 ± 0.5*
1012/l 3 5.6 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.2
4 6.1 ± 0.2 6.0 ± 0.3
1 39.8 ± 2.4 42.5 ± 1.1*
Haematocrite, 2 - 39.8 ± 1.2*
% 3 38.3 ± 0.9 40.3 ± 1.9*
4 37.0 ± 1.7 35.0 ± 1.2
1 12.5 ± 1.7 15.1 ± 1.7
Leukocytes, 2 - 15.0 ± 1.7
109/l 3 13.7 ± 1.8 14.9 ± 1.8
4 14.6 ± 1.4 14.2 ± 2.1
1 0.3 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.3
Basophils, % 2 3 0.6 ± 0.3 0.2 ± 0.2 0.5 ± 0.4
4 0.3 ± 0.2 0
1 5.4 ± 0.5 2.6 ± 0.5*
Eosinophils, % 2 3 7.3 ± 2.7 3.5 ± 0.9* 3.5 ± 1.3*
4 10.0 ± 1.8 8.7 ± 0.8
1 49.8 ± 2.0 55.6 ± 0.9*
Lymphocytes, 2 - 45.3 ± 1.0
% 3 44.0 ± 1.2 44.0 ± 1.2
4 42.7 ± 1.2 44.0 ± 1.2
1 5.2 ± 0.4 3.6 ± 0.7
Monocytes, % 2 3 4.3 ± 0.4 4,0 ± 0,7 3.0 ± 0.7
4 3.3 ± 0.8 4.7 ± 0.8
1 4.6 ± 1.0 2.8 ± 0.7*
Banded 2 - 5.0 ± 0.4
neutrophils, % 3 6.0 ± 1.2 2.3 ± 0.3
4 6.0 ± 1.2 5.0 ± 0.6
1 34.4 ± 0.9 35.4 ± 1.5
Segmented 2 - 39.0 ± 0.7
neutrophils, % 3 38.0 ± 2.3 39.5 ± 1.0
4 34.7 ± 3.1 37.3 ± 1.5
Here and further: *- P < 0.05; ** - P < 0.01 compared to control
With regard to the indicators characterizing the im-munophysiological state, on the 70th day of the experiment in all groups we observed an increase in the total protein concentration in the serum and its albumin fraction, which indicates the intensity of piglets' protein metabolism (Table 2). On the 70th day of testing, we observed positive changes in the number of circulating immune complexes in
the serum, namely a 30.6 % decrease in the 1st group and 44.7 % in the 2nd group, compared with the control group, and almost twice on the 42nd day of experiment (table 2).
Analysis of received data concerning biochemical indices of blood serum (table 3) showed that on the 42nd day of test, activity of alkaline phosphatase of all treated groups was higher than on the 70th day. It is connected with intensive growing of young stock, since activity of alkaline phosphatase is known to depend on speed of animal growth. Thus, on the 70th day of the experiment we detected increase of activity of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum in the 1st and 2nd group, which were given Probion-forte, in comparison with control group, by 16.4 % and 15.2 %, respectively. Significant decrease of enzyme activity in blood meant normalized influence of probiotic on metabolic processes in organism.
Table 2
Indices of immunophisiological state of piglets at application of probiotic feed additives (M ± m, n = 10)
Indices Groups 42nd day of test 70th day of test
1 60.9 ± 1.3 67.8 ± 3.1
Total protein, 2 - 69.3 ± 1.8
g/l 3 64.6 ± 1.4 66.4 ± 3.1
4 63.6 ± 1.6 63.0 ± 1.1
1 27.2 ± 1.4 36.1 ± 1.4
Albumin, % 2 3 33.7 ± 2.2 34.6 ± 2.6 32.5 ± 2.1
4 33.1 ± 1.8 34.5 ± 3.1
1 12.3 ± 4.2 2.1 ± 0.6
a1-globulins, % 2 3 6.5 ± 2.6 2.3 ± 0.2 2.9 ± 0.2
4 4.7 ± 0.7 3.1 ± 0.8
1 18.4 ± 2.1 14,7 ± 1,3
a2 - globulins, 2 - 16.2 ± 1.0
% 3 22.2 ± 5.3 16.7 ± 1.1
4 12.1 ± 1.6 19.2 ± 1.0
1 14.7 ± 1.6 10.1 ± 0.5
ß-globulins, % 2 3 13.9 ± 2.4 15.7 ± 0.6 16.2 ± 2.2
4 18.4 ± 1.1 16.2 ± 0.5
1 26.1 ± 2.6 37.8 ± 0.7*
y-globulins, % 2 3 23.8 ± 1.0 31.2 ± 1.0* 28.4 ± 1.3
4 32.1 ± 1.2 27.9 ± 1.2
Phagocytic activity of neu-trophils, % 1 2 3 4 19.0 ± 1.0 22.0 ± 1.0 18.0 ± 0.4 26.1 ± 0.5** 19.3 ± 0.4 22.4 ± 1.0 19.5 ± 0.4
1 14.2 ± 0.3 18.0 ± 0.2**
Phagocytic index 2 3 11.4 ± 1.0 14.6 ± 0.4* 13.6 ± 1.0*
4 13.2 ± 0.3 12.0 ± 0.4
Circulating 1 20.2 ± 5.9 11.8 ± 2.7**
immune com- 2 - 9.4 ± 1.2*
plexes, U/100 3 25.5 ± 2.6 19.0 ± 3.4
ml 4 24.0 ± 4.7 17.0 ± 2.4
As shown by the experimental data (table 3), in the body of piglets that received probiotics, the processes of transam-
ination of alanine and aspartate by aminotransferases were carried out with different intensity. In particular, on day 70 of testing, we found a higher activity of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase in group 1 by 15.1 % and 20.5 %, respectively, compared with the control group. In group 3, we observed a tendency to increase the activity of the above-mentioned enzymes.
Given the fact that the activity of aminotransferases in the blood is associated with their participation in the process of protein synthesis, the use of free amino acids in the energetic and plastic processes in the tissues of intensively growing organism, the revealed changes in the enzymatic activity confirm the activating effect of Probion-forte on the process of reamination of free amino acids, as well as the growth and development of young animals. With regard to indicators of total cholesterol, urea and creatinine content, no significant differences were found between the treated and control groups.
Analyzing the dynamics of the weights of the internal organs, we concluded that an increase in body weight caused an increase in the weight of the internal weight. The coefficients of the internal organs on day 70th of the experiment were shown in table 4. As shown in the table, the coefficients of thymus mass were significantly higher in the 1st and 2nd groups, compared with the control.
Macroscopic study of thymus showed that in all experimental groups on the 42nd and 70th day thymus retained a typical anatomical structure, it was light pink in color and soft consistency. At cross cut typical organ architectonics is well-expressed.
Table 3
Biochemical indices of blood serum of piglets at application of probiotic feed additives (M ± m, n = 10)
Indices Groups 42nd day of test 70th day of test
Alanine aminotransferase, (ALT) ukat/l 1 2 3 4 0.36 ±0.04* 0.38 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.01 0.38 ± 0.01* 0.35 ± 0.01 0.36 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.01
Aspartate aminotransferase, (AST) ukat/l 1 2 3 4 0.38 ± 0,03 0.37 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.05 0.47 ± 0.02* 0.40 ± 0.02* 0.44 ± 0.02* 0.39 ± 0.01
1 2.31 ± 0.02 1.72 ± 0.01
Alkaline phospha- 2 - 1.81 ± 0.03
tase, ukat/l 3 1.63 ± 0.08 1.91 ± 0.02
4 2.41 ± 0.06 1.28 ± 0.08
1 3.90 ± 0.17 6.35 ± 0.21
Total cholesterol, 2 - 6.57 ± 0.40
mmole/l 3 4.43 ± 0.19 6.80 ± 0.50
4 4.72 ± 0.16 7.00 ± 0.26
1 5.10 ± 0.27 5.19 ± 0.22
Urea, mmole/l 2 3 6.06 ± 0.32 5.27 ± 0.38 5.57 ± 0.25
4 5.63 ± 0.34 5.55 ± 0.11
1 204.0 ± 7.0 215.0 ± 6.4
Creatinine, 2 - 224.0 ± 5.8
umole/l 3 201.1 ± 5.0 214.0 ± 5.7
4 206.5 ± 7.3 236.0 ± 4.0
Table 4
Coefficients of internal organ weight at application probiotic feed additives on the 70th day of test (M ± m, n = 5)
Indices 1st group 2nd group 3rd group 4th group
Liver 2.65 ± 0.12 2.47 ± 0.11 2.27 ± 0.09 2.59 ± 0.10
Kidneys 0.5 ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.03 0.43 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.06
Heart 0.53 ± 0.04 0.55 ± 0.05 0.57 ± 0.04 0.43 ± 0.02
Lungs 1.42 ± 0.13 1.37 ± 0.11 1.48 ± 0.09 1.32 ± 0.06
Thymus 0.54 ± 0.03* 0.58 ± 0.04* 0.48 ± 0.05 0.45 ± 0.03
Spleen 0.24 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03 0.22 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.03
Microscopic study of the thymus showed that the lobular structure was preserved in all experimental groups on the 42nd and 70th days. The segments are preferably polygonal in shape, some of which were extracted from the control group. The segments of the thymus were divided into the central medulla and peripheral cortex in all treated groups. The cortical part occupied most of the segment; the smaller part of the segment was occupied by the medullary part. The bark of segments of the thymus of the 1st and 2nd groups was tightly occupied by thymocytes of different size. Brain population density was significantly lower. Corpuscles of Hassall of different sizes and round form localized in medulla (Fig. 1-3).
On the 70th day of experiment we detected more significant difference in histological structure of thymus in all studied groups. A more significant difference in the histological structure of the thymus was noted at 70th day. Thus, the average thymus lobes were 910.2 ± 251 ^m (P < 0.01), in the 1st group; 872.4 ± 23.5 ^m in the 2nd group; 790.6 ±
Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2020, Vol. 3, N1
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19.9 ^m in the 3rd group (control 761.3 ± 21.4 ^m). The ratio between parenchyma and thymic stroma in groups was: 9.83:1; 9.02:1; 9.11:1 (control 8.26:1).
Fig. 1. Piglet thymus, the 1st group, the 70nd day of test. Division into cortical portion and medullary portion is preserved. H&E. x 100
Fig. 2. Piglet thymus, the 1st group, the 70th day of test. Cortex is densely populated by thymocytes. H&E. x 200
Fig. 3. Piglet thymus, the 2nd group, the 70th day of test.
Formed corpuscles of Hassall in medulla. H&E. x 200
Decrease in thymocyte number was observed in thymus of piglets from control group. Thus, in control group cortical portion occupied smaller part of segment, larger part of segment was occupied by medullary portion. Subcapsular zone of cortex is represented by 2-3 rows of lymphocytes and lymphoblasts. We observed thickening of interlobular connective tissue with fat deposits. The decrease in thymo-cyte number in cortex was observed. The macrophages with phagocytic thymocytes or their fragments were detected (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Piglet thymus, control group, the 70th day of test.
Decrease in thymocyte number in cortex. H&E. x 200
Electron microscopic examination of the thymus of the control group of animals revealed cellular elements of apop-tosis, and in the experimental groups were clearly structured thymocytes with large nuclei rich in chromatin containing from one to several nucleoli. The cytoplasm is narrow, with a small amount of organelles (Fig. 5, 6).
Fig. 5. Electronogram of thymocytes of pigs, 1st group, the 70nd day of test. x 6000
Fig. 6. Electronogram. Apoptosis of cells in the thymus of piglets control group, the 70nd day of test. x 6000
Spleen in all treated groups on the 42nd and 70th day of experiment preserved typical anatomical form, it was of grey-blue colour with violet staining and pasty consistency, with rims being acute and capsule being elastic. At cross cut typical structure is preserved, pulp scraper is slight or absent.
Microscopic structure of spleen is preserved in all experimental groups. Division into white and red pulp is expressed. Lymph nodes (follicles) are of elongated form and of small and middle sizes, localized around central arteries. Follicles with germinative centres were observed in groups of piglets that were given probiotics. Cell composition of follicles is presented by small lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and plasmocytes. Density of cell population was significantly higher in the 1st and 2nd groups than in control one, especially on the 70th day of test (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. Cell composition of spleen follicle, the 1st group the 70nd day of test. H&E. x 200
The lymph nodes of jejunum intestinal in all groups were not enlarged, of light pink colour and at cross cut they were wet. Microscope study showed that cortex and medulla were well-expressed as well as paracortical area. Cortex occupied larger part of thymus segment, medulla - smaller one. In the 1st and 2nd group lymphoid follicles are well-formed, boundaries are clear with reactive cores, we observed larger number in these two groups, than in the 3rd and 4th groups (Fig. 8, 9). Lymph nodes of piglets, that were not given probiotics, suffered from devastation of lymph follicles by cell elements, especially on the 70th day of test (Fig. 10).
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Fig. 8. Piglet lymph node, the 1st group, the 70th day of test. Lymphoid follicles with reactive cores in cortex. H&E. x 100
Fig. 9. Electronogram of lymphocytes of paracortical lymphatic zone of pigs, 1st group, the 70nd day of test. x 6000
Fig. 10. Piglet lymph node, control group, the 70th day of test. Cell devastation of lymphoid follicles. H&E. x 100
epithelium. There were also isolated parts of plica that resemble low cylindrical villi or papillae foliatae with rounded rims. Enterocytes (intestinal absorptive cells) had well-expressed limbus strigillatus on apical surface, elongated nuclei were situated in basal cytoplasm. At the bottom of villi there were crypts. Duodenum glands were distinctly formed, localizing in submucous layer.
Histological study of piglets' duodenum from the 1st and 2nd groups, that were given probiotic Probion-forte in dose of 1 and 1-0.5 g/kg of feed, showed that villi were homogeneous and higher than in control group, some of them were long and thin, other - big, in the form of leaves. Villi were covered by one-layer cylindrical epithelium (enterocytes), among which we observed goblet cells. Crypts represented branching of epithelial layer, they are situated from the bottom of villi to muscular plate of mucous membrane. Crypt depth was within 25 and 35 ^m. Submucous base contained duodenum glands, blood vessels.
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Histological tests of duodenum showed that it consists of three membranes: mucous, muscular and serous. Above surface of mucous membrane there are gut villi in form of leaves of different forms and sizes (Fig. 11). Intestinal villi in all treated groups are not high, covered by cylindrical
Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, 2020, Vol. 3, N1
Fig. 11. Piglet duodenum. The 1st group, the 70th day of test.
H&E. x 100
Characterising villus height of duodenum in all groups on the 42nd day of test, we have not observed significant difference. Some correlation of these indices was observed on the 70th day of test (age of piglets - 98 days).
In duodenum of piglets from the 1st group villus height amounted to 488.32 ^m that was longer than the height of the villus in duodenum of piglets from the 4th (control) group by 35.55 ^m. The same situation was with piglets from the 2nd and the 3rd group. Villus height in duodenum of piglets from these two groups had increased by 25.35 ^m and by 20.35 ^m (in comparison with the 4th group) respectively (table 5).
Microscopic study of caecum showed that typical histo-logical structure in all experimental groups was preserved. Mucous membrane was plicated, did not not form villi, was presented by epithelial layer, namely mucous membrane, muscular and submucous basis. Epithelial layer was one-layer columnar epithelium with big number of goblet cells. In sub-muscular layer formed lymph nodes have been detected (lymph follicles) (Fig. 12). Muscular membrane consisted of two layers of muscular fibres. Serous membrane had intensively developed connective layer covered by mesothelium.
Macroscopic study showed that in all experimental groups on the 42nd and 70th day liver was of typical anatomic structure, of homogeneous colouring (dark brown), with rims being acute, structure at cross cut being preserved and consistency being resilient.
Table 5
Morphometric indices of mucous membrane of duodenum during whole test period (M ± m, n = 5)
Groups Villus height, ^m Crypt depth, ^m VH/CD ratio
42nd day of test (70 days)
Probion-forte, 1 g/kg 308.68 ± 1.12* 30.74 ± 0.34 1:0.099
Bio Plus 2B, 0.4 g/kg 307.62 ± 1.31* 30.72 ± 0.28 1:0.099
Control 293.18 ± 1.27 30.08 ± 0.25 1:1.102
70th day of test (98 days)
Probion-forte, 1.0 g/kg 488.32 ± 1.18** 35.91 ± 0.31 1:0.073
Probion-forte, 0.5 g/kg 478.12 ± 1.42** 33.52 ± 0.27 1:0.070
Bio Plus 2B, 0.4 g/kg 473.12 ± 1.24* 34.18 ± 0.26 1:0.072
Control 452.77 ± 1.16 31.03 ± 0.22 1:0.068
Fig. 12. Lymph follicles in caecal submucous layer of piglets from the 1st group, 70nd day of test. H&E. x 100
Histological test of liver showed that in all treated groups on the 42nd and 70th day parenchyma is divided into lobes by connective septa. Hepatocytes are densely situated around central vein and form long, radially-oriente - hepatic plates. Liver cells are of polygonal form, nuclei are clearly outlined.
In the experimental and control groups on the 70th day than on the 42nd day we have detected nidus of discomplexa-tion of joist structure, hepatocytes with heterogeneously stained, granular cytoplasm, poor colouring of nuclei, cells with signs of lysis. Histological structure of liver of experimental groups on the 70th day of test is presented in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13. Piglet liver, the 2nd group, 70nd day of test. Widening of internal lobular capillary blood vessels. H&E. x 200
4. Conclusions
Clinical trials have shown that the use of Probion-forte, as a feed additive to piglets for fattening, within 10 weeks after weaning, did not cause adverse reactions, was well tolerated by animals and contributed to the improvement of the processes of erythropoiesis and leucopoiesis, increased the content of serum total protein. The activity of transami-nases in serum indicated a more intense metabolic processes in the body of the experimental groups of animals, which was confirmed by an increase in average daily body weight gain and slaughter output compared to control.
In the microscopic examination of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, intestines, liver, the characteristic histological structure of the organs was preserved and indicated their active morphofunctional state throughout the study period. Morphometrically, the increase in the height of the villi in the duodenum and the size of the thymus lobes in piglets fed by probiotic feed additives was established. The efficiency and appropriateness of the application was confirmed in both the first and second study groups. However, the most significant difference was observed in piglets fed Probion-forte for 10 weeks at a dose of 1.0 g/kg of feed.
Prospects for further research: the study of the effect of different doses of probiotic feed additives on the microflora of the duodenum and cecum of pigs.
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