CC BY
13THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL FEEDING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSPRING AND THE FORMATION OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN THE PERIOD OF EARLY
POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS
Porsoev Jurakul Amanovich Zulfiqorov Abdurahim Naimovich
Seniors Lectures and dosent of chair "Histology and medical biology " Bukhara State Medical Institute, Bukhara, Uzbekistan Shatmanov Suynali Toktonazarovich MD, Professor, Head of the department of histology and patanatomy Medical Faculty of Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyzstan
Nuryoghdieva Mushtariy Assistant of department of oncology and clinic radiology Andizhan State Medical Institute, Andizhan, Uzbekistan
This article presents the results of experiments with natural and artificial feeding, as well as the effect of artificial feeding on the development of offspring, the structural and functional functioning of its endocrine system, in particular, on the national adrenal glands. For the experiment, rat pups of white outbred rats of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days were used. Animals were divided into 2 groups of control and experimental. The control group were puppies rats born from intact females and fed a natural diet. The experimental group of animals up to 7 days was transferred to artificial feeding. These experiments were started at the Problem Biophysical Laboratory of the Tashkent Medical Academy under the guidance of Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan K.A. Zufarova. Our data on the development of the offspring of rats in the period of early postnatal ontogenesis against the background of artificial feeding indicate a lag in growth and development, as well as a decrease 90 in the mass of internal organs, including the adrenal glands. Thus, on the basis of our research, it was established that, against the background of artificial feeding, starting from 7 days after birth, the lag of the rat develops, resulting in a decrease in body weight, body length and mass of internal organs. organs for 14-21 days of development.
Key words: artificial feeding, ontogenesis, adrenal glands.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО КОРМЛЕНИЯ НА РАЗВИТИЕ НАДПОЧЕЧНЫХ ЖЕЛЕЗ У ДЕТЕЙ В ПОСТНАТАЛЬНОМ ОНТОГЕНЕЗЕ ПорсоевЖ.А., Зульфикаров А.Н., Шатманов С.Т., Нурёгдиева М.
В данной статье представлен результаты эксперимента с естественным и искусственным вскармливанием, а также влияние искусственного вскармливания на развитие потомства, структурное и функциональное формирование его эндокринной системы, в частности на формирование надпочечников. Для эксперимента
использовали крысят белых беспородных крыс 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 и 30 дней. Животные были разделены на 2 группы контрольные и опытные. Контрольной группой были щенки крысы, рожденные от интактных самок и получавшие естественное питание. Подопытная группа животных до 7 дней находилась на грудном вскармливании, и только с 7 дней была переведена на искусственное вскармливание. Эти эксперименты были начаты в Проблемной биофизической лаборатории Ташкентской медицинской академии под руководством академика Академии наук Республики Узбекистан К.А. Зуфарова. Наши данные о развитии потомства крыс в период раннего постнатального онтогенеза на фоне искусственного вскармливания свидетельствуют об отставании в росте и развитии, а также об уменьшении массы внутренних органов, в том числе надпочечников. Таким образом, на основании наших исследований было установлено, что на фоне искусственного вскармливания, начиная с 7 дней после рождения, развивается
отставание крысы, выражающееся в уменьшении массы тела, длины тела и массы внутренних органов. органы на 14-21 день развития.
Ключевые слова: искусственное вскармливание, онтогенез, надпочечники.
In recent years, in connection with rapid economic development, the emancipation of women and the increasing role they have in society, as well as socio-economic living conditions. Women have to increasingly transfer babies to artificial feeding. Despite the fact that at the present time due to the introduction of high technologies, the food industry has achieved great success in the development of nutritional supplements for newborns, it should be noted that mother's milk, and only it is the ideal food for the newborn. However, every year, unfortunately, there is an increase in the number of newborns fed artificially. At the same time, it is necessary to point out that the effect of artificial feeding on the development of offspring, the structural and functional formation of its endocrine system, in particular on the formation of adrenal glands, has not yet been investigated.
In this regard, the purpose of our study was to study the effect of artificial feeding on the development of offspring and the formation of adrenal glands in the period of early postnatal ontogenesis.
Research methods and materials. For the experiment were used rat pups of 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days old white outbred rats. Animals were divided into 2 groups of control and experimental. The control group was the rat pups, born from intact 9i females and fed on natural feeding. An experimental group of animals up to 7 days was breastfed, and only from 7 days was transferred to artificial feeding. The nutrient mixture was prepared on the basis of the domestic nutrient mixture "Kichkintoy", because The milk of rats in the composition of ingredients is significantly different from human, therefore the protein content, fats, carbohydrates were adjusted by the addition of cascite, vegetable oil (sunflower and olive), lactose and
sucrose. The vitamin composition of milk was also adjusted by adding vitamins B, C, A, D. Accordingly, the temperature was maintained, the humidity was necessary, and the toilet of rats was held.
To study the development of rats in the early postnatal period, the following indicators were used: body weight (gram), body length (mm); mass of internal organs: thymus (mg), spleen (mg), liver (mg), adrenal gland (mg). To study the structural and functional features of the development of the adrenal glands, the latter were fixed in a fixator of the Buen, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. The dewaxed sections, 5-7 microns thick, were stained with hematoxylin-eosin.
Results. From the very beginning, it should be noted that these experiments were started in the Problem biophysical laboratory of the Tashkent Medical Academy under the supervision of theKA Zufarov, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
In our preliminary experiments, animals were transferred to artificial feeding, starting from the 1st and 3rd day after birth, but the obtained data could not be interpreted, due to the high mortality of the rats, in the first series, and the severe depletion of animals in the second. And only in the third series of the experiment, when the rats were transferred to artificial feeding with an adapted mixture, starting from 7 days after birth, satisfactory results were obtained, which are presented in this work.
Our study allowed us to reveal a certain dynamics of changes in the development of offspring and the formation of the adrenal glands of rats during the early postnatal ontogenesis during artificial feeding.
It was found that when transferring rats to artificial feeding on the 14th day after birth, there was a lag in the mass and body length indices of the rats of the experimental group (see Table). In addition, it should be noted a decrease in the mass of the spleen, liver and adrenal glands up to 21 days of development.
92
It is noteworthy that against this background there was an increase in the mass of the thymus gland (thymus gland) (see Table).
The study of the development of the adrenal gland in the period of early postnatal ontogenesis made it possible to establish that on day 3 after birth, a decrease in its weight was observed in rat pups of the control group, which then again continues to increase in direct proportion to age.
During the morphological examination of the organ in animals of the control group, it was determined that in the newborn rat pups an already formed adrenal cortex was observed, while the medulla was at the developmental stage. The adrenal gland is surrounded by a thin capsule consisting of connective tissue cells. On the cross section, the cortical and cerebral zones are determined. In the adrenal cortex, the glomerular zone located directly below the capsule, consisting of rather large cells with poorly stained cytoplasm, is most clearly
distinguished. Cells of this zone are responsible for the formation of mineralocorticoids; it is believed that they can be stem to form the following two zones. Next is the beam zone, represented by almost straight cells, forming radially oriented cords. The nuclei of the bundle cells are colored lighter than the nuclei of the glomerular zone, and the cytoplasm is vacuolated, possibly due to the high content of cholesterol esters - the precursors of steroid hormones. In the beam zone, glucocorticoid synthesis occurs (these hormones are involved in the regulation of metabolism: they increase the concentration of glucose in the blood, increase the breakdown of the protein and inhibit its synthesis, affect fat metabolism, and have an anti-inflammatory effect). The inner layer of the cortex, adjacent to the brain layer, is a reticular (reticular) zone, which consists of intertwined, irregularly shaped cords of small cells with well-stained cytoplasm. In this zone, sex hormones are synthesized. It should be noted that the decrease in the mass of the adrenal glands of rats
93
on day 3 after birth, is morphometrically characterized mainly by a decrease in the area occupied by the cortical zone.
The study of the morphological features of the adrenal gland brain region of rats showed that the adrenal medulla of the newborn consists of small single spherical cells scattered in the stroma near the vessel walls. The differentiation of these cells is low, characterized by the presence of a nucleus with a pronounced nucleolus. Gradually, in the dynamics of early postnatal development, an increase in the area occupied by this zone occurs due to the development of the vascular bed and cellular components.
The conversion of rats to artificial feeding contributed to a decrease in the mass of the adrenal gland, starting from 14 days, which lasted up to 21 days. Morphologically, this was expressed in a decrease in the area of the cortical layer due to the beam zone. Subsequently, on the 30th day of development, the mass of adrenal glands of rats of the
experimental group turned out to be even less than the lower limit of the control group of animals (see Table).
Discussion of the results.
Our data on the development of the offspring of rats in the period of early postnatal ontogenesis, against the background of artificial feeding, indicate a lag in growth and development, as well as a decrease in the mass of internal organs, including the adrenal glands. Mother's milk, as we have indicated above, is the only ideal product for a newborn, which is not only species-specific, but also has individual characteristics, and is easily absorbed by the newborn. If we consider that rat pups after birth, as well as the offspring of most mammalian species, have an immature digestive system, the transfer of the latter to artificial feeding ahead of time, apparently, leads to a lag in the development of rats [3]. Along with this, an increase in thymus mass in rats of the experimental group is most likely due to massive antigenic stimulation, because rats only go on a mixed diet
94
for 15-17 days, in our experiment they were switched to artificial feeding on the 7th day of development.
It is known that in the early postnatal period the hypothalamic-pituitary system is in a state of physiological tolerance [6]. As a result, a variety of stressors do not cause a noticeable increase in the level of ACTH in the blood, which is possible and is the moment that protects the cortex of the adrenal glands of the newborn from functional exhaustion. It has also been established that excessive intake of corticosteroids from the mother to the fetus during labor leads to the suppression of the release of adrenocorticotropic hormonein the fetus. That is, regardless of the fact that the adrenal glands of the fetus are in a functionally mature state, active involvement in the regulation of the vital processes of the body does not occur immediately after birth, but after a certain period of adaptation [7]. This assumption is confirmed by our data, when on the 3rd day after birth in the adrenal glands their mass
and area of the cortical zone decrease. These processes are possibly related: firstly, with similar changes occurring in the body of a newborn person, caused by morphological reorganization of the cortex, expressed in changes in the zonal structure associated with the involution of the fetal cortex, and secondly, the newborn receives hormones through the mother's milk its growth and development, including glucocorticoids [1,2,4]. Artificial feeding of rats, leads to a decrease in the mass of the adrenal glands, due to the underdevelopment of the cortical layer - the bundle zone.
Conclusion. Thus, on the basis of our research, it was established that, on the background of artificial feeding, starting from 7 days after birth, the development of the rat lags, expressed in reducing the weight and length of the body and the mass of internal organs by 14-21 days of development. At the same time, the use of an artificial mixture for feeding rats also contributes to an increase in the mass of the thymus, most likely
95
due to the response of the organ to massive antigen stimulation. In addition, the lag in the development of the adrenal glands (weight reduction), as well as the underdevelopment of the bundle zone
of the adrenal cortex, most likely indicates a decrease in the compensatory-adaptive capabilities of the organism of the rat pups converted to artificial feeding.
LITERATURE
1. Bykov V.L. The adrenal glands. In the book: A guide to histology. SPb., Sp. Lit., 2001, t. 490-508.
2. RyzhavskyB.Ya. Postnatal ontogenesis of the adrenal cortex. M: Medicine. 1989.
3. Moshanova O. Yu. Influence of the type of feeding on the physical development of children of the first year of life. / DokuchaevaS.Yu., KashinAV . - P.81
4.Sokolov V.I., Chumasov E.I., Atagimov M.Z. Histogenesisinterrenal bookmark pig adrenal gland. // Morphology. 129. - № 3. - p. 59-62.
5. Chumasov E.I., Atagimov M.Z., Sokolov V.I. other Development of adrenal chromaffin tissue. // Morphology. 123. - № 3. - p. 68-73.
6. Zhukov V.N. The state of physical development of children who are fed a mixture of NAS. / Zhukov V.N., MashanovaO.Yu., Sukhodoev A.V., Kazakov V.V. / Vyatka Medical Herald. Special Issue No. 1. Kirov, 2005 - P.31.
7. Ladodo K.S., Ott V.D, Fateeva EM and others. Fundamentals of rational nutrition of children. Healthy 1987-256s.
8.Kashin A.V. Influence of the type of feeding on the incidence of young children. / Kashin A.V., MoshonovaO.Yu., Zhukov V.N. / Materials of the X Congress of Pediatricians of Russia "Actual Problems of Pediatrics" .- M., 2006 -p.254.
