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THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF IRAQI NABATAEANS SINCE THE CONQUEST UNTIL THE YEAR 334AH/945AD
PROF. DR. ZAMAN OBAID WNASS
Researcher : Salwa Abdul Amir Wnass [email protected] University of Karbala, Faculty of Education for Humanity, Department of History
Abstract
It is natural for human gathering to practice in any place a certain economic activity in which the climatic conditions, the nature of the land and the movement of the population contribute to practicing mainly until it becomes a prominent feature for them. Economists call it the modularity of the economy or economic activity, and they excel in it without other activities. Therefore, it was necessary to work with the types of gains because they are the means of their livelihood and the place of their livelihood. Like the rest of the nations or human societies, they practiced economic activity, and the modularity of the Nabataean economy appears in agriculture, and this is due to the environment and climate, so they excelled in it and mastered it greatly, and not to mention that they were known for industrial work in its simple form as well as commercial work.
Keywords:: Nabataeans, economic activity, agriculture, trading.
INTRODUCTION -
The ancient Iraqis of the Nabataeans worked in several economic fields and agriculture was at the forefront; it represented the backbone of economic activity at that time, and this element was known for the cultivation of the land and skill in its architecture, and these worked in industry, which was mostly traditional industries whose raw materials were available in the areas of blackness, and these people worked as well as in trade, especially local ones, located between villages and city centers as they carried their goods to their markets.
Although a number of researchers have carried out studies of different historical aspects of the Nabat, they did not penetrate into the part of the economic activity of these people, so we considered it necessary to carry out an objective academic study specialized and in-depth for that topic.
The project was divided into three sections, the first of which was devoted to agriculture and related crafts. In the second section, we talked about industry , and we discussed the most prominent industries in which the Nabataeans worked. The third section was about the commercial activity of the indigenous people of Iraq from the Nabataeans .
CHAPTER ONE:AGRICULTURE AND RELATED CRAFTS
Agriculture was the backbone of the economic activity of the Nabataeans, as these were known for the cultivation of the land and the skill in its architecture( ), and the Nabataean inherited that craft from their ancient ancestors, and the most prominent evidence of this is the book of Nabataean agriculture, which was translated by Ibn Wahshi ( ) about his predecessors from the Nabataean scholars ( ), and he explained his approval of the transfer of that author to Arabic in his introduction to that book when he said : ( And the greatness of what I saw of its usefulness and beautiful location in the land and the treatment of trees and harvesting of fruits and trimming their roots. And the compositions of trees and their plantings and their crops and the fighting the of pests that may affect it) ) ().
If we shed light on the Islamic era, we will find evidence of what shows the continuation of their wisdom in agriculture, as described by Rabia bin Makrom ( ) their proficiency in plowing the land when I sing( ):
The approach was as if the Nabataean harvesting ploughed on top of it ( )... And their resource were wildly spread
The Nabataean peasants planted a number of agricultural crops, foremost of which was grains. The advantage of what they grow is clear from the speech of Al-Jahiz( ) to the people of Koskar, saying: ((Your barley is a wonder, and your rice is a wonder)). It was also said that the large number of barley cultivation in that area is called ((Barley Land)) ( ).
On the other hand, the land of blackness was full of palms and between Hamwi( ) that richness in the folds of his talk about the villages of Wasit, as he said : There are orchards and palms that are not confined, as he talked about the area of Darta ( ) , which was found by palms ((Amore than one hundred, and twenty thousand wrapped tree)) (), as the countryside of Iraq was characterized by its richness with a fruit trees, and from a month where it was planted with vineyards () rich in vineyards until it was said that a city with many vines and grapes) ().
As for the reclamation of the land and its architecture for the Nabataeans, it was no less than their proficiency in agriculture, and this helped the flourishing of agricultural life before and after the conquest. For example, what Al-Masoudi mentioned ( ) was that : The Nabataean kings and others known as the Chaldeans are the first kings of the world who paved Dua and dug rivers in Iraq , and from the rivers that these made it ((the Abba River between Kufa and Ibn Habira Palace ( ), attributed to Abba Ibn al-Samgan from the Nabataean kings)) (), and the Kothi River () located on the Kufa road (), the Great Sarrat River () and the Surra River () (), as well as the King River (), which was dug in the last days of the Nabta rule ().
The Nabataeans worked as agents to manage the loss among the Arabs until Asim bin Afleh ( ) bin Malik bin Asmaa said that: ((Yahya Abu Hammad Ard ( ) was the servant of the sons of Hind, the daughter of Asmaa bin Kharga, and was her agent in her village )) ( ).
And one of the Nabataean personalities that showed great success in the reclamation and architecture of the land in the Umayyad era was Hassan al-Nabati ( ) So the governor of Iraq used pilgrims Ben Youssef when the water overcame the lands between Wasit and Basra with that man, so Hassan responded to the call and worked to dry the swamps and the work of the elderly ( ) And after his excellence in that task, he continued in his work during the reigns of Al-Waleed 86-96 AH /705-715AD and Seliman 96-99AH / 715-718AD my son Abdul Malik( ).
The agricultural activity of the Nabat was not limited to that craft, but also included the animal husbandry sector, and in a clear indication of the existence of a large animal wealth in the lands of the Nabat Hadith of Al-Jahiz( ) about Koskar ( ) in which he said: ((Your ducks are very good breed, and your chicken is incredible)), and he described one day Al-Ma 'mun as a Koskar in which there is weight as a Koskar and the smells of its fruits as if they were water birds) ( ), and it was said: Al-Jahiz( ) was surprised one day by a man who passed by a Koskar and did not eat from their products, saying: ((Why didn't he hear before about Koskar , the chicken of Koskar , and the fish of Koskar )).
And do not forget as well as the care of the Nabataeans to raise cattle, buffaloes and cows until the Nabataeans residing in the area of Al-Battiha known as the Knights of the Cow( ), as they were interested in the craft of fishing, especially the hunting of water birds and was many species until it was said: That there were more than two hundred colors and their names were Nabataean because of their presence in the ducks in the country of Al-Nabta ( ), and after the richness of the areas of blackness in the networks of rivers and plateaus, it was practiced by that element fishing and to distinguish that fishing and its type they had been told to the Nabataeans that ((your fishas are a wonder)) (), And from the areas of its presence in Wasit so that Al-Maqdisi mentioned () that this area was ((fish metal)).
II. INDUSTRY
Al-Nabat worked in a lot of industries, and it was mostly traditional industries whose raw materials were available in the areas of blackness, and these industries included the exclusive industry that
relies on palm fronds ( ), and there were atypes of inventory called Al-Bawari that extends in the role and sits on it, or make their huts from it, and its professional was called Al-Bawrani ( ), and this product was made from the reeds that are abundantly available in the Al-Batihah region ( ). Al-Nabat was described as dexterous in that work, so Qatada bin Maghrab Al-Yishkri said ( ):
They are amused by the slime...Tuberculosis of wet cane( )
The Nabataeans also meant clay industries, such as pottery making, so they made jars, pots, cups, saddles, seeds , and were in various forms ( ), and whoever practiced this profession from the Nabataeans, the Kufic poet ABJ Atahia ( ) and was one of the loyalists of the Banu Anza( ) moved from his village in Ain Tamr and the Kufa inn ( ) and then began to make jars, and wandering in the markets of Kufa to sell it the nickname Baljar Rar( ), and the Nabataeans also worked in construction, and they were building large palaces, and in that he said the complement of Ben Nuwirah ( ) : (Fadn) Nabataeet is raised ( )), and among the lions as well as their professional construction profession by constructing the huge towers when he said :
And Ghafer, one-sixth of what you think is impossible... Burja Nabeeb Al Nabeet Al Qarmada They excelled in weaving as it was considered one of the most important industries that attracted a large number of Nabataeans, and among them was a group of loyalists who professionalized this profession, and among them was the cyclist of Abu al-Qadi Noah bin Darrag(d182 AH/798AD), who was a weaver of Nabatae ( ), and a loyalist of the marrow ( ), as it was said: The itch spread in ( (Padraya and Baxaya))( ),and in the palace of Ibn Habira ( ), and some of the villages in the manufacture of a special type of clothing, and Hamawi( ) stated that Nirs - one of the villages of blackness located on the Euphrates - was producing a distinct type of clothing known as Nirasian clothing, and Ibn al-Faqih( ) pointed out that some other rural areas were dedicated to the work of the walls and pastors).
As a result of the availability of vineyards in the black areas, the wine industry was active among the Nabatean communities ( ), especially the Christians among them( ), until that product became exported to the nearby and remote areas. The best evidence of that wide fame is that ((the king of Serendip ( ) carries wine from Iraq and drinks it))( ), and from the villages where the manufacture of good wines is known, Press( ) located near Kothi (), and the cage ((a famous village between Baghdad and Akbara near Baghdad )) (), and also known as Khumr al-Khas ((a village from the bottom of the Euphrates)) (), as well as Zarara, which is ((a village from the villages of Kufa)), and it was said: that Anat () is located from the countryside of Iraq.. From the direction of the
island, the good wine is attributed to him)) ().
It is Nabataeans from the work of ((Nabeel Nabeel and Yerishha)) and mentioned Nabataeans clip Nabeel Mawla Bani Amer bin Sa 'aa ( ), and dexterity Nabataeans as well as the manufacture of tools of agriculture and agriculture , and other pottery and tools and all his money from the impact on the sustainability of life and its reasons, this besides their dexterity in the food industry until they were able to reach the kitchens of the caliphs and princes and mentioned Ibn al-Faqih( ) that there was in the cooks of the pilgrims a man from the Nabataeans cooking for a color that the prince admires admires, and it was said that one day Mamun craved to eat one of the cuisines called cottages, and his brother Abu Ishaq said to him: ((I have Nabataea is good at it)) and that cook was called Malik bin Shahi ( ).
THIRD:TRADING
Local trade was active between villages and city centers and the Nabateans were carrying their goods to their markets and between the league( ) (( Cities in general are markets for the surrounding villages and rural areas , they are stores for their production, and centers sell them what they need of materials)).
It is not clear that most of those in charge of the markets were loyalists, including the Nabataeans displaced from the villages to the Amasar, as they were leaving their villages to live in the cities, and Ibn al-Maqfa ( ) was surprised by the large number of vendors of loyalists, and he said:
I looked at the markets of Iraq and could not find. . . Her shops only have loyalties( ) It is the sellers of Nabataea in the markets of Kufa who are famous for selling fish and mentioned by Abu Jaafar al-Baghdadi( ) and said among them: ((Aqeel bin Jada bin Habira al-Makhzoumi ) ( Mothere Nabataea from the people of Sura was her brother Smak ( ) in Kufa)), and it was said: So if there was a Nabataea named Draj was ((grocer in Kufa)) ( ).
There were some Nabataeans stationed in their places of disembarkation near their huts to sell agricultural products, and historical evidence of this was said: The Mahdi went out to fish, with one of his loyalists, and there he got hungry, and he said to his companion: ((Oh! Anything? He said: There is nothing, he said: I see a cottage and I think it is stubborn, so we meant it, so if we slow down in a cottage and an umbrella, then ask from us about it, and peace be upon him, and we said to him: Do you have anything to eat? He said: Yes, I have a rabeetha ( ) and barley bread, and Al-Mahdi said: If you have oil, it has been completed, he said: Yes, he said: And leek? He said: Yes, what you will and pass said: Except for the parsley, so he brought them beans, leeks and onions)( ). As we have already mentioned in the industries that the Nabat made all that he needed from the causes of life, they traded in goods that depend on the collection and then sale, which was available to them in the lands of black and many of them the process of collecting salt and manufacturing and then selling it as there were large quantities of it in some areas and Ibn Saad mentioned ( ) that there was a Nabati woman who extracted salt and carried it to a Muslim, and the Nabat worked to collect firewood and pack it and then trade it and told that Muhammad bin Muslima( ) bought a day from Nabati Jarza ( ) (firewood ) , and even thorns there were those who professionally picked it up, including what was narrated by Isfahani( ) that there were (There were people of black people with thorns)).
Since the Nabat is one of the winemakers, as we have already shown, there were others of them working to sell it, so some of their villages were very drunk and bars( ), and in a text of the Isfahani ( ) he spoke in its context about the Uqshir ( ) who was out with his people to fight the Levant, so when he walked across the Sura Bridge, he reacted to his people and came to Nabati's muffin, and it came in the hadith () He brought out the Uqshir with his people to fight the people of the bad guys, and the Uqshir did not have a mare, so he went out on a donkey , and when he crossed the Sura Bridge, he reached a village called Qaninin, which is hidden at Nabati's muffin.. He sold his donkey and made him spend it there and drink his price.
Besides the merchants, the Nabataeans also excelled in transport, so they contributed to the boom of Iraq's trade, so they professionalized navigation in the river waters and transported goods in the Tigris, Euphrates and Al-Batah between northern and southern Iraq ( ), and it is indicative of their work in this craft and a long time ago saying in a part of the house of poetry dating back to the era of pre-Islamic era said by the Dhabian genius ( ) It used to say ((Qarakir ( ) Al-Nabtaib on the hills)), and in the Abbasid era, Al-Jahiz mentioned ( ) the presence of one of the Nabataean navigators in the bushes( ) Basra .
CONCLUSION:
The summary of the above shows that the Nabataeans were interested in economic activity, especially in the agricultural field, because they live in areas suitable for agriculture surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and they inherited this profession from their ancient ancestors, and the most prominent evidence of this care is the book of Nabataean agriculture, which was translated by Ibn Wahshi from his ancestors from the Nabataean scholars.
The Nabateans worked in industries and were traditional industries whose raw materials were available in the areas of blackness, such as the availability of reeds from which the mats and boreholes are made in the area of Al-Batah and the availability of clay from which the bricks are made for construction purposes. The Nabateans also worked in the commercial sector, and most of them were small sellers, so they filled the local markets of Iraq.
FOOTNOTES:
) Al-Shafi 'i , Musnad Al-Shafi 'i , Part 1 , p. 241.
) He is Abu Bakr Ahmed bin Ali bin Qais bin Mukhtar bin Abdul Karim bin Harthya bin Bodnia bin Bouratia al-Kurdani, one of the people of Jumbla and Qassin, one of the Nabataeans in the language of the Kasdanians, who has several works, including in magic and the manufacture of chemistry. See : Ibn al-Nadim , Index, p. 439 . ) Ibn Khaldun , Al-Abr, Part 1, p. 652 . ) Nabatean Agriculture, p. 8.
) He was a veteran poet who realized ignorance and then lived in Islam at a time and his good Islam witnessed Qadisiyah and other conquests, and his life span was one hundred years. See : Ibn Duraid , derivation, p. 199; Ibn Jinni , Al-Mubhaji, p. 77; Safadi , Al-Wafi Al-Bawiyat, p. 14, p. 63; Ibn Hajr , Al-Ishrah , p. 2 , p. 426.
)Ibn Muqrum, Diwan Rabia bin Muqrum, p. 46.
) above the object . See : Al-Azhari, Discipline of Language , Part 3 , p. 122 ( Article : Ali ). ) Animal , Part 4, p. 267 .
)Al-Bakri , A Dictionary of What It Wonders, Part 4 , p. 1128. ) Countries Dictionary, Part 5, p. 350 .
( ) A sub-district of Kufa, located near Baghdad from the following: For details see : Al-Hamdani, Places, p. 429; Ibn Abdul Haq , Observatories of Knowledge , pp. 521-522 . ( ) Al-Hamawi , Lexicon of Countries , Part 2 , p. 449 .
( ) It is located on the western side of Al-Sawad in the middle Bahqabad, and it was described as a good city, medium destiny, from which the Euphrates pours over the rest of the Kufa blackness. For details see : Ibn al-Faqih , Al-Bilad, p. 407; Al-Idrisi, Nozha Al-Mushtaq, p. 2, p. 668; Al-Hamawi , Dictionaries of Countries, p. 3 , p. 278 . ( ) Al-Maqdisi , The Best of Divisions , p. 117. ) ( Gold Pusher, vol. 1, p. 245.
) is a city called Habira or Qasr bin Habira located between Baghdad and Kufa built by Yazid bin Omar bin Habira when Iraq took over. See : Ibn al-Faqih , Al-Balad, p. 249; Anonymous , The Limits of the World , p. 161 .
)) Hamwi , Glossary of Countries , Part 1 , p. 59.
)) is one of the branches of the Euphrates River named after Kothi from the sons of Arfakhshid bin Sam bin Noah, which he hated and attributed to him. See : Al-Hamawi , Lexicon of Countries , Part 4 , p. 487 .
) ( Gold Pusher, vol. 1, p. 245.
)) A river that takes from the Isa River from a town said to have been diverted from Baghdad by a league and irrigates the loss of Baduria, said to have been dug by Persian Turquoise.See : Al-Hamdani , Places, p. 597; Al-Hamawi , Dictionary of Countries , Part 3, p. 399 .
)) From the rivers of the Euphrates, which is a river with a lot of water does not come out of the Euphrates branch larger than it and its end falls to the blackness of Kufa and its plates. See : Ibn al-Faqih , Al-Balad, p. 211; Al-Astakhari, Tracts and Kingdoms, p. 85; Ibn Hawqul, The Image of the Earth , p. 1 , p. 243.
) Al-Khatib , History of Baghdad, Part 1, p. 362.
)) A river that takes from the Euphrates, which is a large river that weakens the Sarsar River and has a bridge that crosses from ships to the palace of Omar bin Habira al-Fazari with one of its divisions
and the other is thrown into the Tigris at Kothi towards a village known as al-Kil. See : Al-Yaqoubi , Al-Bilad, p. 157; Al-Astakhari, Tracts and Kingdoms , p. 85 . )) Hamwi , Glossary of Countries , Part 5 , p. 324.
)) We did not find a translation for him within the limits of the sources that we have seen. ) He is Hamad bin Umar bin Yunus bin Kleib al-Kufi can be the father of Amr of satire poets was a teacher and it is said that he praised the kings and was a slut Magen funny. See : Ibn al-Mu 'taz , The Poets' Classes, p. 67 , p. 69; al-Khatib , The History of Baghdad , p. 8 , p. 144 . ( ) Isfahani , Songs, Part 14, p. 220 .
( )He was the sire of the Bani Dabbah and was a worker for the outskirts and the owner of the Hassan Basin in Basra, to which Manarat Hassan is attributed with Al-Battayah and he had a son called Ziad bin Abi Hassan Al-Basri and he was one of the modernizers .See : Al-Bukhari , The Middle History, Part 2, p . 108; Al-Baladri, The Conquest of Countries , p. 287; Al-Dhahabi , The History of Islam , Part 3 , p. 866; Al-Humairi , Al-Rawd Al-Mattar , p. 105.
) And its singularity is an old man, and it is a pigtail built for the torrent to refresh the water. It is called an old woman because it has keys to the water as much as it needs it, which is not overcome. See : Al-Azhari, Discipline of Language , Part 13, p. 54; Ibn Sayyidah , Al-Manshum, Part 3 , p. 22. )) Al-Baladhari , The Conquest of Countries , p. 287. ( ) Animal, Part 4 , p. 267.
( ) A well-known country in Iraq, which means the land of barley consisting offour Zindour, Tharthur, Astan and Jawazour . See : Ibn Khardhabah, Tracts and Kingdoms, p. 7; Al-Bakri , A Dictionary of What He Wandered, p. 4 , p. 1128. ( ) Ibn Asaker , The History of Damascus , Part 2 , p. 393. ( ) Animal, Part 3 , p. 141.
( )Al-Qazwini , Antiquities of the Country , p. 446; Sadiq , A Study on the Geography and Population of the Batiha Region in Southern Iraq , p. 7.
) Ibn Sayyidah , Al-Mansaf , Part 2, p . 339; Al-Qazwini , Antiquities of the Country , p. 11 . ( ) Al-Jahiz , The Animal,Part 4 , p. 267. ( )Best of all, p. 118.
( ) See : Al-Estakhari, Tracts and Kingdoms , p. 83; Al-Hamawi, Lexicon of Countries , p. 2, p. 449 . ( ) Al-Samani, Genealogy, Part 2, p. 350 . ( )Al-Jahiz , Political Messages, p. 121.
( ) It is said that the name of his father, Maghrib, was a contemporary of Ziad bin Jabir bin Amr bin Amer .
Ajam . See : Ibn Qutaybah , Poetry and Poets , p421; Isfahani , Songs , p3 , p258; Ibn Tayfur , Women's Reports, p116 . ) Ibn Duraid , Jamhura Language, Part 1, p. 489 .
( ) Al-Douri, History of Iraq, Al-Muqtaqt, p. 125; Al-Natour , Civilizational Interactions, p . 171 . ( ) He is Ismail ibn al-Qasim, and his surname is ABu Ishaq , after his descent into Kufa, he moved to Baghdad, anda He became sympathetic to Al-Rashid, and he was nicknamed Abu Al-Atahiya for a disorder in which he was, and it was said: Rather, he liked pornography, so I was called Abu Al-Atahiya for his imbecile, he did not meet with him for his many poetry, and he spilled his last, and said in poetry and sermons, he lived until the year 213AH /828AD . For details, see : Al-Hamawi , Dictionary of Literature, Part 2 , p. 625; Ibn al-Adid, In order to demand in the history of Aleppo, Part 4 ,p. 1749; Ibn Khalkan , Deaths of Notables, p. 219; Al-Dhahabi , History of Islam, Part 5, p. 486; Biography of the Media of the Nobles , Part 8 , p. 333.
( ) Ibn al-Mu 'taz , Layers of Poets , p. 227.
( )Al-Khatib , History of Baghdad , Part 6 , p. 250.
( ) Ibn al-Mu 'taz , Layers of Poets, p230; Isfahani , Songs , p2 , p110.
( ) He is the complement of the son of Nawirah, the son of Jamraah, the son of Shaddad, the son of Obaid, the son of Thalabah, the son of Yerboa, and he is the father of Nahshil, and he is said to be the father of Tamim, and he is said to be the father of Abraham, and he was one-eyed and understood Islam and became Muslim, and his Islam was good. He emptied his hair in the lamentations of his brother Malik ibn Nuwirah, and Khalid ibn al-Walid killed him in the fight against the people of the apostasy. See : Ibn Salam , Layers of the Poets' Stallions, Part 1, p . 203 , p. 204; Al-Marzabani , The Dictionary of Poets , p. 466. ( )Ibn Salim , Favorites, p. 49 .
( )The built palace and its collection are two acres. See : Al-Farahidi , Al-Ain , Part 8 , p. 50 ( subject :
FDN); Al-Azhari , Language Discipline, Part 14 , p. 100 ( subject : FDN ).
( ) Al-Mizi, Tahseeb Al-Kamal, Part 30, p. 47 .
( ) Al-Bukhari , The Great History, Part 8, p. 112 .
)Ibn al-Faqih , Al-Bilad , p. 420.
Al-Maqdisi, The Best of Divisions , p. 121.
( ) Dictionary of Countries , Part 5 , p. 280.
) Ibn al-Faqih , Al-Bilad , p. 514 .
))Hamwi , Glossary of Countries , Part 4 , p. 55.
One of the poets in the specialty of the Christians in the sale of alcohol said: Until it comes to the monastery of the son of an infidel... One of the Christians sells wine. See: Al-Asbahani, Al-Diyarat, p. 8 .
)) One of the cities of India is famous forrubies, diamonds, durr, crystal and spinach, which treats the essence. See :Ibn Khardhaba, Tracts and Kingdoms , p 70; Alserafi , Alserafi's Journey , p 46 . ) Ibn Khardaabh, Tracts and Kingdoms, p. 67; Al-Idrisi , Nuzha Al-Mushtaq, p. 1, p. 74 . )) A place in the land of Babylon in which there is a bush of fresh water, and it was said that it was many tigers and irrigated. See : Al-Bakri , A Dictionary of What He Wandered , Part 1 , p. 241; Al-Hamawi , Lexicon of Countries , Part 1 , p. 384.
) Al-Tabari , History of the Apostles , C3, p. 508; Ibn al-Athir , Al-Kamil , C2, p. 295 .
))Hamwi , Glossary of Countries , Part 4 , p. 382.
)Al-Hamdani , The Character of the Arabian Peninsula, p. 129.
) Al-Bakri , A Dictionary of What It Awakens, Part 3 , p. 914 .
))Isfahani , Songs, Part 14, p. 223.
) Countries , p. 265.
) Ibn Hamdun , Hamdouni Ticket, Part 2, p. 293. ( ) Al-Douri , Iraq's Economic History, p. 209 .
( ) His name is Abdullah Farsi descent is one of the most prominent rhetoric and he is the first to take care in Islam to translate the logical books of Abu Jaafar al-Mansur as he translated the books of Aristotle and translated with that the Indian book known as the book of Blight and Damna and has a good composition of them: His message in literature and politics, and his message known as the orphan in obedience to the Sultan lived until the year 150 AH/ 767AD. See : Al-Hamawi , Dictionary of Authors, Part 5, p.2054; Al-Qafti , News of Scholars , p. 170; Al-Dhahabi , History of Islam , Part 3, p. 910.
( ) Al-Jahiz , Al-Jahiz Letters, Part 2, p. 251 .
) Ibn Habib , embellished in the news of the Quraysh , p. 402.
One of the hadiths narrated by Musa ibn Ummayr, who is the son of the follower, was the son of Umm Hana ', and was a follower, a civilian, a trustworthy person. See: Al-Ajli, Al-Thiqat, p. 96; Al-Dar Qatani, The Recombinant and the Different , Part 3 , p. 1579.
( ) Al-Samani confirmed that the name of the fish was called the fish sellers.See : Genealogy , Part 7 , p. 203 .
))Hurry , Trusts, p 453.
)) A type of edamame that is taken from young fish and some herbs and vinegar. See : Al-Matrazi, Morocco, p. 180; Ibn Al-Taqtaqi, Al-Fakhri, p. 177; Dozi , Complementary Arabic Dictionaries, Part 5, p . 64 .
Al-Tabari, The History of the Apostles , vol. 8 , p. 174; Al-Jahshiyari , The Ministers and the Book, p. 93.
) Ibn Saad , Grand Classes, Part 6, p. 145 .
)) Of the moderns said that his speech is weak, nicknamed Abu Jaafar and nicknamed Balsati was the friend of Yazid bin Harun lived until the year 282AH / 895AD . See : Al-Samani Al-Marwazi, Al-Muttaqeb, p. 575; Ibn Al-Jawzi, The Weak and the Abandoned, p. 3, p. 100; Al-Dahabi, The Singer in the Weak, p. 2, p. 634; The Balance of Moderation , p. 4 , p. 41.
)) The wood is dry and it is said the land of the islands, that is, which is not hit by rain . See : Ibn Duraid , Jamhra Language , Part 1, p. 101 ( subject : Jarz ); Al-Jawhari , Al-Sahah, Part 3 , p. 867 ( subject : Jarz ).
) Son in front of him , singer , Part 4 , p. 73 . ) ( Songs, p. 10, p. 39.
)) Hamawi , c 4 , p 55, p 382; Ibn Abdul Haq , Observatories of knowledge , c 3 , 1106. ) (Isfahani , Songs, Part 11, p. 183.
) He is Mughayreh bin Abdullah of Bani Gallery bin Omar Ibn Asad Yakni Aba Gallery and was told that he was a red face peeler was one of the Majnoon of Kufa and their poetry Haja Abdul Malik and Rathi Musab bin Zubair lived until the year 80AH / 699AH. See : Al-Amidi , The Recombinant and the Different , p. 67; Al-Marzabani, The Dictionary of Poets , p. 369; Al-Dhahabi , The History of Islam , p. 2 , p. 900.
) Mahmoud , The Navy in Islam, p. 89; Al-Hilali , The Population of Iraq Before the Islamic Conquest, p. 54.
)) Whoever feels the poets of ignorance, his name is Abu Imamah, and his name is Ziad bin Mu 'awiyah bin Jabir bin Dhabib from Qais Elam, who lived in the era of Nu 'man bin Al-Mundhir and praised him. See : Ibn Abi Khathema, History of Ibn Abi Khathema,c 1,p 582; Al-Amidi, Recombinant and Different in the Names of Poets , p 252; Ibn Eid al-Birr , Comprehension , c 4 , 1514; Ibn Asaker , History of Damascus , c 19 , pp. 222-228; Erbili, History of Erbil, c 2 , p 239. )) Diwan Al-Nabagha Al-Dhibiani, p. 50.
) and singled out Karkor, which are the long ships. See : Al-Farahidi , Al-Ain, Part 5, p. 23; Al-Azhari , Language Discipline, Part 8, p. 229. ) Al-Jahiz , The Animal, Part 5, p. 213 .
))) Places where the water gathered and collected the most beautiful and ageless and is said to be a bush of reeds and a bush of papyrus. See : Al-Khwarizmi, Keys to Science, p. 95; Ibn Siddah, the arbitrator, p. 7, p . 496 (subject : AGM); ad hoc , p. 3, p. 177; p. 178.
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II. References
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III. University theses
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79- The population of Iraq before the Islamic conquest (historical study) , Faculty of Arts (Dhi Qar University: 2014AD) .
