CC BY
22
Program on Psychological Symptoms in Youth. Journal 289. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0450
of Physical Activity and Health. Vol.14, №4, pp 283- (SCOPUS)
Submitted: 20.04.2017 Received: 23.04.2017
Irina A. Mingalisheva - postgraduate student Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, area of 100th anniversary of V.I. Lenin's birth, Ulyanovsk, 432700, Russia, E-mail: revinaira@yandex.ru
For citations: Mingalisheva I.A. Factors causing to efficiency increase in fitness aerobics training, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 26-31.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_203
THE DYNAMICS OF SPEED INDICES ANALYSIS AMONG RUSSIAN ICESKATERS AT 500 METERS DISTANCE DEPENDING ON AGE AND QUALIFICATION
Ekaterina A. Morozova - post-graduate Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "National State University named after P.F. Lesgaft, Saint-Petersburg", 35, str. Dekabristov, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia
E-mail: eemorozova@mail.ru
Annotation. Modern tendencies in the sphere of speed skating are mainly connected with the speed of running increase along the distance and, as a result, with sports results improvement. Therefore, the specialists in speed skating face the following problems: training process optimization and rationalization, the search for new means, methods and methodologies of the training process organization and training sportsmen in accordance with modern tendencies of speed skating development. Materials: The aim of this research work is in differences revelation and the factors determination, which condition them, in the results of Russian ice skaters of different age and qualifications. This article presents the factorial analysis of the results at 500 meters distance among ice-skaters at the World Championship according to the separate distances, Russia Championship according to the separate distances, the Championship of Russia among juniors, and young people of all ages (season 2015). Research methods. The information for the research was received as a result of video of running and the official score sheets analysis. Statistical data handling was fulfilled with the help of the following programs: Microsoft Excel (2010) and STATGRAPHICS Centurion. Results. At the first stage of the research it was stated that common planned schedule includes the competitions of Russia Championship and the Championship of Russia in 5 age groups and a tight schedule of elimination competitions. Ice-skaters of the junior age group have considerable differences in the level of physical and technical readiness and in general are characterized by a low level of sports qualification (II sports category and lower). The next step belongs to the mid age group - 30% of boys exceed the set norms of Candidate Master of Sports. However, there is no further sportsmanship improvement - the results of Candidate Master of Sports among senior age group and juniors is more than 80%. Only 19% of juniors were able to fulfill the normative of the master of
sports of Russia- all were the participants of the Championship of Russia. At the second stage of the research, with the help of Principal Component Analysis, it was stated that 99,13% of the full sampling variance are conditioned by two components: a) difference in speed of movement along the distance, connected with biological, physiological and functional differences of ice-skaters of different age groups; b) technical-tactical mastery while passing the turns, by the ability to gain maximum speed of running at the given parts of the distance. Conclusion. Master of sports level achievement is closely connected with the ability to increase speed while running along the turn. During technical-tactical mastery improvement ice-skaters should pay attention to the technique of passing as the most favorable part for maximum speed development.
Keywords: speed skating, the technique of running along the turn, the differences in qualification level.
Introduction. Modern tendencies in the sphere of speed skating are mainly connected with the speed of running increase along the distance and, as a result, with sports results improvement [7]. With the help of the specialists [8] it was stated that speed of running at all distances considerably increase: at 500 meters distance - to 49,52%, at 1000 meters distance - to 47,55%, at 1500, 5000 and 10000 meters distances - to 54,52%, 54,08% and 61,49% [4].
The important factors, which provide distance speed of running increase, are the power of the step indices and an optimal ratio of the steps length and frequency [8], the indices improvement is achieved with the help of ice-skaters' level of physical and technical readiness increase. At the same time, modern sport in general, and speed skating in particular, is characterized by out-of-limit loads. Not all people can stand these out-of-limit loads. The volume of neuromuscular loads reached their limit [2]. Therefore, the specialists in speed skating face the following problems: training process optimization and rationalization, the search for new means, methods and methodologies of the training process organization and training sportsmen in accordance with modern tendencies of speed skating development.
According to the results of sports results analysis among world-level ice-skaters [7] it was revealed, that the final result of iceskaters at 500 meters distance mainly depends on the ability to develop maximum speed in running along the turn, that is why sportsmanship improvement during the turn passing demands special attention.
The aim of our research work is different factors revelation, which influence Russian ice-skaters' (of different age groups and qualifications) final result at 500 meters distance.
Objectives:
1. To study the level of readiness among ice-skaters of different age groups, who take part in the final competitions of Russian Championship and the Championship of Russia.
2. To reveal the components, which condition the difference in the results of Russian ice-skaters of different age groups and qualifications.
Research methods and research organization. During the research the results of passing 500 meters distance by Russian iceskaters at Russian Championship and championships of Russia among juniors, young people of all ages (junior, mid, senior) during season 2014-2015.
At the first stage of the research with the help of the final score sheets study at Russian Championship and the Championships of Russia among juniors, senior, mid and junior age boys the following results were revealed and summarized:
- the final results in each age group;
- the number of participants in each age
group;
- the fulfilled sports categories.
At the second stage of the research the following results were handled:
- the average speed of the distance overcoming (not taking into account 100 meters starting stride);
- time of every 100 meters distance overcoming by the ice-skaters of different age groups and qualifications;
- the speed of 100 meters distances overcoming by the ice-skaters depending on their age and qualification.
Speed indices analysis of 500 meters distance overcoming was fulfilled with the
Research results and their discussion. The results, received at the first stage of the research, are presented in table 1.
Table 1 - The results of the competitions among ice-skaters in different age groups
Russia Championship The Championship of Russia among juniors The Championship of Russia among senior age boys The Championship of Russia among mid age boys The Championship of Russia among junior age boys
Age of the participant 18+ 16 - 19 15 - 17 13 - 15 10 - 13
Number of participants of the final competitions 24 31 66 60 70
Number of elimination competitions (number of participants) 3 stages (94 people) 3 stages (72 people) 3 stages (172 people) 3 stages (199 people) 1 stage (206 people)
Sports categories distribution Master of Sports of International level (MSIL) 1
Master of sports (MS) 22 5
Candidate in masters of sport (CMS) 1 26 48 18 1
I 18 35 7
II 6 21
III 30
I (j) 1 6
II (i) 4
help of Principal Component Analysis. Statistical data handling was fulfilled with the help of the following programs: Microsoft Excel (2010) and STATGRAPHICS Centurion.
As it is seen from the results, presented in table 1, common planned schedule includes the competitions of Russian Championship and the Championship of Russia in 5 age groups and a tight schedule of elimination competitions, according to which ice-skaters are selected for the final competitions.
For Russia Championship 24 best sportsmen were selected and it is 25% of general number of ice-skaters, who take part in elimination competitions. The number of participants of the final competitions of the Championship of Russia among juniors, senior, mid and junior age boys is within 30-
40% of general number of the participants of the elimination competitions. At the same time, it was revealed that the number of participants of the Championship of Russia among juniors considerably decreases relatively similar indices among boys of senior age (72 juniors - 172 boys of senior age). Thus, we come to the conclusion that at the age of 18 the number of sportsmen, who go in for speed skating, considerably decreases and the problem of national team resources renewal with the help of worthy candidates becomes very urgent.
Picture 1 presents the results analysis, demonstrated during the Championship and the Competitions of Russia in accordance with Common all-Russian sports qualification.
Among 24 ice-skaters, who took part in the Championship of Russia, only one person
was able to improve the normative of MSIL. 92% of the results correspond with the normative - MS. The level of MS was demonstrated by 16% participants of the Championship of Russia among juniors. The main part of the results during both Championships among the boys of senior age belongs to the level- CMS (84% and 81%). The part of results, which correspond with the level of the 1st category, among senior age boys is 19%.58% of the final results among senior age sportsmen exceeds the normative of the 1st category, the results of 30% of ice-skaters from this age group exceeds the normative - CMS. Most part of the results, demonstrated during the Championship of Russia among junior age boys, didn't exceed the normative of the 2nd category and is characterized by diversity in the results.
12%
4% 0,4% 11%%
11%
24%
38°%
МСМК
МС
КМС
1р 2р 3р ■ Юношеские разряды
MCMK-MSIL MC-MS KMC-CMS 1p-category 2р- category 3р- category Юношеские разряды- junior categories Picture 1 - The level of results, demonstrated during the Championship of Russia and Russian Championship among juniors, boys of senior, mid and junior age groups in accordance with Common all-Russian sports qualification (CASQ)
Thus, it was stated that ice-skaters of junior age group have considerable differences in the level of physical, functional and technical readiness and in general are characterized by a low level of sports qualification (the 2nd sports category and lower). The next step belongs to the mid age
group - 30% of boys exceed the set norms of Candidate Master of Sports. However, there is no further sportsmanship improvement - the results of Candidate Master of Sports among senior age group and juniors is more than 80%. Only 19% of juniors were able to fulfill the normative of the master of sports of Russia- all
were the participants of the Championship of Russia. So we see the problems of training iceskaters at the stage of sports specialization, as a result of which sportsmanship of most part of sportsmen, who go in for speed skating, stops at the level of CMS, and it is one of the reasons of dropout in junior age.
Let's consider the results of the second stage of the research, which is based on speed of running along the distance analysis among the sportsmen of different age groups and qualification.
In order to reveal the features, which differ Russian ice-skaters of different age groups and qualification from world class sportsmen, the final results of 500 meters
running were handled at the World Championship according to the separate distances, Russian Championship according to the separate distances and The Championship of Russia among juniors, boys of senior, mid and junior age (season 2015), the average speed of the distance overcoming (not taking into consideration 100 meters starting stride); time and speed of each 100 meters distance overcoming by the ice-skaters of different age groups and qualification.
Table 2 presents summarized data of the results analysis and speed of running among ice-skaters of different age groups and qualification at 500 meters distance.
Table 2 - Summarized data of the results analysis and speed of running among ice-skaters of __different age groups and qualification __
World Championship Russia Championship The Championship of Russia among juniors The Championship of Russia among senior age boys The Championship of Russia among mid age boys The Championship of Russia among junior age boys
The average result, demonstrated by a sportsman (sec) 35, 25 36, 52 38, 28 40, 19 41, 77 47, 11
Standa rd deviation (sec) ±0, 36 ±0, 67 ±0, 99 ±1, 31 ±2, 04 ±3, 36
The average speed of distance overcoming (not taking into account starting stride) (km/h) 56, 27 54, 51 51, 9 49, 08 46, 95 41, 6
Standa ±0, ±0, ±1, ±1, ±2, ±3,
rd deviation 68 98 55 81 43 03
(km/h)
The average result of sportsmen at the World Championship is 35,25 sec. (±0,36 sec.). The average speed of running along the distance is 56,27 km/h (±0,68 km/h). The result of sportsmen at Russia Championship, in the average is 36, 52 sec. (±0,67 sec.), speed of running in this case is 54,5 км/ч (±0,98 km/h) and it is 3,13% lower than the average speed of running at the World Championship. The speed of running among sportsmen at the Championship of Russia among juniors is less than 53,5 km/h (51, 9 km/h ± 1,55 km/h), which provides in the average the result at the level of 38,28 sec. The average speed of 500
meters distance running by Russian Juniors is 4,64% lower than the speed of ice-skaters at the National championship for adults. The results of sportsmen of senior, mid and junior age groups in the average is 40,19 sec. (±1,31 sec.), 41,77 sec. (±2,04 sec.) and 47,11 sec. (±3,36 sec.) and it corresponds with the speed of running along the distance at the level of 4050 km/h.
Table 3 presents the analysis results according to Principal Component Analysis. For the analysis 5 features were determined, which correspond with the number of 100 meters parts of the distance.
Table 3 - Analysis results according to Principal Component Analysis
Number of the component Proper value The influence degree of a factor on total variance , % Accumulated degree of factors influence on total variance, %
1 3,81631 83,726 83,726
2 1,070186 5 15,404 99,130
3 0,030173 9 0,603 99,733
4 0,008708 31 0,174 99,908
5 0,004621 73 0,092 100,000
99,13% of total sampling variance are explained by two components and if they change, changes the distribution law in general.
Table 4 presents dependence of every component weight on the segment of 500 meters distance.
Table 4 - The component's weight depending on the segment o
The segment of the distance Component 1 Component 2
V100 0,45675 0,343206
V200 0,4472 0,349304
V300 0,46587 0,349803
V400 0,44589 0,765724
V500 0,45657 0,345659
the distance
As it is seen from table 3, in the column evenly between all studied segments of the
Component 1 all components are distributed distance. That is why it is reasonable to
connect this component with the speed of movement along the distance, which is mainly conditioned by mutual dependence of iceskaters' physical and technical readiness and is closely connected with the age of sportsmen and the level of their qualification.
The greatest weight in the column Component 2 has the segment of 300-400
meters distance, which corresponds with the second turn. That is why the speed of the second turn overcoming influences greatly total sampling variance.
Picture 2 presents the average running diagrams of the studied sportsmen at 500 meters distance.
60
T 55
s
к 50
ro
е 45
Ю
J2 т 40
с
О р 35
О
к и 30
25
V100 V200 V300 V400 Отрезки дистанции
V500
Чемпионат Мира
Чемпионат России
Первенство России (юниоры)
Первенство России (старший возраст)
Первенство России (средний возраст)
Первенство России (младший возраст)
Скорость бега, км/ч- speed of running, km/h Отрезки дистанции-segments of the distance Чемпионат Мира-the World Championship Чемпионат России-Russia Championship
Первенство России (юниоры)- the Championship of Russia(juniors) Первенство России (старший возраст)- the Championship of Russia(senior age) Первенство России (средний возраст)- the Championship of Russia(mid age) Первенство России (младший возраст)- the Championship of Russia(junior age)
Picture 2 - Diagram of the average speed of running of sportsmen in different age groups
Sportsmen, who participate in the World Championship, have the rising diagram of speed till 400 meters mark, which corresponds with maximum speed of running, after that the speed of running has the tendency to decrease. The diagram of sportsmen's speed of running, at the Championship of Russia, has the same tendencies, the difference is only in the fact, that the gained speed of running at each segment is lower than the speed of running among the participants of the World Championship. The diagram of skaters at the Championship of Russia among juniors, boys of senior, mid and junior age groups in general has the same tendency - the speed of running increases till 300 meters mark (the end of the transferring line), after that at 300-400 meters
distance there some decrease of speed, at 400500 meters distance (home stretch) the speed increases again. Thus, the disadvantages of technical mastery are revealed during the turn overcoming among juniors, boys of senior, mid and junior age groups.
The analysis of the second turn overcoming at 500 meters distance by the sportsmen of Russia depending on qualification, helped to state that ice-skaters, who exceeded the normatives of MS, increased the speed of running according to the set segment. Sportsmen, who showed the results of CMS, but who are close to the normative of MS (+0,5 sec.), also had the tendency to increase the speed. Ice-skaters, whose results were worse than 38,3 sec. (speed of running
less than 53,5km/h), couldn't keep the gained speed during the second turn overcoming (picture 3).
1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
30
35
40
45
50
ffVfe . -J:
.a # I I <m •
—* •-•-111-
mWZ
. 1+
• V
0,5
-0,5
-1
-1,5
-2
• МС
• I разряд
• II разряд
• КМС
МС-MS КМС-CMS Хразряд-category II разряд- category
Picture 3 - Dynamics of speed of the second skaters from Russia depending on their qualification
Thus, it was stated that the level of MS (+0,5 sec.) achievement is closely connected with ice-skaters' technical-tactical mastery, their ability to increase speed while running along the turn.
Conclusion. After running analysis among Russian ice-skaters of different age groups and qualification at 500 meters distance we came to the following conclusions:
1. The level of sportsmen's qualification at the Championship of Russia among juniors, boys of senior, mid and junior age groups corresponds with the normative of the candidate Master of Sports. The level of MS ice skaters mainly achieve at the age of 18 and more. The number of sportsmen, who showed the results, which exceed the normatives of MS, is three times less, than CMS level sportsmen. Thus, in prospect every third sportsmen can turn from the candidate Master of Sports into Master of sports of Russia.
2. The number of sportsmen, who took part in the final and elimination trials of the
turn overcoming at 500 meters distance by ice
Championship of Russia among juniors, decreases more than twice in comparison to the number of sportsmen in senior age group. Thus, at the age of 18 the number of sportsmen, who go in for speed skating, considerably decreases and the part of talented young people, who can become the future members of the national team disappears.
3. The difference in the results of sportsmen from different age groups is conditioned by 2 features:
- difference in speed of moving along the distance, connected with biological, physiological and functional differences of ice skaters of different age groups;
- technical-tactical mastery during turns overcoming, ability to gain maximum speed at the given parts of distance.
4. Master of sports level achievement is closely connected with the ability to increase speed while running along the turn. During technical-tactical mastery improvement iceskaters should pay attention to the technique of
2
1
0
passing as the most favorable part for maximum speed development.
References
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Ekaterina A. Morozova - post-graduate Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "National State University named after P.F. Lesgaft, Saint-Petersburg", 35, str. Dekabristov, St. Petersburg, 190121, Russia, E-mail: eemorozova@mail.ru
For citations: Morozova E.A. The dynamics of speed indices analysis among russian ice-skaters at 500 meters distance depending on age and qualification, The Russian journal ofphysical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 31-39.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_204
METHODOLOGY OF ICE-SKATERS' TECHNICAL MASTERY AND SPECIAL PHYSICAL READINESS IMPROVEMENT USING SHORT-TRACK IN THE TRAINING
PROCESS
Ekaterina A. Morozova - post-graduate
